Tarihten Günümüze Hasidik Yahudiler ve Kendilerine Özgü Dindarlık Anlayışları

Abstract

Hasidizm 18. yüzyılda Doğu Avrupa’da İsrael ben Eliezer tarafından kurulan, mistik yönü ağır basan bir dini harekettir. Günümüzde ABD’nin New York kentinde yoğun olarak yaşayan bu hareketin mensupları, modern yaşamın bütün cazibesine rağmen özellikle teknoloji ve internet kullanımı ile moda endüstrisine karşı mesafeli duruşlarıyla kendilerine has yaşayış biçimlerini ve dindarlık anlayışlarını ısrarla sürdürmeye çalışmaları ile tüm dünyanın dikkatini çekmektedirler. 18. Yüzyılda bir taraftan Avrupa’da doğan Yahudi aydınlanma hareketi olan Haskala ile tezahür eden reformist düşüncenin Yahudilerin dini hayatlarında Rabbâni Yahudiliğin yüzlerce yıldır uygulanan dindarlık biçimini sarsmaya başlaması, diğer taraftan reformistlerden çok farklı bir şekilde kendine has yeni bir dindarlık anlayışı ortaya çıkmakta ve süratle gelişmekteydi. Zamanla “Hasidizm” olarak isimlendirilecek olan bu hareket, geleneksel Yahudi dini hayatının temel dinamikleri olan Kutsal Kitap ve Talmud çalışmaları yaparak Yahudi dini hukuku “halaha”ların çizdiği çerçeveye bağlı bir yaşam sürmenin ve yüzlerce yıldır uygulanan ritüellerin yerine “saddik” ya da “rebbe” denilen karizmatik bir lider, iman, sevgi, dini coşku, raks, dini hikaye anlatımı gibi kendine has yeni önceliklerin dini hayatın merkezinde yer aldığı bir anlayışı ortaya koymuş; dini ritüellere ve geleneksel dindarlığa yaklaşımı ile söylemleri bağlamında Protestanlığın Hıristiyanlık içerisinde oynadığı temel rolü çağrıştırsa da, Hasidizmin pratik sonuçları itibarıyla modern topluma aykırı bir tipoloji olarak farklı bir dini duruş ortaya çıkmış ve halk tabakaları arasında ciddi destek görmüştür. Biz çalışmamızda Hasidik hareketin ortaya koyduğu yeni uygulamaları izah ederek bunların geleneksel çizgiden ne ölçüde farklı olduğunun mukayesesine yer verdikten sonra modern zamanlarda, modern toplumlar arasında Hasidik Yahudilerin kendilerine has yaşamlarını nasıl sürdürdükleriyle ilgili tespitlerimizi sunmaya çalışacağız.

Keywords

• Dindarlık
• Dinler Tarihi
• Yahudilik
• Hasidizm
• Rabbani Yahudilik
• Dindarlık

Hasidic Jews from History to Present and Their Specific Understanding of Piety

Abstract

Hasidism is a religious movement with a predominant mystical aspect, and was founded in Eastern Europe in the 18th century by Israel ben Eliezer. Nowadays, the members of this movement, who live heavily in New York city of the USA, attract the attention of the world, despite all the charm of modern life, with their efforts to maintain their way of life and their understanding of religiosity, especially with their distant stance against the fashion industry with the use of technology and internet. In the 18th century, the reformist thought manifested with Haskala, The Jewish enlightenment movement, on the one hand, a new understanding of religiosity emerged, on the other, very different from the reformists, and it was developed rapidly and this new religious way of life started to shake the religious understanding of the Rabbinic Judaism in the religious lives of the Jews. This movement, which will eventually be called “Hasidism”, has transformed rituals and religious understanding, which have been believed and practiced for hundreds of years. Instead of living a life adhering to the framework driven by the “halakha” by doing Bible and Talmud studies, which are the basic dynamics of traditional Jewish religious life, Hasidism has adopted a new understanding in which its own new priorities are at the center of religious life, such as a charismatic leader called “tsaddik” or “rebbe”, faith, love, religious enthusiasm, dance, religious storytelling. Although Hasidism evokes the fundamental role played by Protestantism in Christianity in the context of its approach to rituals and traditional religiosity and its discourses, due to the practical consequences of Hasidism, and different religious stance emerged as a typology contrary to modern society, and it gained support, especially among ordinary people. In this study, we will present our findings about how Hasidic Jews lived their unique lives among modern societies in modern times, after explaining the new practices that the Hasidism has revealed and comparing their differences from the traditional line.

