Şehir Merkezindeki Hava Kirliliği Faktörlerinin AHP Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi: Karabük İli Örneği

Abstract

Hava kirliliği, atmosferdeki zararlı maddelerin yoğunluğunun artmasıyla ekolojik sisteme, insan sağlığına ve doğal yaşama zarar veren bir çevresel tehdit olarak tanımlanır. Sanayileşme, şehirleşme ve hızlı nüfus artışı gibi faktörler ise hava kirliliğini artırarak çevreye ve halk sağlığına ciddi zararlar vermektedir. Bu çalışma ile Karabük şehir merkezindeki hava kirliliğine neden olan sorunların belirlenerek, öncelikli stratejik çözüm önerileri sunmak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya dahil edilen risk kategorileri detaylı literatür taraması yapılarak seçilmiştir. Seçilen kategoriler, alanlarında en az beş yıllık mesleki deneyime sahip beş uzman tarafından değerlendirilmiştir. Uzman görüşlerinden elde edilen veriler, çok kriterli karar verme yaklaşımlarından biri olan AHP yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, risklerin önem ağırlıklarını sırasıyla Sanayi Faaliyetleri, Isınma Kaynaklı Kirlilik, Coğrafi Yapı, Plansız Kentsel Gelişim, Motorlu Araçlar ve Atık Yönetimi olarak ortaya koymuştur. İlk iki risk kategorisinin, toplam ağırlığın yaklaşık yarısını oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgu, sağlıklı şehir planlaması süreçlerinde Sanayi Faaliyetleri ve Isınma Kaynaklı Kirlilik risklerine yönelik önlem almak ya da ortadan kaldırmak için faaliyetlerde bulunulması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

• Hava kirliliği
• çevre yönetimi
• sağlıklı şehir planlaması
• AHP

Evaluation of Air Pollution Factors in the City Center with AHP Method: The Case of Karabük

Abstract

Air pollution is defined as an environmental threat that harms the ecological system, human health and natural life by increasing the concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere. Factors such as industrialization, urbanization and rapid population growth increase air pollution and cause serious damage to the environment and public health. This study aims to identify the problems that cause air pollution in Karabük city center and to offer priority strategic solution suggestions. The risk categories included in the study were selected by conducting a detailed literature review. The selected categories were evaluated by five experts with at least five years of professional experience in their fields. Data obtained from expert opinions were analyzed using the AHP method, one of the multi-criteria decision-making approaches. The analysis results revealed the importance weights of the risks as Industrial Activities, Heating Pollution, Geographical Structure, Unplanned Urban Development, Motor Vehicles and Waste Management, respectively. It was determined that the first two risk categories constituted approximately half of the total weight. This finding suggests that activities should be taken to prevent or eliminate the risks of pollution caused by industrial activities and heating in healthy urban planning processes.

Keywords

• Air pollution
• environmental management
• healthy urban planning
• AHP

References

1. Adamopoulos, I., Syrou, N., & Vito, D. (2025). Climate change risks and impacts on public health correlated with air pollution-African dust in South Europe. Medical Sciences Forum, 33(1), Article 1.
2. Amini, H., Yousefian, F., Faridi, S., Andersen, Z. J., Calas, E., Castro, A., Cervantes-Martínez, K., Cole-Hunter, T., Corso, M., Dragic, N., Evangelopoulos, D., Gapp, C., Hassanvand, M. S., Kim, I., Le Tertre, A., Medina, S., Miller, B., Montero, S., Requia, W. J., ... Mudu, P. (2024). Two decades of air pollution health risk assessment: Insights from the use of WHO's AirQ and AirQ+ tools. Public Health Reviews, 45, Article 1606969. https://doi.org/10.3389/phrs.2024.1606969
3. Bai, L., Wang, J., Ma, X., & Lu, H. (2018). Air pollution forecasts: An overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), Article 780.
4. Barnes, J. H., Hayes, E. T., Chatterton, T. J., & Longhurst, J. W. (2014). Air quality action planning: Why do barriers to remediation in local air quality management remain? Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 57(5), 660–681.
5. Bej, D., & Chattaraj, N. (2023). Air pollution from vehicle-tailpipe emissions and diagnostic approaches through cyber–physical platform: A review. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 98, Article 104805.
6. Cabral-Pinto, M. M., Inácio, M., Neves, O., Almeida, A. A., Pinto, E., Oliveiros, B., & Ferreira da Silva, E. A. (2020). Human health risk assessment due to agricultural activities and crop consumption in the surroundings of an industrial area. Exposure and Health, 12, 629–640.
7. Can, A., & Özsoy, H. (2023). A different perspective on air pollution measurements. Politeknik Dergisi, 26(1), 329–344.
8. Çalık, A. (2022). Bulanık AHP-bulanık ARAS yöntemlerine dayalı dayanıklı tedarikçi seçimi. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 275–296.

