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Safevîler Dönemi İmamiyye Şîasındaki Tasavvuf Eleştirilerinin Tematik Bir Analizi

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 505 - 537, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.1478659

Abstract

This study provides a thematic analysis of some of the criticisms of Sufism within the Iranian-Shi'i tradition since the Safavid period. These criticisms primarily focus on the origin of Sufism and argue that Sufism is alien to Shi'i thought. In addition, “waḥdat al-wujūd” (unity of existence), some Sufi practices that are claimed to be “bid‘ah” (unorthodox innovations), and the method of “kashf” (unveiling), which is the method of obtaining knowledge in Sufism, are among the subjects of criticism. Furthermore, the Sufi concepts of “ittiḥād” (union), “ḥulūl” (incarnation), “fanā” (annihilation), and “tajallī” (theophany) are criticized on the basis of the assumption that God and human beings belong to fundamentally different ontological categories. Finally, Sufism is also subjected to criticism regarding “karāmāt” (miracles) which lack rational certainty. This study also aims at times to question the validity of the criticisms based on various arguments and to address the issues objectively.

References

  • ʻAbdullāh, ʻAbdulmuṭṭalib. “Dīn va Dawlat dar ‘Aṣr-i Ṣafaviyyah” [Religion and State in the Safavid Era]. Rahyāft-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī (1386), 94-118.
  • ʻĀbidī, Ḥusayn, and Zarqānī, Sayid Mahdī. “Taḥlīl-i Guftumānī-i Risāla-i Raddiyya bar Taṣawwuf dar ‘Aṣr-i Ṣafaviyyah” [A Conversational Analysis of a Treatise Refuting Sufism in the Safavid Era]. Pejūheshī Edebiyāt- i Irfānī Dānishgāh-i Zehrā 16 (1396): 119-44.
  • Aḥmadī, Seyyid Kāṣim ʻAlī. Sharḥ-i Risāla-i Iʻtiqād-i ‘Allāma Majlisī [Commentary on the Treatise on Belief by ‘Allāma Majlisī]. Qom: Intishārāt-i Dalīl-i Mā, 1395.
  • ʻĀmilī, Farzānah Ḥurr. Naqd-i jāmiʻ bar Taṣawwuf [A Comprehensive Critique of Sufism]. Trans. ʻAbbās Jalālī. Qom: Intishārāt-i Ansāriyān, 1382.
  • Āmilī, Ḥasan b. ʻAlī al-Karakī al-ʻ. ʻUmdat al-makāl fī kufri ahli al-ḍalāl [The Mainstay of Discourse on the Disbelief of the People of Error]. Ed. Sayid Mahdī al-Rajāʼī. Qom: Maktabat Samāhat Ayatullāh al-ʻAẓīmī al- Marʻashī al-Najafī al-Kubrā, 1389.
  • Ardabīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. Ḥadīqat al-Shīʻa [The Garden of the Shi’a]. Ed. Ṣādiq Ḥasanzadeh - ʻAlī Akbar Zamānī Najād. 2 vols. Qom: Intishārāt-i Ansāriyān, 1378.
  • Bedirhan, Muhammed. Vahdet-i Vücûdu Savunmak [Defending the Unity of Being]. Istanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2009.
  • Dabūsī, Abū Zayd ‘Ubayd Allāh ibn ‘Umar ibn ‘Īsá al-. Takwīm al-Adilla fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh [Organization of Proofs in the Principles of Jurisprudence]. Ed. Khalīl Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Mays. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 2001.
  • Gökbulut, Süleyman. “Safevîler Devrinde Şiîliğin Yayılmasında Tasavvufun Rolü: Tasavvuf Tarihi Açısından Bir Değerlendirme” [The Role of Sufism in the Spread of Shī‘itesm During the Safavid Period: An Evaluation from the Perspective of Sufi History]. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 15, no. 30 (2016): 269-97.
  • Ḥakīmī, Muḥammad Riḍā. ʻAql-i Sorkh [Red Intellect]. Ed. Muḥammad Kāẓim Ḥaydarī - Muḥammad Esfendiyārī. Qom: Intishārāt-i Dalīl-i Mā, 1391.
  • Hakyemez, Cemil. “İmamiyye Şiasinda İsmet İnanci -İlk Tezahürleri, Teşekkülü ve İtikadîleşmesi” [The Belief in Infallibility in Imami Shī‘ism: First Manifestations, Formation, and Doctrinalization]. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 1 (2007): 167-92.
  • Ḥibbān, Abū Ḥātim Muḥammad b. Ṣaḥīḥu Ibn Ḥibbān. Ed. Shu’ayb al-Arnawūṭ. 18 vols. Beirut: Müessesetü’r- risâle, 1993.
  • Iṣfahānī, Mīrzā Mehdī. Tarjama-i Abwāb al-Hudā [Translation of the Gates of Guidance]. Trans. Ḥusayn Mufīd. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Munīr, 1389.
  • Işılak, Halil. “11/17. Asırda Bir Şiî Alimin Tasavvuf, Felsefe ve Tıp Hakkında Fetvaları Muhammed Tâhir Kummî: Risâle-i Suʾâl u Cevâb -Neşir ve Tahlil-” [The Fatwas of a Shī‘itete Scholar in the 11th/17th Century Regarding Sufism, Philosophy, and Medicine: A Publication and Analysis of the Risāla-i Suʾâl u Cevâb]. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies 4, no. 2 (2022): 173-200.
  • Jadīd al-Islām, ʻAlī-Qulu. Risāla-i dar Raddiya bar Jamāʻat-i Ṣūfiyān [A Treatise Refuting the Sufi Community]. Ed. Reaul Ja’fariyān. It was accessed June 12, 2022. https://archive.org/details/radde-soofiaan
  • Kalābāzī, Muḥammad bin Ibrāhīm. al-Taʿarruf li-madhhabi ahli’t-ṭaṣawwuf [The Unveiling of the Doctrine of Sufis]. Ed. Arthur John Arberry. London: Bayt al-Warrāq Publishing, 2010.
