Afet Yönetiminde İnsani Yardım Lojistiğinin Kritik Başarı Faktörlerinin Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Son zamanlarda yaşanan büyük krizlerin (yangın, deprem, salgın vb.) ardından insani yardım lojistiğinin önemi daha çok anlaşılmıştır. İnsani yardım lojistiğinin başarılı olabilmesi, mağdurların acil ihtiyaçlarının en kısa sürede ve en az kaynakla karşılanabilmesi ile bağlantılıdır. İnsani yardım lojistiğini etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi ve etkilerinin anlaşılması sürecin başarısı açısından önemlidir. Çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de yaşanan afetlerde kayıpları en aza indirmek için gerçekleştirilen kurtarma müdahalelerinde ve yardım malzemelerin dağıtılmasında yardım operasyonları maliyetlerinin büyük bir kısmını oluşturan insani yardım lojistiğinin performansını etkileyen kritik başarı faktörlerinin belirlenmesidir. Yöntem kısmında faktörlerin birbirini etkileme durumu ve birbirlerinden etkilenme derecelerini belirleyerek neden sonuç ilişkilerini açıklayan bulanık DEMATEL kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda literatür yardımıyla oluşturulan 16 kritik başarı faktöründen 8 tanesinin neden grubunda yer alarak afet yönetiminde insani yardım lojistiği sisteminin başarısı üzerinde önemli bir etki gücü olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu faktörlerden koordinasyon ve iş birliği, organizasyon ve sorumluluk bilinci ve raporlama ve bilgi göndermede netliğin en yüksek toplam etkiye ve diğer faktörlerle yüksek derecede ilişkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, hükümet, yardım kuruluşları ve ilgili STK’lar için lojistik yönetiminde politika ve stratejilerin oluşturulmasında faydalı olabilir.

Keywords

• Afet Yönetimi
• İnsani Yardım Lojistiği
• Kritik Başarı Faktörleri
• Bulanık-DEMATEL

Identifying Critical Success Factors of Humanitarian Aid Logistics in Disaster Management

Abstract

After recent major crises (fire, earthquake, epidemic, etc.), the importance of humanitarian aid logistics has been better understood. The success of the humanitarian aid logistics (HAL) depends on meeting the urgent needs of the victims in the shortest time and with the least amount of resources. Identifiying the factors that affecting HAL and understanding their impact is essential to the success of the process. The study aims to determine the critical success factors that affect the performance of the humanitarian aid logistics, which represents a large part of the cost of aid operations in rescue interventions and distribution of aid materials to minimize losses in disasters in Türkiye. In the methodological part, fuzzy DEMATEL was used, which explains the cause-effect relationships by determining the factors that influence each other and the degree to which they are influenced by each other. As a result of the study, it was concluded that 8 of the 16 critical success factors created with the help of the literature were included in the cause group and significantly impacted the success of the humanitarian aid logistics system in disaster management. Among these factors, it was concluded that coordination and cooperation, organizational structure and distribution of responsibilities, and clarity in reporting and sending information were highly correlated with the highest overall impact and other factors. The results obtained can be helpful for the government, charities, and related NGOs in formulating policies and strategies in logistics management.

Keywords

• Disaster Management
• Humanitarian Aid Logistics
• Critical Success Factors
• Fuzzy-DEMATEL