9. Çelik, G., Sülün, Ş., Keçeci, S., & Ergenekon, P. (2025). Ozon konsantrasyonunun Marmara Bölgesi istasyonlarındaki hava kirliliği ve meteorolojik ölçümler kullanılarak makine öğrenmesi modelleriyle tahmini. Şura Akademi, 9, 9–23.
10. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı [ÇŞİB]. (2020a). Karabük ili hava kalitesi bülteni ve ölçüm verileri. Sürekli İzleme Merkezi.
11. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı [ÇŞİB]. (2020b). Karabük ili temiz hava eylem planı (2020-2024). Karabük Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği İl Müdürlüğü.
12. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı [ÇŞİB]. (2024a). Karabük ili 2023 yılı çevre durum raporu. Karabük Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği İl Müdürlüğü. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/ced/icerikler/karabuk-icdr_2023-20240718152156.pdf
13. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı [ÇŞİB]. (2024b). Karabük ili hava kalitesi bülteni ve ölçüm verileri. Sürekli İzleme Merkezi.
14. Dağdeviren, M., & Eren, T. (2001). Tedarikçi firma seçiminde analitik hiyerarşi prosesi ve 0-1 hedef programlama yöntemlerinin kullanılması. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 41–52.
15. Eastham, S. D., Chossière, G. P., Speth, R. L., Jacob, D. J., & Barrett, S. R. (2024). Global impacts of aviation on air quality evaluated at high resolution. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 24(4), 2687–2703.
16. Edo, G. I., Itoje-Akpokiniovo, L. O., Obasohan, P., Ikpekoro, V. O., Samuel, P. O., Jikah, A. N., Nosu, L. C., Ekokotu, H. A., Ugbune, U., Oghroro, E. E. A., Emakpor, O. L., Ainyanbhor, I. E., Mohammed, W. A.-S., Akpoghelie, P. O., Owheruo, J. O., & Agbo, J. J. (2024). Impact of environmental pollution from human activities on water, air quality and climate change. Ecological Frontiers, 44(5), 874–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecofro.2024.02.014
17. Farzadkia, M., Mahvi, A. H., Norouzian Baghani, A., Sorooshian, A., Delikhoon, M., Sheikhi, R., & Ashournejad, Q. (2021). Municipal solid waste recycling: Impacts on energy savings and air pollution. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 71(6), 737–753.
18. Feng, T., Du, H., Lin, Z., & Zuo, J. (2020). Spatial spillover effects of environmental regulations on air pollution: Evidence from urban agglomerations in China. Journal of Environmental Management, 272, Article 110998.
19. Fernández, M. E., Gentili, J. O., & Campo, A. M. (2021). Air pollutants in an intermediate city: Variability and interactions with weather and anthropogenic elements in Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Environmental Processes, 8(1), 349–375.
20. Finkelman, R. B., Wolfe, A., & Hendryx, M. S. (2021). The future environmental and health impacts of coal. Energy Geoscience, 2(2), 99–112.
21. Gasparotto, J., & Martinello, K. D. B. (2021). Coal as an energy source and its impacts on human health. Energy Geoscience, 2(2), 113–120.
22. Gómez-Sanabria, A., Kiesewetter, G., Klimont, Z., Schoepp, W., & Haberl, H. (2022). Potential for future reductions of global GHG and air pollutants from circular waste management systems. Nature Communications, 13(1), Article 106.
23. Gökmen, Ö., & Ege, İ. (2020). Karabük ilindeki rekreasyon alanlarının coğrafi dağılışı. Journal of Humanities and Tourism Research, 10(3), 521–537.
24. Hannun, R. M., & Razzaq, A. H. A. (2022). Air pollution resulted from coal, oil and gas firing in thermal power plants and treatment: A review. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1002(1), Article 012008.
25. Hassoun, Y., James, C., & Bernstein, D. I. (2019). The effects of air pollution on the development of atopic disease. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology, 57(3), 403–414.
26. Hendryx, M., Zullig, K. J., & Luo, J. (2020). Impacts of coal use on health. Annual Review of Public Health, 41(1), 397–415.
27. Houdou, A., El Badisy, I., Khomsi, K., Abdala, S. A., Abdulla, F., Najmi, H., Obtel, M., Belyamani, L., Ibrahimi, A., & Khalis, M. (2024). Interpretable machine learning approaches for forecasting and predicting air pollution: A systematic review. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 24(1), Article 230151.
28. Hyland, J., & Donnelly, P. (2015). Air pollution and health: The views of policymakers, planners, public and private sector on barriers and incentives for change. Journal of Transport & Health, 2(2), 120–126.
29. Kalkınma Bakanlığı & Batı Karadeniz Kalkınma Ajansı. (2012). Karabük, Zonguldak, Bartın illeri çevresel durum değerlendirmesi. https://www.kalkinmakutuphanesi.gov.tr/assets/upload/dosyalar/karabuk-zonguldak-bartin-cevresel-durum-degerlendirmesi.pdf
