Araştırma Makalesi
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South China Sea as A Source of Potential Conflict in South East Asia

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6, 95 - 114, 01.07.2020

Öz

The gravitational center in international relations has recently shifted from the Atlantic to Asia. Generally observed as an outcome of economic developments, the process marked a wide array of political and strategical implications through which it is possible to predict sources of potential conflict in the context of Asia will result in new global and regional conditions. Major political issues that the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has with Taiwan and Japan, the nuclear program ongoing in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s (North Korea), and the PRC being contained by the regional allies of the United States of America, will likely precipitate conflicts in the region. But besides these issues is the significance of another series of conflict regarding the maritime law of South China Sea, a law that involves all key regional actors. In a broader view of conflicts, global effects will arguably flourish in politico-military spheres alongside economic ones. In detail, South China Sea delivers a significant volume of oil, natural gas, and other items of world trade. It also contains rich fishing facilities, biohabitats, and hundreds of islands, islets and rocks, located as an area of conflict between PRC and Taiwan on the north, Philippines on the east, Vietnam on the west, and Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam on the south. The current disputes relating to the maritime law focus on the sovereignty of islands and the determination of exclusive economic zones along with freedom of navigation and construction of artificial islands and military bases on the islands in the area. In reality, these disputes are raised and handled in the context of PRC’s rise and its assertive foreign policy as well as the containment policy implemented by USA with regional allies. This article elaborates on the global and local aspects of these disputes, and makes the argument that in the context of Chinese foreign policy, PRC will remain to be unwilling to modulate its position in the South China Sea in part because regional rivals are less than able to compete with it in absence of American politico-military support. When combined with the growing importance of Asia in US affairs, it is our contention that this looming conflict will lead to the rise of militarization as an impending source of conflict in the larger US-PRC competition.

