Mistik Bir Hareket Olarak Pentekostalizm’in Doğuşu: Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme

Abstract

Pentekostalizm, 20. yüzyılın ilk yıllarında Amerika’da ortaya çıkan dini bir harekettir. Kutsal Ruh vaftizi ve Ruhsal Bağışlara vurgu yapan bu hareketin temel teolojik unsurları 19. yüzyılda Amerika’nın dini anlayışında değişim ve gelişime büyük etkileri olan uyanış hareketleri içinde filizlenmiştir: Metodist Akım, Kutsallık Hareketi, Irving Hareketi, Keswick Yüce Yaşam Hareketi ve Şifa Hareketi. Kurucusu Charles Fox Parham tarafından sistematik hale getirilen Pentekostalizm, 1906 yılında öğrencisi William Joseph Seymour’un önderliğinde Azusa Street Uyanışı ile büyük bir kitle hareketine dönüşmüştür. 

Keywords

• Pentekost,Pentekostalizm,İhtida,Nihai Kutsama,Kutsal Ruh Vaftizi,Şifa Hareketi,Ruhsal Bağışlar,Dillerde Konuşma

The Birth of Pentecostalism as a Mystical Tradition of Christianity: A Historical Perspective

Abstract

Pentecostalism is a religious movement originated in America at the dawn of 20th century. The movement takes its name from the events on the day of Pentecost described in the second chapter of Book of Acts, where it portrays the events of the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles of Jesus Christ, “they were all filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other tongues, as Spirit gave them utterance”. Pentecostals claim that the same experience should be present today.

The main theological foundations of Pentecostalism germinated from American revival movements in 19th century: Methodism, Holiness Movement, Irving Movement, Keswick movement and Healing movement. Pentecostals seek to receive salvation based on baptism in the Holy Spirit and gifts of the spirit (charismata) such as speaking in tongues, healing, prophecy, exorcism and preparation for the imminent second coming of Christ.

In the modern sense the first Pentecostals appeared in Charles Fox Parham’s Bible School. One of his students, Agnes Ozman was the first person to be baptised in the Holy Spirit accompanied by speaking in tongues in 1901. Parham, who considered being the founder of the movement, formulated the foundational doctrines and practices, which characterise the movement. In 1906, Pentecostalism achieved worldwide attention through the Azusa Street Revival is commonly regarded as the beginning of the modern Pentecostal movement led by African American preacher William Joseph Seymour. At the end of twentieth century it grew to be the second largest family of Christians in the World.

Keywords

• Pentecost,Pentecostalism,Conversion,Entire Sanctification,Baptism in the Holy Spirit,Healing Movement,Charismata,Glossolalia

References

1. • Althouse, Peter (2010). The Ideological Development of "power" in Early American Pentecostalism: A Historical, Theological and Sociological Study, Edwin Mellen Press.
2. • ---------------------- (2003). Spirit of the Last Days: Pentecostal Eschatology In Conversation with Jürgen Moltmann, New York: T&T Clark International.
3. • Anderson, Allan H., Bergunder, Michael., Droogers, Andre., ve Van der Laan, Cornelis. (Eds.). (2010). Studying Global Pentekostalism: Theories and Methods, London: University of California Press.
4. • ---------------------- (2004). "The Future of Protestantism: The Rise of Pentecostalism" ed., Alister E. McGrath, Darren C. Marks, The Blackwell Companion to Protestantism, USA: Blackwell Publishing.
5. • ---------------------- (2014). An Introduction to Pentecostalism, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6. • ---------------------- (2013). To the Ends of the Earth, New York: Oxford.
7. • ---------------------- (2012). “Charles Fox Parham”, Adam Stewart (ed.), Handbook of Pentecostal Christianity, USA: Northern University Press.
8. • Anderson, Robert Mapes (1979). Vision of the Disinherited: The Making of American Pentecostalism, New York: Oxford University Press.