References

1. Abidi, H., de Leeuw, S., & Klumpp, M. (2014). Humanitarian supply chain performance management: a systematic literature review. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(5/6), 592–608. https://doi.org/10.1108/scm-09-2013-0349
2. Acar, A. Z., & Zehir, C. (2008). Kaynak tabanlı işletme yetenekleri ölçeği geliştirilmesi ve doğrulanması. İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 103–131.
3. Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. (2018). Türkiye’de Afet Yönetimi ve Doğa Kaynaklı Afet İstatistikleri. 3 Haziran 2023’de https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/35429/xfiles/turkiye_de_afetler.pdf adresinden alındı.
4. Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. (2022). TAMP Türkiye Afet Müdahale Planı. 3 Haziran 2023’de https://www.afad.gov.tr/kurumlar/afad.gov.tr/e_Kutuphane/Planlar/TAMP.pdf adresinden alındı.
5. Akdur, R. (2000). Deprem yönetimi ve depremde sağlık konu ve amaçları. Sağlık ve Toplum, 10, 25–38.
6. Altay, N., & Green, W. G. (2006). OR/MS research in disaster operations management. European Journal of Operational Research, 175(1), 475–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.05.016
7. Avdar, R., & Avdar, R. (2022). Türkiye’de yaşanan doğa kaynaklı afetlerin sosyo-ekonomik etkileri. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1032084
8. Ayçin, E. (2023). Çok Kriterli Karar Verme - Bilgisayar Uygulamalı Çözümler (3rd ed.). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.