  • Kaplan, Doğan. “Şiîliğin İran Topraklarında Egemenliği: Safeviler Öncesi Arka Plan ve Safevi Dönemi Şiîleştirme Politikaları” [Shiite Domination in Iranian Lands: Background Before the Safavids and the Shiitization Policies of the Safavid Period]. Marife-Şîa Özel Sayısı [Marife-Special Issue on Shia] 3 (2008): 183- 203.
  • Kavak, Abdülcebbar. “Safevîlerin Şiîleştirme Siyasetinin Mağduru Olan Bir Aile: Haydarîler ve Irak’taki Faaliyetleri” [A Family Victim of the Safavids' Shi'iteization Policy: The Haidarids and Their Activities in Iraq]. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 46, no. 46 (2018): 37-54.
  • Kavtharī, ʻAlī Akbar. Shinākhtnāma-i Faqīh-i Ahl-i Bayt Āyatullāh Mīrzā Mahdī Iṣfahānī [Introduction to the Jurist of the Ahl al-Bayt Ayatollah Mirza Mahdi Isfahani]. Ed. Muʼassase-i Maʻārif-i Ahl-i Bayt. Qom: Neşr-i Meʻārif-i Ahl-i Bayt, 1396.
  • Kayānī, Muḥsin. Tārīkh-i Khānqāh dar Īrān [The History of Khanqah in Iran]. Tehran: Kutubkhāneh-i Tuhūrī, 1369.
  • Kemaloğlu, Muhammet. “XI.-XIII. Yüzyıl Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti Dini Eserlrinden Kümbet, Türbe Ziyâregâh, Nazamgâh ve Câmîler” [Kumbets, Tombs, Visitor Centers, and Mosques Among the Religious Buildings of the Anatolian Seljuk State in the 11th-13th Centuries]. Akademik Bakış Dergisi 39 (2013): 1-18.
  • Konuk, Ahmet Avni. Fusûsu’l-Hikem Tercüme ve Şerhi [Translation and Commentary on Fusûs al-Hikam]. 4 vols. Istanbul: Dergah Yayınları, 1987.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. ʻAyn al-ḥayāt [The Spring of Life]. Ed. Seyyid Mahdī Rajāʼī. 2 vols. Qom: Intishārāt-i Anvār al-Hūdā, 1382.
  • Manshārī, Khulyā, and Duzfūlī, Fahime Mehber. “Naqd-i Ṣūfiyyah dar Rūzgār- Ṣafaviyyah: Muqāyasa-i Ārā-i Mullā Muḥammad Ṭāhir Qūmmī va ‘Allāma Majlisī” [Critique of Sufism in the Safavid Period: A Comparison of the Views of Mulla Muhammad Tahir Qummi and ‘Allama Majlisi]. Tārīkh ū Tamaddūn-i İslāmī 31 (1399): 289-303.
  • Morvārīd, Mīrzā Ḥasanʻalī. Mabdaʼ va Maʻād dar Maktab-i Ahl-i Bayt [The Origin and Return in the School of Ahl al-Bayt]. Ed. Abū al-Qāsim Tajrī Golestānī. Qom: Muʼassasa-i Intishārāt-i Dār al-ʻIlm, 1383.
  • Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. “Spiritual Movements, Philosophy And Theology in The Safavid Period.” In The Cambridge History of Iran , edited by Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart, 6: 656-696. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Qazvīnī, Shaykh Mujtabā. Bayān al-furqān fī tawḥīd al-Qurʼān [Exposition of the Criterion in the Monotheism of the Qur’an]. 5 vols. Mashhad: Mashhad-i Muqaddas, 1389.
  • Qummī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. Tuḥfat al-akhyār [A Gift to the Righteous]. Ed. Dāvūd Ilhāmī. Qom: Ketabfurūshī Ṭabāṭabāʼī, 1393.
  • Qummi, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. Opposition to Philosophy in Safavid Iran (Mulla Muhammad Tâhir-Kummî’s Hikmat al-’Ârifîn) [Opposition to Philosophy in Safavid Iran (Mulla Muhammad Tâhir-Kummî’s Hikmat al-’Ârifîn)]. Ed. Ata Anzali - S. M. Hadi Gerami. Boston: Brill, 2018.
  • Özdemir, Hacı Ahmet. “Moğol İstilâsından Bazı Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik Örnekleri” [Some Examples of Learned Helplessness from the Mongol Invasion]. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 29, no. 29 (2010): 21-40.
  • Shāʻibī, Kāmil Muṣṭafā al-. al-Ṣilatu bayna al-taṣawwuf wa-al-tashayyuʻ [The Connection Between Sufism and Shī‘itesm]. 2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Andalus, 1982.
  • Tahrānī, Mīrzā Javād Ākā. ’Ārif va Ṣūfī Chi Mī Gūyend? [What do the Arif and the Sufi Say?]. Tehran: Neşr-i Āfāk, 1389.
  • Ṭūsī, Abū Naṣr al-Sarrāj al-. al-Luma’ [The Flash]. Ed. Maḥmūd ‘Abdulḥalīm and ‘Abdulbāqī Surūr. Egypt: Dār al-Kutub, 1960.
  • Uluç, Tahir. İbn Arabî’de Sembolizm [Symbolism in Ibn ‘Arabī]. Istanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2015.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman. “Aşk” [Love]. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi [Turkish Religious Foundation Islam Encyclopedia], 4: 11-17. Istanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1991.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman. “Hankah” [Khanqah]. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi [Turkish Religious Foundation Islam Encyclopedia], 16: 42-43. Istanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1997.
  • Yalçınkaya, Mustafa. “Şia’da İmamların Masumiyeti Telakkisi ve Arka Planı” [The Perception and Background of the Infallibility of the Imams in Shī‘itesm]. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 5, no. 4 (2021): 1560- 79.
  • Yılmaz, Sinan. Şiî Gelenekte Felsefe Karşıtlığı: Mekteb-i Tefkîk Örneği [Opposition of Philosophy in Shiite Tradition: Example of Maktab-e Tafkīk]. Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2024.