30. Kanhai, G., Fobil, J. N., Nartey, B. A., Spadaro, J. V., & Mudu, P. (2021). Urban municipal solid waste management: Modeling air pollution scenarios and health impacts in the case of Accra, Ghana. Waste Management, 123, 15–22.
31. Kotcher, J., Maibach, E., & Choi, W. T. (2019). Fossil fuels are harming our brains: Identifying key messages about the health effects of air pollution from fossil fuels. BMC Public Health, 19(1), Article 1079. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7373-1
32. Li, S., Feng, K., & Li, M. (2017). Identifying the main contributors of air pollution in Beijing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 163, 359–365.
33. Li, W. W. (2020). Air pollution, air quality, vehicle emissions, and environmental regulations. In H. Khreis, M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen, J. Zietsman, & T. L. Ramani (Eds.), Traffic-related air pollution (pp. 23–49). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818122-5.00002-8
34. Liang, D., Wang, Y. Q., Wang, Y. J., & Ma, C. (2019). National air pollution distribution in China and related geographic, gaseous pollutant, and socio-economic factors. Environmental Pollution, 250, 998–1009.
35. Long, Z., Huang, Y., Zhang, W., Shi, Z., Yu, D., Chen, Y., Liu, C., & Wang, R. (2021). Effect of different industrial activities on soil heavy metal pollution, ecological risk, and health risk. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(1), Article 20.
36. Lopez-Carreno, R. D., Pujadas, P., & Pardo-Bosch, F. (2024). Optimizing ventilation systems in Barcelona schools: An AHP-based assessment for improved indoor air quality and comfort. Applied Sciences, 14(23), Article 11138.
37. Maciejczyk, P., Chen, L. C., & Thurston, G. (2021). The role of fossil fuel combustion metals in PM2.5 air pollution health associations. Atmosphere, 12(9), Article 1086.
38. Malik, N., Singh, V., Kumar, K., & Elumalai, S. P. (2024). VOC source apportionment, reactivity, secondary transformations, and their prioritization using fuzzy-AHP method in a coal-mining city in India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(17), 25406–25423.
39. Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2020). Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: A review. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, Article 14.
40. Manono, B. O., Sadiq, F. K., Sadiq, A. A., Matsika, T. A., & Tanko, F. (2025). Impacts of air quality on global crop yields and food security: An integrative review and future outlook. Air, 3(3), Article 24.
41. Mao, Q., Zhu, X., Zhang, X., & Kong, Y. (2024). Effect of air pollution on the global burden of cardiovascular diseases and forecasting future trends of the related metrics: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Frontiers in Medicine, 11, Article 1472996.
42. Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü [MGM]. (2024). Resmi istatistikler: Karabük ili iklim verileri. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx
43. Metin, S. (2025). Hava kirliliği değerlerinin makine öğrenmesi ve hibrit yöntemler ile tahmini: İstanbul örneği. Malatya Turgut Özal Üniversitesi İşletme ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 190–203.
44. Munsif, R., Zubair, M., Aziz, A., & Zafar, M. N. (2021). Industrial air emission pollution: Potential sources and sustainable mitigation. In R. Viskup (Ed.), Environmental emissions. IntechOpen.
45. Neria-Hernández, A., Mugica-Álvarez, V., Colín-Cruz, A., Sánchez-Meza, J. C., & Amaya-Chávez, A. (2023). Air pollution in cities with unplanned urban growth, a case study of Toluca Valley: Trends and health impacts compared with Mexico City [Preprint]. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3195216/v1
46. Orellano, P., Kasdagli, M. I., Velasco, R. P., & Samoli, E. (2024). Long-term exposure to particulate matter and mortality: An update of the WHO global air quality guidelines systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health, 69, Article 1607683.
47. Perera, F. P. (2017). Multiple threats to child health from fossil fuel combustion: Impacts of air pollution and climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(2), 141–148.
48. Rahaman, M. A., Kalam, A., & Al-Mamun, M. (2023). Unplanned urbanization and health risks of Dhaka City in Bangladesh: Uncovering the associations between urban environment and public health. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, Article 1269362.
49. Rahman, M. M., Alam, K., & Velayutham, E. (2021). Is industrial pollution detrimental to public health? Evidence from the world’s most industrialised countries. BMC Public Health, 21(1), Article 1175.
