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Islamophobia and Values in Western Societies: An Analysis of the Impacts on Muslim Men of Islamophobic Attacks in the UK

Year 2023, , 425 - 449, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.34234/ded.1366107

Abstract

The populations and governments of Western societies are usually proud of the values they claim to be the foundation of their multicultural and pluralistic societies. Over the past few decades, the Western world has witnessed a surge in hate crimes, including racism, discrimination, and Islamophobia. This has sparked discussions about the authenticity of Western societies in upholding universal or Western values. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of Islamophobia on universal or Western values. It is crucial to clarify that the research does not seek to make sweeping generalizations about these values. Instead, its focus is a thorough examination of the decline in the beliefs of Muslim men in these values, particularly in response to the growing incidents of Islamophobic attacks. The study delved into two specific Islamophobic assaults to shed light on the concerning extent of Islamophobia, suggesting a potential threat to both universal and Western values as well as social cohesion in the UK. Through individual semi-structured and in-depth interviews, Muslim men residing in the UK were engaged to explain the repercussions of these distressing Islamophobic incidents on their lives, perspectives, and notably, their beliefs in universal or Western values. The findings of the study revealed that acts of Islamophobic violence, particularly those directed at vulnerable and disabled Muslims, have a detrimental impact on the beliefs of Muslim males in the UK regarding universal or Western principles and values. The Muslim men in the study strongly criticised the bystanders in these incidents, expressing their disappointment in the lack of protection for the vulnerable and disabled victims, while emphasizing the link between “bystander apathy” and societal values. Additionally, participants underscored the importance of incorporating Islamic values into the education of their children.

References

  • Allen, C. (2010). Islamophobia. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Company.
  • Allen, C. (2010b). An overview of key Islamophobia research. London, National Association of Muslim Police.
  • Alrasheedi, G., & Almutawa, F. (2020). Weekend Islamic schools in Europe: Challenges and means of development. Improving Schools, 23(2), 190–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480219869425
  • Awan, I., & Zempi, I. (2015). We fear for our lives: Offline and online experiences of anti-Muslim hostility.
  • Bielefeldt, H. (2000). “Western” Versus “Islamic” Human Rights Conceptions?: A Critique of Cultural Essentialism in the Discussion on Human Rights. Political Theory, 28(1), 90–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591700028001005
  • Choudhury, T., & Fenwick, H. (2013). The impact of counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities 1. In Developments in Counter-Terrorist Measures and Uses of Technology (pp. 45-75). Routledge.
  • Dauda, K. O. (2020). Islamophobia and religious intolerance: Threats to global peace and harmonious co-existence. QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies), 8(2), 257-292.
  • Franceschelli, M., & O’Brien, M. (2014). ‘Islamic Capital’ and Family Life: The Role of Islam in Parenting. Sociology, 48(6), 1190–1206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038513519879
  • Gabriel, M. (2022). Moral Progress in Dark Times: Universal Values for the 21st Century. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Githens-Mazer, J. & Lambert, R. (2010). Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: A London Case Study. London: European Muslim Research Centre.
  • Haron, H., Jamil, N. N., & Ramli, N. M. (2020). Western and Islamic values and ethics: Are they different?. Journal of Governance and Integrity, 4(1), 12-28.
  • Hatley, J. (2019). Universal values as a barrier to the effectiveness of global citizenship education: A multimodal critical discourse analysis. International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning, 11 (1): 87–102. DOI https://doi.org/10.18546/IJDEGL.11.1.06
  • Huntington, S. P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996 ISBN 0-684-84441-9
  • Ibrahim, A. (2006). Universal values and Muslim democracy. Journal of Democracy, 17(3), 5-12.
  • Inglehart, R. F. (2013). Changing values among western publics from 1970 to 2006. In European Politics (pp. 130-146). Routledge.
  • Jeory, T. (2016). Muslims are suffering from a surge in faith-based attacks after Brexit. [online] The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/brexit-muslim-racism-hate-crime-islamophobia-eu-referendum-leave-latest-a7106326.html
  • Kalın, I. (2011). Islamophobia and the limits of multiculturalism. In: J. Esposito and I. Kalın, ed., Islamophobia, 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kunst, J. R., Sam, D. L., & Ulleberg, P. (2013). Perceived islamophobia: Scale development and validation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(2), 225-237.
  • Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help? New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
  • Mondon, A. & Winter, A. (2017). Charlie Hebdo, Republican Secularism and Islamophobia (pp. 31–45). https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350218260.ch-001
  • Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. F. (2012). Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between Origins and Destinations. Political Studies, 60(2), 228–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00951.x
  • Obermaier, M., Schmuck, D., & Saleem, M. (2023). I’ll be there for you? Effects of Islamophobic online hate speech and counter speech on Muslim in-group bystanders’ intention to intervene. New Media & Society, 25(9), 2339–2358. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211017527
  • Panjwani, F. (2016). Towards an overlapping consensus: Muslim teachers’ views on fundamental British values. Journal of Education for Teaching, 42(3), 329-340.
  • Runnymede Trust. (1997). A Challenge for Us all: Report of The Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia. London: Runnymede Trust.
  • Runnymede Trust. (2017). Islamophobia: Still a challenge for us all. Report of The Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia. London: Runnymede Trust.
  • Saeed, A. (2009). Muslims in the west and their attitudes to full participation in western societies: Some reflections. Secularism, religion and multicultural citizenship, 200-215.
  • Sarwar, D. & Raj, R. (2016). Islamophobia, Racism and Critical Race Theory. International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism and Hospitality. ISSN 2250-5105
  • Sayyid, S. (2014). A measure of Islamophobia. Islamophobia Studies Journal, 2(1), 10-25.
  • Seligman, C., Olson, J. M., & Zanna, M. P. (Eds.). (2013). The Psychology of Values: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 8. Psychology Press.
  • Zempi, E. C. (2014). Unveiling Islamophobia: The victimisation of veiled Muslim women. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester).