A Thematic Analysis Of Sufi Critiques Within Imami Shī‘Ism During The Safavid Era

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 505 - 537, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.1478659

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Safevîler döneminden itibaren İran-Şiî geleneği içinde tasavvufa yöneltilen bazı eleştirilerin tematik bir analizini yapmaktadır. Bu eleştiriler öncelikle tasavvufun kökenine odaklanmakta ve tasavvufun Şiî düşünceye yabancılığını ileri sürmektedir. Buna ek olarak vahdet-i vücûd, bidat olduğu iddia edilen bazı tasavvufî uygulamalar, tasavvufta bilgi elde etme yöntemi olan keşf eleştiri konuları arasındadır. Ayrıca tasavvufun “ittihâd”, “hulûl”, “fenâ” ve “tecellî” kavramları, Tanrı ve insanın temelde farklı ontolojik kategorilere ait olduğu varsayımına dayanarak eleştirilir. Son olarak aklî kesinlikten yoksun olan “kerametler” konusunda da tasavvuf eleştirilere maruz kalmaktadır. Bu çalışma, zaman zaman eleştirilerin geçerliliğini çeşitli argümanlara dayanarak sorgulamayı ve konuları objektif bir şekilde ele almayı da amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • ʻAbdullāh, ʻAbdulmuṭṭalib. “Dīn va Dawlat dar ‘Aṣr-i Ṣafaviyyah” [Religion and State in the Safavid Era]. Rahyāft-i Inqilāb-i Islāmī (1386), 94-118.
  • ʻĀbidī, Ḥusayn, and Zarqānī, Sayid Mahdī. “Taḥlīl-i Guftumānī-i Risāla-i Raddiyya bar Taṣawwuf dar ‘Aṣr-i Ṣafaviyyah” [A Conversational Analysis of a Treatise Refuting Sufism in the Safavid Era]. Pejūheshī Edebiyāt- i Irfānī Dānishgāh-i Zehrā 16 (1396): 119-44.
  • Aḥmadī, Seyyid Kāṣim ʻAlī. Sharḥ-i Risāla-i Iʻtiqād-i ‘Allāma Majlisī [Commentary on the Treatise on Belief by ‘Allāma Majlisī]. Qom: Intishārāt-i Dalīl-i Mā, 1395.
  • ʻĀmilī, Farzānah Ḥurr. Naqd-i jāmiʻ bar Taṣawwuf [A Comprehensive Critique of Sufism]. Trans. ʻAbbās Jalālī. Qom: Intishārāt-i Ansāriyān, 1382.
  • Āmilī, Ḥasan b. ʻAlī al-Karakī al-ʻ. ʻUmdat al-makāl fī kufri ahli al-ḍalāl [The Mainstay of Discourse on the Disbelief of the People of Error]. Ed. Sayid Mahdī al-Rajāʼī. Qom: Maktabat Samāhat Ayatullāh al-ʻAẓīmī al- Marʻashī al-Najafī al-Kubrā, 1389.
  • Ardabīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. Ḥadīqat al-Shīʻa [The Garden of the Shi’a]. Ed. Ṣādiq Ḥasanzadeh - ʻAlī Akbar Zamānī Najād. 2 vols. Qom: Intishārāt-i Ansāriyān, 1378.
  • Bedirhan, Muhammed. Vahdet-i Vücûdu Savunmak [Defending the Unity of Being]. Istanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2009.
  • Dabūsī, Abū Zayd ‘Ubayd Allāh ibn ‘Umar ibn ‘Īsá al-. Takwīm al-Adilla fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh [Organization of Proofs in the Principles of Jurisprudence]. Ed. Khalīl Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Mays. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah, 2001.
  • Gökbulut, Süleyman. “Safevîler Devrinde Şiîliğin Yayılmasında Tasavvufun Rolü: Tasavvuf Tarihi Açısından Bir Değerlendirme” [The Role of Sufism in the Spread of Shī‘itesm During the Safavid Period: An Evaluation from the Perspective of Sufi History]. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 15, no. 30 (2016): 269-97.