9. Bag, S., Gupta, S., & Wood, L. (2020). Big data analytics in sustainable humanitarian supply chain: barriers and their interactions. Annals of Operations Research, 319(1), 721–760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03790-7
10. Balcik, B., Beamon, B. M., Krejci, C. C., Muramatsu, K. M., & Ramirez, M. (2010). Coordination in humanitarian relief chains: Practices, challenges and opportunities. International Journal of Production Economics, 126(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.09.008
11. Bealt, J., Fernández Barrera, J. C., & Mansouri, S. A. (2016). Collaborative relationships between logistics service providers and humanitarian organizations during disaster relief operations. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 6(2), 118–144. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-02-2015-0008
12. Beamon, B. (2014). Sustainability and the future of supply chain management. Operations and Supply Chain Management, 1(1), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.31387/oscm010003
13. Becan, C. (2011). Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk kavramının paydaş teorisi ve iletişim yaklaşımı açısından değerlendirilmesi: bankaların basın bültenlerine yönelik bir içerik analizi. Selçuk İletişim, 7(1), 16–35.
14. Behl, A., Dutta, P., & Gupta, S. (2019). Critical success factors for humanitarian supply chain management: a grey DEMATEL approach. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52(13), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.169
15. Carter, W. N. (2008). Disaster Management: A Disaster Manager’s Handbook. Asian Development Bank.
16. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2023a). Disasters Year in Review 2022. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). https://cred.be/sites/default/files/CredCrunch70.pdf
17. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2023b). Earthquakes in Türkiye: A Review from 1900 to Today. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). https://files.emdat.be/2023/09/CredCrunch72.pdf
18. Chae, B. K., Olson, D., & Sheu, C. (2013). The impact of supply chain analytics on operational performance: a resource-based view. International Journal of Production Research, 52(16), 4695–4710. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2013.861616
19. Chiappetta Jabbour, C. J., Mauricio, A. L., & Jabbour, A. B. L. D. S. (2017). Critical success factors and green supply chain management proactivity: shedding light on the human aspects of this relationship based on cases from the Brazilian industry. Production Planning & Control, 28(6–8), 671–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2017.1309705
20. Damoah, I. S. (2021). Exploring critical success factors (CSFs) of humanitarian supply chain management (HSCM) in flood disaster management (FDM). Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 12(1), 129–153. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhlscm-01-2021-0003
21. Davidson, A.L. (2006). Key performance indicators in humanitarian logistics. 3 Haziran 2023’de https://ctl.mit.edu/sites/ctl.mit.edu/files/library/public/theses_2006_Davidson_execsumm.pdf adresinden alındı.
22. Demirbilek, Ö. (2023). İnsani yardım lojistiği sisteminin başarısı üzerinde önemli bir etki gücü. M. Öztürk & M. Kırca (Eds.), Kahramanmaraş Merkezli Depremler Sonrası İçin Akademik Öneriler (pp. 183-193). Özgür Yayınları.
23. Department of Humanitarian Affairs. (1992). Internationally agreed glossary of basic terms related to disaster management (DHA/93/36). United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. https://reliefweb.int/attachments/757fd191-1f7a-3ce6-a258-7dc135f35be6/004DFD3E15B69A67C1256C4C006225C2-dha-glossary-1992.pdf
24. Development Initiatives. (2020). Global humanitarian assistance report 2020. Development Initiatives. https://devinit-prod-static.ams3.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/documents/Global-Humanitarian-Assistance-Report-2020.pdf
25. Doğan, H., Uysal, G., & İpçioğlu, İ. (2008). Kaynak bağımlılığı teorisi’nin kritik bir unsuru olarak kaynak belirsizliği ve müşteri-tedarikçi arasındaki ilişkisel değişime etkisi. Journal of Management and Economics, 15(2), 49–60.
26. Du, X., & Lin, X. (2012). Conceptual model on regional natural disaster risk assessment. Procedia Engineering, 45, 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.127
27. Dubey, R., & Gunasekaran, A. (2015). The sustainable humanitarian supply chain design: agility, adaptability and alignment. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 19(1), 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2015.1015511
28. Ewins, P., Harvey, P., Savage, K., & Jacobs, A. (2006). Mapping the Risks of Corruption in Humanitarian Action. Overseas Development Institute and Management Accounting for NGOs (MANGO). https://www.transparency.org/files/content/ publication/Mapping_Risks_of_Corruption_in_Humanitarian_Action.pdf
29. Freeman, R. E. E., & McVea, J. (2001). A stakeholder approach to strategic management. Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.263511
30. Fritz Institute. (2005). Logistics and the effective delivery of humanitarian relief. Fritz Institute. https://reliefweb.int/attachments/ 7b94d31b-43cd-3ebf-b443-894548110180/4833D116248742C1C12570300052AE64-fritz-tsunami-20jun.pdf
31. Fulzele, V., Gupta, R., & Shankar, R. (2016). Identification and modelling of critical success factors of a humanitarian supply chain. In B. S. Sahay, S. Gupta & V. C. Menon (Eds.), Managing Humanitarian Logistics (pp. 33–50). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2416-7_3