Batı Toplumlarında İslamofobi ve Değerler - İngiltere'deki İslamofobik Saldırıların Müslüman Erkekler Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Analizi

Year 2023, , 425 - 449, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.34234/ded.1366107

Abstract

Batı toplumlarının halkları ve hükümetleri genellikle, çok kültürlü ve çoğulcu yapılarının temeli olduğunu iddia ettikleri değerlerle gurur duymaktadırlar. Batı dünyasında son yıllarda ırkçılık, ayrımcılık ve İslamofobi gibi çeşitli nefret suçlarında artış görülmektedir ve bu durum Batılı toplumların evrensel veya Batılı değerlere gerçekten ne kadar sahip çıktığına dair sorgulamaların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı İslamofobi’nin evrensel ya da Batılı değerlere nasıl zarar verdiğini incelemektir. Ancak bu araştırmanın amacı evrensel ya da Batılı değerler hakkında geniş çıkarımlar yapmak değil; daha ziyade, artan İslamofobik saldırılar nedeniyle Müslüman erkeklerin bu değerlere olan inançlarındaki düşüşü kapsamlı bir şekilde incelemektir. Bu çalışmada, Batılı ülkelerdeki evrensel veya Batılı değerlere ve toplumsal dayanışmaya yönelik gerçek bir tehdit oluşturduğu görülen İslamofobi’nin endişe verici düzeyini göstermek için iki spesifik İslamofobik saldırı incelenmiştir. Bu iki İslamofobik olayın hayatları, düşünceleri ve özellikle evrensel veya Batı değerlerine olan inançları üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak amacıyla Birleşik Krallık'ta ikamet eden Müslüman erkeklerle bireysel yarı yapılandırılmış ve derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, özellikle savunmasız ve engelli Müslümanlara yönelik İslamofobik şiddet eylemlerinin, Birleşik Krallıktaki Müslüman erkeklerin evrensel veya Batılı ilke ve değerlere olan inançları üzerinde zararlı bir etkiye sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Müslüman erkekler, olaylara seyirci kalanları, savunmasız ve engelli mağdurları korumadıkları için sert bir şekilde kınayarak “seyirci kalma hissizliği” ile toplumsal değerler arasında bağlantı kurmuşlardır. Son olarak katılımcılar, çocuklarının eğitiminde İslami değerlerin önemini vurgulamışlardır.