Kaynakça

  • BLACKMORE, Graham-MORTON, Brian (2002), “South China Sea”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(12), s. 1236-1263.
  • CHAKRABORTI, Tridib (2012), “China and Vietnam in the South China Sea Dispute: A Creeping ‘Conflict-Peace-Trepidation’ Syndrome”, China Report, 48(3), s. 283-301.
  • HUNG, Nguyen Manh (1979), The Sino-Vietnamese Conflict: Power Play Among Communist Neighbors, Asian Survey, 19(11), s.1037-1052.
  • KIREEVA, Anna (2016), “Great Powers and Power Dynamics in East Asia”, International Trends, 2(3), s. 113-118.
  • KORKUT, Ekrem-KANG, Woo Hyun (2017), China’s Nine-dash line claim in light of the Ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration, Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 5(2), s.426-463.
  • MANYIN, Mark E. vd. (2012), “Pivot to the Pacific? The Obama Administration’s ‘Rebalancing’ Toards Asia”, Congressional Research Service, Report for Congress.
  • MEYER, Stanley E. (1996), “Incident at Mischief Reef: Implications for the Philippines, China, and The United States”, Strategy Research Project, U.S. Army War College, s. 1-30.
  • OKUR, Mehmet Akif (2017), “Bir Kuşak, Bir Yol Projesinin Jeopolitiği, Türk kuşağı ve Uygurlar”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, 4(8), s. 45-55.
  • O’ROURKE, Ronald (2020), “U.S.-China Strategic Competition in the South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress”, Congressional Research Service, Report for Congress.
  • PICH, Charadine (2015), “China’s Foreign Policy on South China Sea dispute? What Could Be Done?”, Policy Paper, s. 1-7.
  • SALIDJANOVA, Nargiza (2016), “South China Sea Arbitration Ruling: What Happened and What’s Next?”, US-China Economic and Security Review Commission (July 12, 2016), Issue Brief, s. 1-9.
  • SCHOFIELD, Clive-STOREY, Ian (2009). “The South China Sea Dispute: Increasing Stakes and Rising Tensions”, The Jamestown Foundation.
  • SEHNALKOVA, Jana (2014). Taiwan’s Policy Towards the South China Sea içinde RIEGL, Martin vd. (Ed.), Strategic Regions in 21st Century Power Politics: Zones of Consensus and Zones of Conflict, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • The Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy: Achieving U.S. National Security Objectives in a Changing Environment (2015), U.S. Department of Defense.
  • ALMOND, Roncevert (2018), “Trade, War and The South China Sea”, https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/trade-war-and-the-south-china-sea/, Erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2019.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi (1982), https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf , Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • Cascon Case SPI: Spratly Islands 1974- , MIT Cascon System for Analyzing International Conflict, http://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_spi.html, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • China’s Belt and Road Initiative: A Guide to Market Participation (2019), Deutsche Bank Report, https://cib.db.com/docs_new/DB_Belt-and-Road_Report.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • “China’s National Defence in the New Era, The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China” (July 2019), http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/24/c_138253389.htm, Erişim tarihi: 14 Aralık 2019, s. 1-51.
  • Filipinler Cumhuriyeti ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Arasında Ortak Savunma Anlaşması (1951), Official Gazette of Philippines (30/08/1951), https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1951/08/30/mutual-defense-treaty-between-the-republic-of-the-philippines-and-the-united-states-of-america-august-30-1951/ , Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • “Güney Çin Denizinde Tarafların Sorumluluklarına İlişkin Deklarasyon” (2002), https://asean.org/?static_post=declaration-on-the-conduct-of-parties-in-the-south-china-sea-2 , Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • JOHNSON, Jesse (2019), “First U.S.-ASEAN Joint Maritime Drills Kick Off As Washington Beefs Up Presence in South China Sea”, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/02/asia-pacific/first-u-s-asean-joint-maritime-drills-kick-off-washington-beefs-presence-south-china-sea/#.Xufb1NUzat9, Erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2019.
  • “Karasuları ile Bitişik Bölge Hakkında Kanun” (1992), Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/STATEFILES/CHN.htm, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • KREUZER, Peter (2018), “Dealing With China in the South China Sea: Duterte Changing Course”, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt Report 3/2018, https://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_publikationen/prif0318.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • KU, Julian-MIRASOLA, Chris (2017), “The South China Sea and China’s ‘Four Sha’ Claim: New Legal Theory, Same Bad Argument”, https://www.lawfareblog.com/south-china-sea-and-chinas-four-sha-claim-new-legal-theory-same-bad-argument, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • Permanent Court of Arbitration Case 2013/19 in the Matter of South China Sea Arbitration (2016), https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/2086, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • PHAM, Nga (2014), Shift As Vietnam Marks South China Sea Battle, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25709833, Erişim tarihi: 11/6/2020.
  • POLING, Gregory (2019), “For Lack of a Strategy: the Free and Open Indo-Pacific”, https://warontherocks.com/2019/11/for-lack-of-a-strategy-the-free-and-open-indo-pacific/, Erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2019.
  • Position Paper of the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Matter of Jurisdiction in the South China Sea Arbitration Initiated by the Republic of Philippines” (Aralık 2014),https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/nanhai/eng/snhwtlcwj_1/t1368895.htm, Erişim tarihi: 5 Aralık 2019, s. 1-11.
  • RENIC, Neil (2012), “Rising China: A Threat To International Security?”, https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/20051 , Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • “Review of Maritime Transport” (2016), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2016_en.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 5 Nisan 2020.
  • SHICUN, Wu (2019). “US-China Competition Will Heat Up the South China Sea”, https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/us-china-competition-will-heat-up-the-south-china-sea/, Erişim tarihi: 1 Aralık 2019.
  • White Paper (2016), “China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea”, http://english.www.gov.cn/state_council/ministries/2016/07/13/content_281475392503075.htm , Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • WO-LAP, Willy Lam (2016), “Getting Lost in ‘One Belt One Road’”, https://www.ejinsight.com/eji/article/id/1281194/20160412-getting-lost-one-belt-one-road, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.

