ERKEN DÖNEM ORTA ÇAĞ HRİSTİYAN MANASTIRLARINDA BİR DİSİPLİN ARACI OLARAK FİZİKSEL CEZA

Öz

Bu araştırma, fiziksel şiddetin disiplin aracı olarak kullanıldığı erken Orta Çağ Hristiyan manastırlarını konu edinmektedir. Bu ceza yöntemine, manastır geleneğinin de büyük ölçüde oluştuğu 4.yy’dan 6. yy’a kadar hem Doğulu hem de Batılı manastır yazarlarının nizamnamelerinde rastlamak mümkündür. Fiziksel ceza yönteminin kökenlerini Kutsal Kitap’ta “cezalandıran baba”; sosyal yaşamda aile içi disiplini sağlama hedefinde olan “aile reisi baba” ve de antik eğitim değerleri içerisinde mutlak otorite sahibi bir öğretmen figürü şeklinde görmek mümkündür. Genellikle bedensel cezaların diğer disiplin cezaları yanında son çare olarak kullanıldığı bilinse de özellikle çocuklara karşı ve çocuksu davranan yetişkinlere tereddüt edilmeden uygulandığı bilinmektedir. Kısacası erken dönem manastır yazarları, mantığını ve zekâsını kullanamayan her üye için bedensel cezanın bir seçenek olduğunu savunmuştur. Antik dönemde fiziksel ceza bir ıslah yöntemi olarak uygulanmakta, günümüz değerlerinde olduğu gibi bir tür insan hakları meselesi olarak görülmemekteydi. Neticede belli bir düzeni ve işleyişi olan kurumlarda otoriteyi sağlamak o kurumun devamlılığı için büyük önem arz etmektedir. Nitekim yüzyıllar boyu varlığını sürdüren manastırlarda da istikrarı devam ettirebilmek için bir dizi önlemler alınmış ve sözlü önlemlerin yetersiz olduğu durumlarda fiziksel şiddet meşru görülmüştür. Bu araştırmada manastır kuralları çerçevesinde farklı başlıklar altında bedensel cezaların kökeni, çocuklara ve yetişkinlere uygulanması, bedensel cezayı gerektiren manastır içi hatalar ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Manastır
• Fiziksel Ceza
• Dayak
• Hıristiyanlık
• Erken Ortaçağ

Corporal Punishment As A Disciplinary Tool In The Early Medieval Christian Monasteries

Abstract

This research focuses on early medieval Christian monasteries where physical violence was used as a disciplinary tool. It is possible to encounter this method of punishment in the rules of both Eastern and Western monastic writers - from the 4th century to the 6th century, when the monastic tradition was formed to a great extent. It is possible to see the origins of the physical punishment method in the Bible as “the father who punishes”, the “father who is the head of the family” who provides the discipline of the family in social life, and the figure of a teacher who has absolute authority within the ancient educational values. Although it is known that corporal punishments are used as a last resort in addition to other disciplinary penalties, it is known that they are applied without hesitation, especially against children and adults who behave childishly. In short, early monastic writers argued that corporal punishment was an option for any member who could not use their logic and intelligence. In ancient times, physical punishment was used as a correction method, and it was not seen as a human rights issue as in today's values. As a result, providing authority in institutions with a certain order and functioning is of great importance for the continuity of that institution. As a matter of fact, a series of measures were taken in order to maintain stability in the monasteries that had existed for centuries, and physical violence was seen as legitimate when verbal measures were insufficient. In this study, the origins of corporal punishment within the framework of monastic rules, its application to children and adults, and the errors within the monastery that require corporal punishment are discussed under different topics.

Keywords

• Monastery
• Corporal punishment
• Beating
• Christianity
• Early Medieval

References

1. Andrews, E. A vd. A Latin Dictionary Founded on Andrews’ Edition of Freund’s Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958.
2. Anna M. Silvas. “Basil, Longer Rules”. The Asketikon of St Basil the Great. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
3. Augustine. “City of God”. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers-1. ed. Philip Schaff. New York: The Christian Literature Publishing Co, 1890.
4. Augustine. “Confessions”. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers-1. ed. Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1887.
5. Augustine. “On Rebuke and Grace”. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers-1. ed. Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1887.
6. Augustine. The Monastic Rules (Ordo Monasterii). ed. Boniface Ramsey. Hyde Park, N.Y: New City Press, 1St Edition., 2004.
7. Augustine. The Rule of Saint Augustine: Masculine and Feminine Versions. Kalamazoo, Mi. : Cistercian Publication, 1996.
8. Aykıt, Dursun Ali. “Dini Bir Fenomen Olarak Kendini Kırbaçlama veya Flagellant Hareketi”. Çeşitli Yönleriyle Kerbela I: Tarih Bilimleri. ed. Alim Yıldız. 1/517-530. Asitan Yayıncılık, 2010.