  • Ḥakīmī, Muḥammad Riḍā. ʻAql-i Sorkh [Red Intellect]. Ed. Muḥammad Kāẓim Ḥaydarī - Muḥammad Esfendiyārī. Qom: Intishārāt-i Dalīl-i Mā, 1391.
  • Hakyemez, Cemil. “İmamiyye Şiasinda İsmet İnanci -İlk Tezahürleri, Teşekkülü ve İtikadîleşmesi” [The Belief in Infallibility in Imami Shī‘ism: First Manifestations, Formation, and Doctrinalization]. Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi 1 (2007): 167-92.
  • Ḥibbān, Abū Ḥātim Muḥammad b. Ṣaḥīḥu Ibn Ḥibbān. Ed. Shu’ayb al-Arnawūṭ. 18 vols. Beirut: Müessesetü’r- risâle, 1993.
  • Iṣfahānī, Mīrzā Mehdī. Tarjama-i Abwāb al-Hudā [Translation of the Gates of Guidance]. Trans. Ḥusayn Mufīd. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Munīr, 1389.
  • Işılak, Halil. “11/17. Asırda Bir Şiî Alimin Tasavvuf, Felsefe ve Tıp Hakkında Fetvaları Muhammed Tâhir Kummî: Risâle-i Suʾâl u Cevâb -Neşir ve Tahlil-” [The Fatwas of a Shī‘itete Scholar in the 11th/17th Century Regarding Sufism, Philosophy, and Medicine: A Publication and Analysis of the Risāla-i Suʾâl u Cevâb]. Turkish Journal of Shiite Studies 4, no. 2 (2022): 173-200.
  • Jadīd al-Islām, ʻAlī-Qulu. Risāla-i dar Raddiya bar Jamāʻat-i Ṣūfiyān [A Treatise Refuting the Sufi Community]. Ed. Reaul Ja’fariyān. It was accessed June 12, 2022. https://archive.org/details/radde-soofiaan
  • Kalābāzī, Muḥammad bin Ibrāhīm. al-Taʿarruf li-madhhabi ahli’t-ṭaṣawwuf [The Unveiling of the Doctrine of Sufis]. Ed. Arthur John Arberry. London: Bayt al-Warrāq Publishing, 2010.
  • Kaplan, Doğan. “Şiîliğin İran Topraklarında Egemenliği: Safeviler Öncesi Arka Plan ve Safevi Dönemi Şiîleştirme Politikaları” [Shiite Domination in Iranian Lands: Background Before the Safavids and the Shiitization Policies of the Safavid Period]. Marife-Şîa Özel Sayısı [Marife-Special Issue on Shia] 3 (2008): 183- 203.
  • Kavak, Abdülcebbar. “Safevîlerin Şiîleştirme Siyasetinin Mağduru Olan Bir Aile: Haydarîler ve Irak’taki Faaliyetleri” [A Family Victim of the Safavids' Shi'iteization Policy: The Haidarids and Their Activities in Iraq]. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 46, no. 46 (2018): 37-54.
  • Kavtharī, ʻAlī Akbar. Shinākhtnāma-i Faqīh-i Ahl-i Bayt Āyatullāh Mīrzā Mahdī Iṣfahānī [Introduction to the Jurist of the Ahl al-Bayt Ayatollah Mirza Mahdi Isfahani]. Ed. Muʼassase-i Maʻārif-i Ahl-i Bayt. Qom: Neşr-i Meʻārif-i Ahl-i Bayt, 1396.
  • Kayānī, Muḥsin. Tārīkh-i Khānqāh dar Īrān [The History of Khanqah in Iran]. Tehran: Kutubkhāneh-i Tuhūrī, 1369.
  • Kemaloğlu, Muhammet. “XI.-XIII. Yüzyıl Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti Dini Eserlrinden Kümbet, Türbe Ziyâregâh, Nazamgâh ve Câmîler” [Kumbets, Tombs, Visitor Centers, and Mosques Among the Religious Buildings of the Anatolian Seljuk State in the 11th-13th Centuries]. Akademik Bakış Dergisi 39 (2013): 1-18.
  • Konuk, Ahmet Avni. Fusûsu’l-Hikem Tercüme ve Şerhi [Translation and Commentary on Fusûs al-Hikam]. 4 vols. Istanbul: Dergah Yayınları, 1987.
  • Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. ʻAyn al-ḥayāt [The Spring of Life]. Ed. Seyyid Mahdī Rajāʼī. 2 vols. Qom: Intishārāt-i Anvār al-Hūdā, 1382.