References

  • Allen, C. (2010). Islamophobia. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Company.
  • Allen, C. (2010b). An overview of key Islamophobia research. London, National Association of Muslim Police.
  • Alrasheedi, G., & Almutawa, F. (2020). Weekend Islamic schools in Europe: Challenges and means of development. Improving Schools, 23(2), 190–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365480219869425
  • Awan, I., & Zempi, I. (2015). We fear for our lives: Offline and online experiences of anti-Muslim hostility.
  • Bielefeldt, H. (2000). “Western” Versus “Islamic” Human Rights Conceptions?: A Critique of Cultural Essentialism in the Discussion on Human Rights. Political Theory, 28(1), 90–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0090591700028001005
  • Choudhury, T., & Fenwick, H. (2013). The impact of counter-terrorism measures on Muslim communities 1. In Developments in Counter-Terrorist Measures and Uses of Technology (pp. 45-75). Routledge.
  • Dauda, K. O. (2020). Islamophobia and religious intolerance: Threats to global peace and harmonious co-existence. QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies), 8(2), 257-292.
  • Franceschelli, M., & O’Brien, M. (2014). ‘Islamic Capital’ and Family Life: The Role of Islam in Parenting. Sociology, 48(6), 1190–1206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038513519879
  • Gabriel, M. (2022). Moral Progress in Dark Times: Universal Values for the 21st Century. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Githens-Mazer, J. & Lambert, R. (2010). Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Hate Crime: A London Case Study. London: European Muslim Research Centre.
  • Haron, H., Jamil, N. N., & Ramli, N. M. (2020). Western and Islamic values and ethics: Are they different?. Journal of Governance and Integrity, 4(1), 12-28.
  • Hatley, J. (2019). Universal values as a barrier to the effectiveness of global citizenship education: A multimodal critical discourse analysis. International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning, 11 (1): 87–102. DOI https://doi.org/10.18546/IJDEGL.11.1.06
  • Huntington, S. P. (1996). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996 ISBN 0-684-84441-9
  • Ibrahim, A. (2006). Universal values and Muslim democracy. Journal of Democracy, 17(3), 5-12.
  • Inglehart, R. F. (2013). Changing values among western publics from 1970 to 2006. In European Politics (pp. 130-146). Routledge.
  • Jeory, T. (2016). Muslims are suffering from a surge in faith-based attacks after Brexit. [online] The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/brexit-muslim-racism-hate-crime-islamophobia-eu-referendum-leave-latest-a7106326.html
  • Kalın, I. (2011). Islamophobia and the limits of multiculturalism. In: J. Esposito and I. Kalın, ed., Islamophobia, 1st ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kunst, J. R., Sam, D. L., & Ulleberg, P. (2013). Perceived islamophobia: Scale development and validation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37(2), 225-237.
  • Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help? New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
  • Mondon, A. & Winter, A. (2017). Charlie Hebdo, Republican Secularism and Islamophobia (pp. 31–45). https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350218260.ch-001
  • Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. F. (2012). Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between Origins and Destinations. Political Studies, 60(2), 228–251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00951.x
  • Obermaier, M., Schmuck, D., & Saleem, M. (2023). I’ll be there for you? Effects of Islamophobic online hate speech and counter speech on Muslim in-group bystanders’ intention to intervene. New Media & Society, 25(9), 2339–2358. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211017527
  • Panjwani, F. (2016). Towards an overlapping consensus: Muslim teachers’ views on fundamental British values. Journal of Education for Teaching, 42(3), 329-340.
  • Runnymede Trust. (1997). A Challenge for Us all: Report of The Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia. London: Runnymede Trust.
  • Runnymede Trust. (2017). Islamophobia: Still a challenge for us all. Report of The Runnymede Trust Commission on British Muslims and Islamophobia. London: Runnymede Trust.
  • Saeed, A. (2009). Muslims in the west and their attitudes to full participation in western societies: Some reflections. Secularism, religion and multicultural citizenship, 200-215.
  • Sarwar, D. & Raj, R. (2016). Islamophobia, Racism and Critical Race Theory. International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism and Hospitality. ISSN 2250-5105
  • Sayyid, S. (2014). A measure of Islamophobia. Islamophobia Studies Journal, 2(1), 10-25.
  • Seligman, C., Olson, J. M., & Zanna, M. P. (Eds.). (2013). The Psychology of Values: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 8. Psychology Press.
  • Zempi, E. C. (2014). Unveiling Islamophobia: The victimisation of veiled Muslim women. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leicester).
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Durali Karacan 0000-0001-5840-7899

Early Pub Date December 22, 2023
Publication Date December 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Karacan, D. (2023). Islamophobia and Values in Western Societies: An Analysis of the Impacts on Muslim Men of Islamophobic Attacks in the UK. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 21(46), 425-449. https://doi.org/10.34234/ded.1366107