Güneydoğu Asya’nın Potansiyel Çatışma Kaynağı Olarak Güney Çin Denizi*

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6, 95 - 114, 01.07.2020

Öz

Uluslararası ilişkilerin ağırlık merkezinde Atlantik’in iki yakasından Asya’ya doğru bir kayma yaşandığı yoğunlukla dile getirilen bir husustur. İktisadi düzlemdeki gelişmelerin neden olduğu bu sürecin siyasi ve stratejik düzleme sirayet etmediğini düşünmek mümkün gözükmemektedir. Bu kapsamda, Güneydoğu Asya’da potansiyel anlaşmazlık ve çatışma konularının, bölgesel etkilerinin yanı sıra küresel yansımalarının olabileceği değerlendirilmektedir. Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti (ÇHC) ile Tayvan ve Japonya arasındaki siyasi sorunlar, Kore Demokratik Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin (Kuzey Kore) nükleer programı, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin (ABD) müttefikleri ile birlikte ÇHC’yi çevrelemesi gibi önde gelen potansiyel çatışma konularının yanında, Güney Çin Denizi’nde, bölgenin aktörlerinin önemli bir bölümünün dahil olduğu deniz hukukuna ilişkin anlaşmazlık ve çatışmaların da önemi yadsınamaz. Bu anlaşmazlık ve çatışmaların ölçeğinin yükselmesi durumunda, iktisadi düzlem başta olmak üzere siyasi ve askeri düzlemde de küresel etkilerin ortaya çıkacağı değerlendirilmektedir. Dünya ticaret hacminin önemli bir kısmının akışının sağlandığı, zengin petrol ve doğalgaz kaynaklarına sahip olduğu öngörülen, balıkçılık olanaklarını ve biyolojik çeşitliliği bünyesinde barındıran Güney Çin Denizi, yüzlerce ada, adacık ve kayayı içermektedir. Kuzeyinde ÇHC’nin ve Tayvan’ın, doğusunda Filipinler’in, batısında Vietnam’ın, güneyinde Malezya ve Bruney Sultanlığının (Bruney) doğrudan anlaşmazlığa taraf olduğu görülmektedir. Deniz hukukuna ilişkin anlaşmazlıklar ile kastedilen bölgede yer alan adaların egemenliği, Münhasır Ekonomik Bölgelerin (MEB) tayini ile serbest seyrüsefer, yapay ada inşası ve adalar üzerinde askeri üs inşa edilmesidir. Çalışma kapsamında bu sorunlar, ÇHC’nin yükselişi ve iddialı dış politikası ile ABD’nin bölgesel müttefikleri ile çevreleme politikası bağlamında ele alınmış, sorunların küresel ve bölgesel etkileri vurgulanmıştır. Temel iddiamız, Pekin’in dış politika yaklaşımı kapsamında, Güney Çin Denizi’ne yönelik iddialarını yumuşatmasının zor gözüktüğü yönündedir. Pekin’in karşısında yer alan bölgesel aktörler ise ABD’nin siyasi ve askeri desteğine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. ABD dış politikasında Asya’nın artan ağırlığı ile birlikte değerlendirildiğinde sorunun, askerileşmeyi artıran bir kaynak ve ABD-ÇHC rekabetinin çatışmaya dönük sahası olduğu savunulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • BLACKMORE, Graham-MORTON, Brian (2002), “South China Sea”, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 42(12), s. 1236-1263.
  • CHAKRABORTI, Tridib (2012), “China and Vietnam in the South China Sea Dispute: A Creeping ‘Conflict-Peace-Trepidation’ Syndrome”, China Report, 48(3), s. 283-301.
  • HUNG, Nguyen Manh (1979), The Sino-Vietnamese Conflict: Power Play Among Communist Neighbors, Asian Survey, 19(11), s.1037-1052.
  • KIREEVA, Anna (2016), “Great Powers and Power Dynamics in East Asia”, International Trends, 2(3), s. 113-118.
  • KORKUT, Ekrem-KANG, Woo Hyun (2017), China’s Nine-dash line claim in light of the Ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration, Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 5(2), s.426-463.
  • MANYIN, Mark E. vd. (2012), “Pivot to the Pacific? The Obama Administration’s ‘Rebalancing’ Toards Asia”, Congressional Research Service, Report for Congress.
  • MEYER, Stanley E. (1996), “Incident at Mischief Reef: Implications for the Philippines, China, and The United States”, Strategy Research Project, U.S. Army War College, s. 1-30.
  • OKUR, Mehmet Akif (2017), “Bir Kuşak, Bir Yol Projesinin Jeopolitiği, Türk kuşağı ve Uygurlar”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, 4(8), s. 45-55.
  • O’ROURKE, Ronald (2020), “U.S.-China Strategic Competition in the South and East China Seas: Background and Issues for Congress”, Congressional Research Service, Report for Congress.
  • PICH, Charadine (2015), “China’s Foreign Policy on South China Sea dispute? What Could Be Done?”, Policy Paper, s. 1-7.
  • SALIDJANOVA, Nargiza (2016), “South China Sea Arbitration Ruling: What Happened and What’s Next?”, US-China Economic and Security Review Commission (July 12, 2016), Issue Brief, s. 1-9.
  • SCHOFIELD, Clive-STOREY, Ian (2009). “The South China Sea Dispute: Increasing Stakes and Rising Tensions”, The Jamestown Foundation.
  • SEHNALKOVA, Jana (2014). Taiwan’s Policy Towards the South China Sea içinde RIEGL, Martin vd. (Ed.), Strategic Regions in 21st Century Power Politics: Zones of Consensus and Zones of Conflict, Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • The Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy: Achieving U.S. National Security Objectives in a Changing Environment (2015), U.S. Department of Defense.