32. Ghasemian Sahebi, I., Arab, A., & Sadeghi Moghadam, M. R. (2017). Analyzing the barriers to humanitarian supply chain management: A case study of the Tehran Red Crescent Societies. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 24, 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.05.017
33. Görener, A. (2013). Tedarik zinciri stratejisi seçimi: bulanık VIKOR yöntemiyle imalat sektöründe bir uygulama. Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(3), 47–62.
34. Gupta, S., Altay, N., & Luo, Z. (2017). Big data in humanitarian supply chain management: a review and further research directions. Annals of Operations Research, 283(1–2), 1153–1173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-017-2671-4
35. Güleş, H. K., & Özilhan, D. (2010). Kaynak temelli teori bağlamında üretim ve pazarlama stratejilerinin işletme performansı üzerine etkisinin incelenmesi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(19), 477–490.
36. Holguín‐Veras, J., Jaller, M., Van Wassenhove, L. N., Pérez, N., & Wachtendorf, T. (2012). On the unique features of post‐disaster humanitarian logistics. Journal of Operations Management, 30(7–8), 494–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2012.08.003
37. Howden, M. (2009, May 10-13). How humanitarian logistics information systems can improve humanitarian supply chains: a view from the field. 6th International ISCRAM Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden.
38. Jahre, M., Jensen, L., & Listou, T. (2009). Theory development in humanitarian logistics: a framework and three cases. Management Research News, 32(11), 1008–1023. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170910998255
39. Karaman, Z. T. (2016). Afet Yönetimine Giriş ve Türkiye’de Örgütlenme. Z. Toprak Karaman & A. Altay (Eds.), Bütünleşik Afet Yönetimi Kitabı, (Vol:1, pp. 1-36). İzmir: İlkem Yayınları.
40. Khan, S., Singh, R., Haleem, A., Dsilva, J., & Ali, S. S. (2022). Exploration of Critical Success Factors of Logistics 4.0: A DEMATEL Approach. Logistics, 6(1), Article 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics6010013
41. Kovács, G., & Spens, K. M. (2007). Humanitarian logistics in disaster relief operations. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 37(2), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1108/09600030710734820
42. Kraaijenbrink, J., Spender, J. C., & Groen, A. J. (2009). The resource-based view: a review and assessment of its critiques. Journal of Management, 36(1), 349–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309350775
43. Kunz, N., & Gold, S. (2015). Sustainable humanitarian supply chain management – exploring new theory. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 20(2), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2015.1103845
44. Langrafe, T. D. F., Barakat, S. R., Stocker, F., & Boaventura, J. M. G. (2020). A stakeholder theory approach to creating value in higher education institutions. The Bottom Line, 33(4), 297–313. https://doi.org/10.1108/bl-03-2020-0021
45. Li, Y., Hu, Y., Zhang, X., Deng, Y., & Mahadevan, S. (2014). An evidential DEMATEL method to identify critical success factors in emergency management. Applied Soft Computing, 22, 504–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2014.03.042
46. Liberatore, F., Pizarro, C., de Blas, C. S., Ortuño, M. T., & Vitoriano, B. (2013). Uncertainty in humanitarian logistics for disaster management. A review. In B. Vitoriano, J. Montero & D. Ruan (Eds.), Decision Aid Models for Disaster Management and Emergencies, (pp. 45–74). Atlantis Press.
47. Liu, H., Long, H., & Li, X. (2020). Identification of critical factors in construction and demolition waste recycling by the grey-DEMATEL approach: a Chinese perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(8), 8507–8525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07498-5
48. Long, D. (1997). Logistics for disaster relief: engineering on the run. IIE Solutions, 29(6), 26–29. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A57796505/AONE?u=googlescholar&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=5731ad8d
49. Maon, F., Lindgreen, A., & Vanhamme, J. (2009). Developing supply chains in disaster relief operations through cross‐sector socially oriented collaborations: a theoretical model. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 14(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1108/13598540910942019
50. Memiş, L., & Babaoğlu, C. (2020). Acil durum ve afet yönetiminde süreç yaklaşımı ve teknoloji. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(4), 776–791.
51. Merdivenci, F. (2021), Tersine lojistik risk yönetimini etkileyen faktörlerin çok kriterli karar verme yöntemi ile analizi. Ş. Akdemir (Ed.), İşletme ve Sosyal Politikalar Bilimsel Araştırma ve Değerlendirmeler. LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
52. Oloruntoba, R. (2010). An analysis of the Cyclone Larry emergency relief chain: Some key success factors. International Journal of Production Economics, 126(1), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2009.10.013
53. Organ, A. (2013). Bulanık dematel yöntemiyle makine seçimini etkileyen kriterlerin değerlendirilmesi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(1), 157–172.
54. Ozdemir, A. I., Erol, I., Ar, I. M., Peker, I., Asgary, A., Medeni, T. D., & Medeni, I. T. (2020). The role of blockchain in reducing the impact of barriers to humanitarian supply chain management. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 32(2), 454–478. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-01-2020-0058
55. Ömürgönülşen, M., Çekiç, B., & Ar, L. M. (2020). The evaluation of the factors in Industry 4.0 adaptation process for logistic firms with fuzzy Dematel method. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 167–184. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.581659