  • Manshārī, Khulyā, and Duzfūlī, Fahime Mehber. “Naqd-i Ṣūfiyyah dar Rūzgār- Ṣafaviyyah: Muqāyasa-i Ārā-i Mullā Muḥammad Ṭāhir Qūmmī va ‘Allāma Majlisī” [Critique of Sufism in the Safavid Period: A Comparison of the Views of Mulla Muhammad Tahir Qummi and ‘Allama Majlisi]. Tārīkh ū Tamaddūn-i İslāmī 31 (1399): 289-303.
  • Morvārīd, Mīrzā Ḥasanʻalī. Mabdaʼ va Maʻād dar Maktab-i Ahl-i Bayt [The Origin and Return in the School of Ahl al-Bayt]. Ed. Abū al-Qāsim Tajrī Golestānī. Qom: Muʼassasa-i Intishārāt-i Dār al-ʻIlm, 1383.
  • Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. “Spiritual Movements, Philosophy And Theology in The Safavid Period.” In The Cambridge History of Iran , edited by Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart, 6: 656-696. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
  • Qazvīnī, Shaykh Mujtabā. Bayān al-furqān fī tawḥīd al-Qurʼān [Exposition of the Criterion in the Monotheism of the Qur’an]. 5 vols. Mashhad: Mashhad-i Muqaddas, 1389.
  • Qummī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. Tuḥfat al-akhyār [A Gift to the Righteous]. Ed. Dāvūd Ilhāmī. Qom: Ketabfurūshī Ṭabāṭabāʼī, 1393.
  • Qummi, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. Opposition to Philosophy in Safavid Iran (Mulla Muhammad Tâhir-Kummî’s Hikmat al-’Ârifîn) [Opposition to Philosophy in Safavid Iran (Mulla Muhammad Tâhir-Kummî’s Hikmat al-’Ârifîn)]. Ed. Ata Anzali - S. M. Hadi Gerami. Boston: Brill, 2018.
  • Özdemir, Hacı Ahmet. “Moğol İstilâsından Bazı Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik Örnekleri” [Some Examples of Learned Helplessness from the Mongol Invasion]. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 29, no. 29 (2010): 21-40.
  • Shāʻibī, Kāmil Muṣṭafā al-. al-Ṣilatu bayna al-taṣawwuf wa-al-tashayyuʻ [The Connection Between Sufism and Shī‘itesm]. 2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Andalus, 1982.
  • Tahrānī, Mīrzā Javād Ākā. ’Ārif va Ṣūfī Chi Mī Gūyend? [What do the Arif and the Sufi Say?]. Tehran: Neşr-i Āfāk, 1389.
  • Ṭūsī, Abū Naṣr al-Sarrāj al-. al-Luma’ [The Flash]. Ed. Maḥmūd ‘Abdulḥalīm and ‘Abdulbāqī Surūr. Egypt: Dār al-Kutub, 1960.
  • Uluç, Tahir. İbn Arabî’de Sembolizm [Symbolism in Ibn ‘Arabī]. Istanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 2015.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman. “Aşk” [Love]. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi [Turkish Religious Foundation Islam Encyclopedia], 4: 11-17. Istanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1991.
  • Uludağ, Süleyman. “Hankah” [Khanqah]. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi [Turkish Religious Foundation Islam Encyclopedia], 16: 42-43. Istanbul: TDV Yayınları, 1997.
  • Yalçınkaya, Mustafa. “Şia’da İmamların Masumiyeti Telakkisi ve Arka Planı” [The Perception and Background of the Infallibility of the Imams in Shī‘itesm]. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 5, no. 4 (2021): 1560- 79.
  • Yılmaz, Sinan. Şiî Gelenekte Felsefe Karşıtlığı: Mekteb-i Tefkîk Örneği [Opposition of Philosophy in Shiite Tradition: Example of Maktab-e Tafkīk]. Ankara: Fecr Yayınları, 2024.