  • ALMOND, Roncevert (2018), “Trade, War and The South China Sea”, https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/trade-war-and-the-south-china-sea/, Erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2019.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi (1982), https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf , Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • Cascon Case SPI: Spratly Islands 1974- , MIT Cascon System for Analyzing International Conflict, http://web.mit.edu/cascon/cases/case_spi.html, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • China’s Belt and Road Initiative: A Guide to Market Participation (2019), Deutsche Bank Report, https://cib.db.com/docs_new/DB_Belt-and-Road_Report.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • “China’s National Defence in the New Era, The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China” (July 2019), http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/24/c_138253389.htm, Erişim tarihi: 14 Aralık 2019, s. 1-51.
  • Filipinler Cumhuriyeti ile Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Arasında Ortak Savunma Anlaşması (1951), Official Gazette of Philippines (30/08/1951), https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1951/08/30/mutual-defense-treaty-between-the-republic-of-the-philippines-and-the-united-states-of-america-august-30-1951/ , Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • “Güney Çin Denizinde Tarafların Sorumluluklarına İlişkin Deklarasyon” (2002), https://asean.org/?static_post=declaration-on-the-conduct-of-parties-in-the-south-china-sea-2 , Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • JOHNSON, Jesse (2019), “First U.S.-ASEAN Joint Maritime Drills Kick Off As Washington Beefs Up Presence in South China Sea”, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/02/asia-pacific/first-u-s-asean-joint-maritime-drills-kick-off-washington-beefs-presence-south-china-sea/#.Xufb1NUzat9, Erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2019.
  • “Karasuları ile Bitişik Bölge Hakkında Kanun” (1992), Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/STATEFILES/CHN.htm, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • KREUZER, Peter (2018), “Dealing With China in the South China Sea: Duterte Changing Course”, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt Report 3/2018, https://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_publikationen/prif0318.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • KU, Julian-MIRASOLA, Chris (2017), “The South China Sea and China’s ‘Four Sha’ Claim: New Legal Theory, Same Bad Argument”, https://www.lawfareblog.com/south-china-sea-and-chinas-four-sha-claim-new-legal-theory-same-bad-argument, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • Permanent Court of Arbitration Case 2013/19 in the Matter of South China Sea Arbitration (2016), https://pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/2086, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • PHAM, Nga (2014), Shift As Vietnam Marks South China Sea Battle, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25709833, Erişim tarihi: 11/6/2020.
  • POLING, Gregory (2019), “For Lack of a Strategy: the Free and Open Indo-Pacific”, https://warontherocks.com/2019/11/for-lack-of-a-strategy-the-free-and-open-indo-pacific/, Erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2019.
  • Position Paper of the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Matter of Jurisdiction in the South China Sea Arbitration Initiated by the Republic of Philippines” (Aralık 2014),https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/nanhai/eng/snhwtlcwj_1/t1368895.htm, Erişim tarihi: 5 Aralık 2019, s. 1-11.
  • RENIC, Neil (2012), “Rising China: A Threat To International Security?”, https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/20051 , Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • “Review of Maritime Transport” (2016), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/rmt2016_en.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 5 Nisan 2020.
  • SHICUN, Wu (2019). “US-China Competition Will Heat Up the South China Sea”, https://thediplomat.com/2019/11/us-china-competition-will-heat-up-the-south-china-sea/, Erişim tarihi: 1 Aralık 2019.
  • White Paper (2016), “China Adheres to the Position of Settling Through Negotiation the Relevant Disputes Between China and the Philippines in the South China Sea”, http://english.www.gov.cn/state_council/ministries/2016/07/13/content_281475392503075.htm , Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
  • WO-LAP, Willy Lam (2016), “Getting Lost in ‘One Belt One Road’”, https://www.ejinsight.com/eji/article/id/1281194/20160412-getting-lost-one-belt-one-road, Erişim tarihi: 11 Haziran 2020.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cem Yılmaz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, C. (2020). Güneydoğu Asya’nın Potansiyel Çatışma Kaynağı Olarak Güney Çin Denizi*. Doğu Asya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(6), 95-114.

Doğu Asya Araştırmaları Dergisi (DAAD) I 2021 I abdurresit.karluk@hbv.edu.tr I

Bu eser Creative Commons Alıntı-Gayri Ticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) International License.