9. • Attanasi, Katherine & Yong, Amos (2012). Christianities of the World: Pentecostalism and Prosperity: The Social Economics of the Global Charismatic Movement, Basingstoke, Hampshine: Palgrave Macmillan.
10. • Balmer, Randall (2004). Encyclopedia of Evagelicalism, USA: Baylor University Press.
11. • Beal, Timothy (2008). Religion in America: A Very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford.
12. • Blumhofer, Edith L. (1993). Restoring the Faith: The Assemblies of God, Pentecostalism, and American Culture, Chicago: University of IIIinois Press.
13. • ------------------------- (1941). The Assemblies of God: A Chapter in the Story of American Pentecostalism, v.1, Missouri: Gospel Publishing House.
14. • Cox, Harvey (1996). Fire From Heaven: The Rise of Pentecostal Spirituality and the Reshaping of Religion in the Twenty-first Century, London: Cassell.
15. • Dayton, Donald (2012). American Holiness Movement: A Bibliographic Introduction, Wilmore, Kentucky: First Fruits Press.
16. • ----------------------- (1974). “Asa Mahan and the Development of American Holiness Theology”, Wesleyen Theological Journal, Vol.9(1), pp. 60-69.
17. • Dragas, George D. (1999). “Pentecost”, Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Second Edition, Ed. By Everett Ferguson, New York: Rotledge.
18. • Doniger, Wendy (Eds.). (1999). Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of World Religions, “Pentecost”, USA: Merriam-Webster.
19. • Ellwood, Robert S., Alles, Gregory D. (Eds.). (2007), The Encyclopedia of World Religions, New York: DJW BOOKS LLC.
20. • Epstein, Morris (1970). All about Jewish Holidays and Customs, USA: Ktav Publishing House.
21. • Flynn, James T., Tjiong, Wie L., West, Russell W. (2002). A Well - Furnished Heart, USA: Xulon Press.
22. • Fox, Charles R. (2009). William J. Seymour: A Critical Investigation of His Soteriology, Michigan: ProQuest LLC.
23. • George, Maya (2009). Faith and Philosophy of Christianity, Delhi: Singhal Print Media.
24. • Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Christian Population, http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/, (13.04.15).
25. • Goff, James R. (1988). Fields White Unto Harvest: Charles F. Parham and The Missionary Origins of Pentecostalism, USA: G & S Typesetters.
26. • Hollenweger, Walter J. (1997). Pentecostalism: Origins and Developments Worldwide, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers.
27. • Heath, Elaine A. (2009). Naked Faith: The Mystical Theology of Phobe Palmer, Cambridge: James Clarke & Co.
28. • Harrell, David Edwin (1985). Oral Roberts: An American Life, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
29. • Hocken, Peter (2009). The Challenges of the Pentekostal, Charismatic and Messianic Jewish Movements, England and USA: Ashgate Publishing.
30. • Hodge, Kent. (2009). Christ in You: An Introduction to the New Covenant and the Christian Life, Bloomington Indiana: AuthorHouse.
31. • Ingersoll, Julie & Gordon, Melton J. (Eds.). (2003). Baptist and Methodist Faiths in America, Shoreline New York: Publishing Group.
32. • Jacobsen, Douglas (2003). Thinking in the Spirit: Theologies of the Early Pentecostal Movement, Bloomington, USA: Indiana University Press.
33. • Katar, Mehmet (2001). “Hıristiyan Bayramları Üzerine Bir Araştırma”, Dini Araştırmalar, Ankara, C.3, S. 9
34. • Kay, William K (2011). Pentecostalism: A very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford.
35. • Liardon, Roberts (Eds.). (2006). The Azuza Street Revival, USA: Destiny Image.
36. • Loader, Allan T (2000). An Examination of the Classical Pentecostal Doctrine of the Baptism in the Holy Spirit: In Light of the Pentecostal Position on the Sources of the Theology, Faculty of Providence Theological Seminary, National Library of Canada. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ46226.pdf 28/01/2015.
37. • Newman, Joe (2007). Race and Assemblies of God Church, New York: Cambria Press.
38. • Robbins, R. G. (2010). Pentecostalism in America, California: Greenwood Publishing Group.
39. • Robeck, Cecil M (2006). The Azusa street Mission and Revival: The Birth of Global Pentecostal Movement, USA: Thomas Nelsons Inc.
40. • Rodriguez, Marc S. (Eds.). (2004). Repositioning North American Migration History, UK: University of Rochester Press.
41. • Russell, Anderson F. (2007). Lectionary Preaching Workbook: Series V, Cycle A, Lima, Ohio: CSS Publishing Company.
42. • Sanders, Cheryl J. (1996). Saints in Exile: The Holiness Pentecostal Experience in African and American religion and Culture, New York: Oxford University Press.
43. • Schultz, Joffrey D., West, John G., Maclean, Jain (Eds.). (1999). Encyclopaedia of Religions in American Politics, “Millennialism”, USA: The Oryx Press.
44. • Sharrock, Russell (2007). Spiritual Warfare: A Struggle for Truth, Morrisville: Lulu Enterprises.
45. • Synan, Vinson & Fox, Charles R. (2012). William J. Seymour: Pioneer of the Azusa Street Revival, USA: Bridge-Lagos.
46. • -------------------- (2001). The Century of the Holy Spirit, Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson.
47. • ------------------- (1997). The Holiness Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century, Michigan: Eerdsmans Publishing Co.
48. • Thompson, W. Ralp (1966). "An Appraisal of the Keswick and Wesleyan Contemporary Positions", ed., Charles W. Carter, Wesleyan Theological Journal Vol.1.
49. • Van De Walle, Bernie A. (2009). The Hearth of the Gospel: A. B. Simpson, the Fourfold Gospel and Late Nineteenth Century Evangelic Theology, USA: Pickwick Publications.
50. • Vickers, Jason E. (2009). Wesley: A Guide for the Perplexed, New York: T&T Clark International.
51. • Vreeland, Derek (2002). "Edward Irving: Preacher, Prophet & Charismatic Theologian", The Pneuma Review. Pneumareview.com/Edward-irwing-preacher-prophet. 11.15.2016.
52. • Warrington, Keith (2012). “Healing”, ed. By Adam Stewart, Handbook of Pentecostal Christianity, USA: Northern University Press.
53. • Weaver, Mary Jo., Brakke, David (2009). Introduction to Christianity, USA: Wadsworth.
54. • Woodhead, Linda (2004). Hıristiyanlık, çev. Sevda Çalışkan, Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.