Keywords

• History of Religions
• Judaism
• Hasidism
• Rabbinic Judaism
• Piety

References

1. Altshuler, Mor. The Messianic Secret of Hasidism. Leiden&Boston: Brill, 2006.
2. Arslantaş, Nuh. “Abbasiler Döneminde Yahudilerin Temel Eğitim Kurumları: Bet ha-Seferler ve Beytülmidraslar”. Belleten LXXVIII/282 (Ağustos 2014): 435-474.
3. Assaf, David. “Hasidism, Historical Overview”. The Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. 1: 659-670. New Haven (Conn.): Yale Univ. Press, 2008.
4. Belcove-Shalin, Janet S. “Home in Exile: Hasidism in the New World”. New World Hasidim: Ethnographic Studies of Hasidic Jews in America. Ed. Janet S. Belcove-Shalin. USA: State Univ. of New York Press, 1995.
5. Berger, Joseph. The Pious Ones: The World of Hasidim and Their Battles with America. New York: Harper Perennial, 2014.
6. Biale, David - Assaf, David - Brown, Benjamin. Hasidism: A New History. USA: New Jersey: Princeton Univ. Press, 2018.
7. Buber, Martin. Hasidism and Modern Man. Trc. Maurice Friedman. New York: Harper Torchbook, 1966. Buber, Martin. The Origin and Meaning of Hasidism. Trc. Maurice Friedman. New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1993.
8. Caravella, Miriam B. The Mystic Heart of Judaism. New Delhi: Science of the Soul Research Centre, 2011.