56. Özçelik, E., & Özçelik, M. (2023). Afet lojistiği üzerine kavramsal bir inceleme. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 11–27.
57. Özkul, B., & Karaman, E., (2007, Aralık 5-7). Doğal afetler için risk yönetimi. TMMOB Afet Sempozyumu, Ankara.
58. Pettit, S., & Beresford, A. (2009). Critical success factors in the context of humanitarian aid supply chains. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 39(6), 450–468. https://doi.org/10.1108/09600030910985811
59. Pfeffer, J., & Salancık, G. R. (2003). The external control of organisations: a resource dependence perspective. Stanford University Pres.
60. Prasad, S., Zakaria, R., & Altay, N. (2016). Big data in humanitarian supply chain networks: a resource dependence perspective. Annals of Operations Research, 270(1–2), 383–413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-016-2280-7
61. Roy, P., Albores, P., & Brewster, C. (2012, September 11-13). Logistical framework for last mile relief distribution in humanitarian supply chains: consideration from the field. International Conference on Manufacturing Research, Birmingham, UK.
62. Reuters. (2023). Turkey earthquake damage set to exceed $100 bln: UN agency. 13 Mart 2023’de https://www.reuters.com/world/ middle-east/turkey-earthquake-damage-set-exceed-100-bln-un-agency-2023-03-07/ adresinden alındı.
63. Sahin, S. (2019). The disaster management in Turkey and Goals of 2023. Turkish Journal of Earthquake Research, 1(2), 180–196.
64. Salam, M. A., & Khan, S. A. (2020). Lessons from the humanitarian disaster logistics management. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 27(4), 1455–1473. https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-04-2019-0165
65. Sheu, J.-B. (2007). Challenges of emergency logistics management. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 43(6), 655–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2007.01.001
66. Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2019). On birinci kalkınma planı (2019-2023). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı,
67. Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf
68. T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2014). Afet Yönetiminde Etkinlik Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Onuncu-Kalkinma-Plani-Afet-Yonetiminde-Etkinlik-Ozel-Ihtisas-Komisyonu-Raporu.pdf
69. Thomas, A. (2023). Why logistics? FMR Online. 16 Kasım 2023’de https://www.fmreview.org/sites/default/files/FMRdownloads/ en/logistics/thomas.pdf adresinden alındı.
70. Tomasini, R. M., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2004). A framework to unravel, prioritize and coordinate vulnerability and complexity factors affecting a humanitarian response operation. Working Paper No.2004/41/TM. INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France.
71. Tomasini, R. M., & Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2009). From preparedness to partnerships: case study research on humanitarian logistics. International Transactions in Operational Research, 16(5), 549–559. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3995.2009.00697.x
72. United Nations. (2007). Disaster Risk Reduction: 2007 Global Review. UNISDR. https://www.preventionweb.net/globalplatform/ 2007/first-session/docs/session_docs/ISDR_GP_2007_3.pdf
73. Van Wassenhove, L. N. (2006, May). Humanitarian aid logistics: supply chain management in high gear. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 57(5), 475–489. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602125
74. World Health Organization. (2023). WHO COVID-19 dashboard. 21 Haziran 2023’de https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/ cases?n=c adresinden alındı.
75. Wu, F., Yeniyurt, S., Kim, D., & Cavusgil, S. T. (2006). The impact of information technology on supply chain capabilities and firm performance: A resource-based view. Industrial Marketing Management, 35(4), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.05.003
76. Wu, W. W., & Lee, Y. T. (2007). Developing global managers’ competencies using the fuzzy DEMATEL method. Expert Systems with Applications, 32(2), 499–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2005.12.005.
77. Yadav, D. K., & Barve, A. (2015). Analysis of critical success factors of humanitarian supply chain: An application of Interpretive Structural Modeling. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 12, 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.01.008
78. Yadav, D. K., & Barve, A. (2018). Segmenting critical success factors of humanitarian supply chains using fuzzy DEMATEL. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 25(2), 400–425. https://doi.org/10.1108/bij-10-2016-0154
79. Yu, W., Chavez, R., Jacobs, M. A., & Feng, M. (2018). Data-driven supply chain capabilities and performance: A resource-based view. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 114, 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2017.04.002
80. Yuen, K. F., Wang, X., Ma, F., Lee, G., & Li, X. (2019). Critical success factors of supply chain integration in container shipping: an application of resource-based view theory. Maritime Policy & Management, 46(6), 653–668. https://doi.org/10.1080/03088839.2019.1597289
81. Zadeh, L. (1965, June). Fuzzy sets. Information and Control, 8(3), 338–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0019-9958(65)90241-x
82. Zhou, Q., Huang, W., & Zhang, Y. (2011). Identifying critical success factors in emergency management using a fuzzy DEMATEL method. Safety Science, 49(2), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2010.08.005