9. Beryl Rawson. A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.
10. Bieler, Ludwig - Binchy, D.A. The Irish Penitentials. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1963.
11. Bloomer, W. Martin. “Corporal Punishment in the Ancient School”. A Companion to Ancient Education. ed. W. Martin Bloomer. Wiley-Blackwell, 1st edition., 2015.
12. Bonifatius Fischer vd. (ed.). Biblia Sacra Vulgata- Editio Quinta. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1983.
13. Bradley, Keith. Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge England ; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1st edition., 1994.
14. Caesarius of Arles. The Rule For Nuns. çev. Maria Caritas McCarthy. Washington, D.C: Catholic University of America Press, 1960.
15. Cassianus. “Institutes”. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers-2. ed. Philip Schaff. Edinburgh: T&T Clarke, 1994.
16. Charles de Clercq (ed.). Concilia Galliae a. 511-695. Turnhout: Brepols, 1963.
17. Clark, Gillian. “The Fathers and the Children”. Studies in Church History 31/ (1994), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0424208400012766
18. DeBruyn, Theodore. “Flogging a Son: The Emergence of the Pater Flagellans in Latin Christian Discourse”. Journal of Early Christian Studies 7/2 (1999), 249-290.
19. Documenta Catholica Omnia. “Concilium Epaonense - Documenta [0517-0517]”. Erişim 24 Aralık 2020. https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0517-0517__Concilium_Epaonense__Documenta__LT.doc.html
20. Doğanci, Kamil - Kocakuşak, Fulya. “Eski Roma Ailesinde ‘Pater Familias’ ve ‘Patria Potestas’ Kavramları”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 16/27 (2014), 233-250. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.269511
21. Fry, Timothy. RB 1980: The Rule of St. Benedict in Latin and English with Notes. Collegeville, Minn: The Liturgical Press, 1st Edition., 1981.
22. Güzeldal, Yasin. Batı Manastır Geleneğinde Aziz Benedikt ve Manastır Hayatına Dair Görüşleri. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2020.
23. Hillner, Julia. “Monks and Children: Corporal Punishment in Late Antiquity”. European Review of History: Revue européenne d’histoire 16/6 (01 Aralık 2009), 773-791. https://doi.org/10.1080/13507480903368046
24. Jacques Paul Migne. Ad Monachos Magistri Regula (Patrologiae Cursus Completus). Paris: J.P. Migne, 1862.
25. Jacques Sirmond (ed.). Conciliorum Galliae, tam editorum quam ineditorum, collectio, temporum ordine digesta, ab anno Christi 177 ad ann. 1563, cum epistolis pontificum, principum constitutionibus, et aliis ecclesiasticae rei gallicanae monimentis: opera et studio Monachorum Congregationis Sancti Mauri. Tomus primus [ab anno 177 ad annum 591]. Parisiis: Sumptibus Petri Didot, filii primogeniti, 1789.
26. Jean Hardouin (ed.). Acta Conciliorum et Epistolae Decretales, Ac Constitutiones Summorum Pontificum. Parisiis: Typographia Regia, 1714.
27. John Chrysostom. “Homily on Matthew”. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers-1. ed. Philip Schaff. Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1888.
28. Jong, Mayke de. In Samuel’s Image: Child Oblation in the Early Medieval West. Leiden ; New York: Brill, 1996.
29. Katherine Allen Smith. “Discipline, Compassion and Monastic Ideals of Community, c.950–1250”. Journal of Medieval History 35 (2009).
30. Kutsal Kitap: Tevrat, Zebur, İncil. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi - Yeni Yaşam Yayınları, 2009.
31. Liddell, H. G. vd. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, Ninth Edition with Revised Supplement., 1883.
32. Lucius Annaeus, Seneca. Minor Dialogues: Together with the Dialogue On Clemency. çev. Aubrey Stewart. London: George Bell and Sons, 1889.
33. Lucius Annaeus, Seneca. On Benefits. çev. Miriam Griffin - Brad Inwood. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press, 2014.
34. The Rule of the Master. çev. Luke Eberle. Kalamazoo: Cistercian Studies, 1977.
35. Lynda L. Coon. Dark Age Bodies: Gender and Monastic Practice in the Early Medieval West. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
36. OSB, Adalbert de Vogue. Pachomian Koinonia: II, Pachomian Chronicles and Rules. çev. Armand Veilleux OCSO. Kalamazoo, Mich: Liturgical Press, Annotated edition., 1981.
37. Plautus, Titus Maccius. Plauti Bacchides. London : Methuen & Co., 1896.
38. Rawson, Beryl. Children and Childhood in Roman Italy. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
39. Richard Saller. “Corporal Punishment, Authority and Obedience in the Roman Household”. Marriage, Divorce and Children in Ancient Rome. ed. B. Rawson. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991.
40. Richard Saller. “Whips and Words: Discipline and Punishment in the Roman Household”. Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family. ed. Richard Saller. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.