9. Dan, Joseph. “Hasidism”. Encyclopaedia of Religion. USA: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005.
10. Demirci, Kürşat. “Doğu Avrupa Yahudiliği: Hasidizm”. Din Eğitimi Araştırmaları Dergisi. 16 (2005): 119-128. Demirci, Kürşat. Yahudi Mistisizmi veya Kabalacılık. İstanbul: Ayışığı Kitapları, 2015.
11. Demirci, Kürşat. “Yahudi Mistisizminin Temel Özellikleri ve Gelişimi”. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 (2012): 7-18.
12. Elior, Rachel. The Mystical Origins of Hasidism. Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2008.
13. Etkes, Immanuel. The Besht: Magician Mystic and Leader. Trc. Saadya Sternberg. USA: Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press, 2005.
14. Ettinger, Shmuel. “The Hasidic Movement-Reality and Ideals”. Essential Papers on Hasidism. Ed. Gershon David Hundert. New York and London: New York Univ. Press, 1991.
15. Flatto, Sharon. “Hasidim and Mitnaggedim: Not a World Apart”. The Journal of Jewish Thought and Philosophy 12/2 (August 2003): 99-121.
16. Frigyesi, Judith. “Music: Music for Sacred Texts”. The Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. Erişim 28 Şubat 2020. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Music/Music_for_Sacred_Texts.
17. Gartner, Lloyd P. “Hasidism, United States (‘Hasidism’ içinde)”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 8/397. USA: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
18. Ginzberg, Louis. Students Scholars and Saints. New York: Meridian Books and Jewish Pub. Society, 1958.
19. Green, Arthur. “Piety”. The Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. Erişim 03 Şubat 2020. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Piety.
20. Idel, Moshe. Hasidism Between Ecstacy and Magic. New York: State Univ. of New York Press, 1995.
21. Jacobs, Joseph - Eisenstein, Judah David. “Sippurim”. The Jewish Encyclopaedia. 11/386-388. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1905.
22. Jacobs, Joseph - Cohen, Francis L. “Zemirot”. The Jewish Encyclopaedia. 12/656-660. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1906.
23. Jacobs, Louis. “Basic Ideas of Hasidism (‘Hasidism’ içinde)”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 8/407-410. USA: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
24. Jacobs, Louis. “Hasidism: Everyday Life”. The Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. Erişim 28 Şubat 2020. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Hasidism/Everyday_Life.
25. Katz, Dovid. “Yiddish Language”. The Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Erişim 02 Şubat 2020. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Language/Yiddish.
26. Kitab-ı Mukaddes. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 1997.
27. Klier, John. “Pogroms”. The Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. Erişim 02 Mart 2020. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Pogroms.
28. Kohler, Kaufmann - Ginzberg, Louis. “Ba’al Shem Tob, Israel ben Eliezer”. The Jewish Encyclopaedia. USA: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1903.
29. Koskoff, Ellen. “Language of the Heart: Music in Lubavitcher Life”. New World Hasidim. Ed. Janet S. Belcove-Shalin. 87-106. USA: State Univ. of New York Press, 1995.
30. Kurt, Ali Osman. Fundamentalist Yahudiler. Ankara: Eskiyeni Yayınları, 2016.
31. Kurt, Ali Osman. “Yahudi Aydınlanma Hareketi: Haskala”. Milel ve Nihal 7/1 (2010): 33-59.
32. Leifert, R. Aryeh. “The Role of Messianism in the Development of Hasidism”. Milin Havivin. 2 (2006). https://library.yctorah.org/files/2016/09/The-Role-of-Messianism-in-the-Development-of-Hasidism.pdf.
33. Magid, Shaul. Hasidism on the Margin. Madison: The University of Wisconsin, 2003.
34. Mahler, Raphael. “Hasidism and the Jewish Enlightenment”. Essential Papers on Hasidism. New York and London: New York Univ. Press, 1991.
35. Martin, Bernard. A History of Judaism : Europe and the New World. 2 Cilt. New York: Basic Books, 1974.
36. Mazor, Yaakov. “Hasidism: Dance”. The Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. Erişim 26 Şubat 2020. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Hasidism/Dance.
37. Metli, Ebru. Hasidizm’in Yahudi ve Öteki Anlayışı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2006.
38. Monet, E. “Hasideans, Hasidism”. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Ed. James Hasting. 6/916. Edinburg: T.&T. Clark, 1919.
39. Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan. “Ba’ale Shem”. The Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research. Erişim 02 Şubat 2020. https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Baale_Shem.
40. Poll, Solomon. “The Charismatic Leader o f the Hasidic Community: The Zaddiq, the Rebbe”. New World Hasidim. Ed. Janet S. Belcove-Shalin. 257-275. USA: State Univ. of New York Press, 1995.
41. Rabinowicz, Harry M. The World of Hasidism. London: Vallentine, Mitchel, 1970.
42. Ravitzky, Aviezer. “The Contemporary Lubavitch Hasidic Movement: Between Conservatism and Messianism”. Accounting for Fundamentalisms: The Dynamic Character of Movements. Ed. Martin E. Marty - R. Scott Appleby. 303-327. Chicago and London: The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1994.
43. Rosenthal, Herman - Dubnow, S. M. “Hasidim, Hasidism”. The Jewish Encyclopaedia. 6/251-256. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1904.
44. Rosman, Moshe. “The Rise of Hasidism”. The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Modern World, 1500-1815. Ed. Jonathan Karp - Adam Sutcliffe. 7/1136. Cambridge: The Cambridge Univ. Press, 2018.
45. Rubinstein, Avraham. “Hasidism”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 8/393-434. USA: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
46. Schlossberg, Eli W. The World of Orthodox Judaism. New Jersey&London: Jason Aronson Inc., 1986.
47. Scholem, Gershom. The Messianic Idea in Judaism. New York: Schocken Books, 1971.
48. Scholem, Gershom G. Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism. 8. bs. New York: Schocken Books, 1974.
49. Sharot, Stephen. “Hasidism in Modern Society”. Essential Papers on Hasidism. New York and London: New York Univ. Press, 1991.
50. Shatz-Uffenheimer, Rivka. “Teachings of Hasidim (‘Hasidim’ içinde)”. Encyclopaedia Judaica. 8/410-417. USA: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
51. Van Loenen, Eva. “A Fresh Perspective on the History of Hasidic Judaism”. eSharp. 20 (Spring 2013): 1-23. Wertheimer, Jack. “Jews and the Jewish Birthrate”, Erişim 28 Şubat 2021. https://www.aish.com/jw/s/48899452.html.
52. Wilensky, Mordecai L. “Hasidic-Mitnaggedic Polemics in the Jewish Communities of Eastern Europe: The Hostile Phase”. Essential Papers on Hasidism. Ed. Hundert, Gershon David. New York and London: New York Univ. Press, 1991.
53. Wodzinski, Marcin. Hasidism and Politics: The Kingdom of Poland,1815-1864. Oxford: The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2013.
54. Wodzinski, Marcin. Historical Atlas of Hasidism. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univ. Press, 2018.
55. Wodzinski, Marcin - Garlinsky, Jarek. “War and Religion; or, How the First World War Changed Hasidism”. The Jewish Quarterly Review 106/3 (Summer 2016) (t.y.): 283-312.
56. Zahavy, Tzvee. “Jewish Piety”. The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Ed. Jacob Neusner - Alan J. Avery-Peck. 553. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2000.