تحليل موضوعي للنقد الصوفي في الشيعة الإمامية منذ العصر الصفوي

Year 2024, Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 505 - 537, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.1478659

Abstract

تتناول هذه الدراسة تحليلًا موضوعيًا للانتقادات الموجهة للتصوف داخل التقليد الإيراني الشيعي، من العصر الصفوي إلى يومنا هذا. تركز هذه الانتقادات بشكل أساسي على أصول التصوف، مؤكدة على اغترابه عن الإسلام بشكل عام وعن المذهب الشيعي بشكل خاص. علاوة على ذلك، تشمل الموضوعات الأخرى التي تتعرض للنقد: وحدة الوجود، وبعض الممارسات الصوفية التي يزعم أنها بدع، والكشف كطريقة لاكتساب المعرفة في التصوف. كما تتعرض مفاهيم "الاتحاد" و"الحلول" و"الفناء" و"التجلي" في التصوف للنقد، وذلك استنادًا إلى افتراض أن الله والبشر ينتمون إلى فئات وجودية مختلفة جوهريًا. وأخيرًا، يتعرض التصوف للنقد فيما يتعلق بـ "الكرامات" التي تفتقر إلى اليقين العقلي. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التشكيك في صحة هذه الانتقادات في بعض الأحيان، بالاعتماد على حجج متنوعة، ومعالجة الموضوعات بموضوعية.

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There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sufism
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Tahir Uluç 0000-0003-3164-4194

Sinan Yılmaz 0000-0001-7385-6801

Publication Date September 30, 2024
Submission Date May 5, 2024
Acceptance Date September 12, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 24 Issue: 2

Cite

ISNAD Uluç, Tahir - Yılmaz, Sinan. “Safevîler Dönemi İmamiyye Şîasındaki Tasavvuf Eleştirilerinin Tematik Bir Analizi”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 24/2 (September 2024), 505-537. https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.1478659.