50. Rashed, A. H. (2023). The impacts of unsustainable urbanization on the environment. In A. Almusaed & A. Almssad (Eds.), Sustainable regional planning. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.110089
51. Ren, L., Yang, W., & Bai, Z. (2017). Characteristics of major air pollutants in China. In G.-H. Dong (Ed.), Ambient air pollution and health impact in China (pp. 7–26). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5657-4_2
52. Saaty, T. L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process. McGraw-Hill.
53. Saaty, T. L. (1986). Axiomatic foundation of the analytic hierarchy process. Management Science, 32(7), 841–855. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.7.841
54. Salman, M. Y., & Hasar, H. (2023). Review on environmental aspects in smart city concept: Water, waste, air pollution and transportation smart applications using IoT techniques. Sustainable Cities and Society, 94, Article 104567.
55. Shafie, S. H. M., & Mahmud, M. (2020). Urban air pollutant from motor vehicle emissions in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20(12), 2793–2804.
56. Siddiqua, A., Hahladakis, J. N., & Al-Attiya, W. A. K. (2022). An overview of the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling and open dumping. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(39), 58514–58536.
57. Singh, A., & Singh, K. K. (2022). An overview of the environmental and health consequences of air pollution. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 13(3), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.5829/ijee.2022.13.03.03
58. Singh, N., Singh, S., & Mall, R. K. (2020). Urban ecology and human health: Implications of urban heat island, air pollution and climate change nexus. In P. Verma, P. Singh, R. Singh, & A. S. Raghubanshi (Eds.), Urban ecology: Emerging patterns and social-ecological systems (pp. 317–334). Elsevier.
59. Stolecka, K., & Rusin, A. (2021). Potential hazards posed by biogas plants. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 135, Article 110225.
60. Su, J. (2022). Research on the impact of automobile exhaust on air pollution. In 2022 International Conference on Urban Planning and Regional Economy (UPRE 2022) (pp. 497–501). Atlantis Press.
61. Su, J. G., Aslebagh, S., Shahriary, E., Barrett, M., & Balmes, J. R. (2024). Impacts from air pollution on respiratory disease outcomes: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, Article 1417450.
62. Sun, J., Dang, Y., Zhu, X., Wang, J., & Shang, Z. (2021). A grey spatiotemporal incidence model with application to factors causing air pollution. Science of the Total Environment, 759, Article 143576.
63. Swain, C. K. (2024). Environmental pollution indices: A review on concentration of heavy metals in air, water, and soil near industrialization and urbanisation. Discover Environment, 2(1), Article 5.
64. Temiz Hava Hakkı Platformu. (2024). Kara rapor 2024: Hava kirliliği ve sağlık etkileri. https://www.temizhavahakki.com/kara-rapor/
65. Uslu, Y., Sevim, B., Aygün, S., Onaran, S., & Gedikli, E. (2024). Türkiye’de sağlık işletmelerinde tıbbı cihaz tedarik sürecinde karşılaşılan risklerin AHP yöntemi ile belirlenmesi. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi, 10(1), 1–14.
66. Uslu, Y., Şahin, K., Aygün, S., & Tuna, M. (2023). OECD ülkeleri ve Türkiye’nin sağlık harcamalarının TOPSIS yöntemi ile incelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(2), 386–395.
67. Wang, B., Wang, B., Lv, B., & Wang, R. (2022). Impact of motor vehicle exhaust on the air quality of an urban city. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 22(8), Article 220213.
68. Wang, F., Dong, M., Ren, J., Luo, S., Zhao, H., & Liu, J. (2022). The impact of urban spatial structure on air pollution: Empirical evidence from China. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24, 5531–5550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01670-z
69. Wei, Y., Feng, Y., Yazdi, M. D., Yin, K., Castro, E., Shtein, A., Qiu, X., Peralta, A. A., Coull, B. A., & Schwartz, J. D. (2024). Exposure-response associations between chronic exposure to fine particulate matter and risks of hospital admission for major cardiovascular diseases: Population based cohort study. BMJ, 384, Article e076939. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-076939
70. Yang, J., Shi, B., Shi, Y., Marvin, S., Zheng, Y., & Xia, G. (2020). Air pollution dispersal in high density urban areas: Research on the triadic relation of wind, air pollution, and urban form. Sustainable Cities and Society, 54, Article 101941.