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2-6 Yaş Döneminde Çocuğu Olan Ebeveynlere Yönelik Etkili Ebeveynlik Müdahale Programının Etkililiğinin Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, Issue: 57, 1808 - 1825, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1289524

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı 2-6 yaş aralığında çocuğu olan ebeveynlere yönelik, çocuk yetiştirme sürecinde etkili ebeveynlik becerilerini kazanmaları için bir müdahale programının geliştirilmesini ve bu programın etkililiğini test etmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda psikososyal özelliklere sahip olan bu program ebeveynler ile 6 hafta boyunca uygulanmıştır. Müdahale kapsamında, her hafta farklı bir konu ele alınmıştır. Ebeveynlere, çocuk gelişimine eşlik ederken gerekli olan teorik ve pratik konular anlatılmış ve ebeveynlerin soruları yanıtlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 2-6 yaşları arasında çocuğu olan toplam 90 ebeveyn (75 anne, 15 baba) katılmıştır. Müdahale programının etkililiğini değerlendirmek amacıyla ebeveynlere müdahaleden önce ve sonra Ebeveyn Tutumları, Çocuk Yetiştirme ve Olumsuz Duygularla ile Baş Etme ölçekleri uygulanmış, aynı zamanda müdahale grubunda yer alan ebeveynlere son test ölçümünde nitel sorular da sorulmuştur. Müdahale ve kontrol gruplarında ebeveyn tutumları, çocuk yetiştirme davranışları ve olumsuz duygularla baş etme stratejilerini değerlendiren ölçeklerin alt boyutlarında anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Müdahale grubunun son testte, otoriter tutum, izin verici tutum, itaat bekleme ve küçümseyici tepki alt boyut puanlarının kontrol grubundan anlamlı şekilde düşük olduğu, duygu odaklı tepki ve duygu ifadesini kolaylaştıran tepki alt boyut puanlarının kontrol grubundan anlamlı şekilde yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Nitel ve nicel verilerden elde edilen sonuçlar uygulanan bu programın etkililiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Supporting Institution

Ege Üniversitesi-SOBAM

Project Number

2016/SBAUM/003

Thanks

Etkili Ebeveynlik Programına katılan tüm ebeveynlere teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Altan-Aytun, Ö., Yağmurlu, B., & Yavuz, H. M. (2013). Turkish mothers’ coping with children’s negative emotions: A brief report. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(3), 437-443. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10826-012-9597-x.
  • Arkan, B. & Üstün, B. (2009). Davranım bozukluğu olan çocuklara psikiyatrik yaklaşımda anne-baba eğitim programları: İki örnek bağlamında bir değerlendirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1(2), 155-174.
  • Başal, H. A. (2006). Türkiye'de doğum öncesi doğum ve doğum sonrası çocuk gelişimi ve eğitimine ilişkin gelenek, görenek ve inançlar. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 45-70.
  • Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 1–103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372, Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 887-907. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1126611
  • Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. W. Damon (Ed.), Child development today and tomorrow içinde (s. 349–378). Jossey-Bass/Wiley.
  • Bekman, N. M. (2008). The relationship between individual differences in cognitive, social and personality development and the increase in complexity of children's alcohol expectancies. [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. University of South Florida.
  • Cedar, B., & Levant, R. F. (1990). A meta-analysis of the effects of parent effectiveness training. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 18(4), 373-384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1 080/01926189008250986
  • Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3 .487
  • Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Wyatt, T. M. (2010). Gender differences in the socialization of preschoolers' emotional competence. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 128, 29-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.267
  • Denham, S., & Kochanoff, A. T. (2002). Parental contributions to preschoolers' understanding of emotion. Marriage ve Family Review, 34(3-4), 311-343. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J002 v34n03_06.
  • Duncombe, M. E., Havighurst, S. S., Kehoe, C. E., Holland, K. A., Frankling, E. J., & Stargatt, R. (2016). Comparing an emotion-and a behavior-focused parenting program as part of a multsystemic intervention for child conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child ve Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 320-334. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.9638 55
  • Demir, E. K. & Şendil, G. (2008). Ebeveyn tutum ölçeği (ETÖ). Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11(21), 15-25.
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., & Karbon, M. (1992). Emotional responsivity to others: Behavioral correlates and socialization antecedents. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 55, 57-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219925506
  • Ekşi, H. & Kahraman, Z. (2012). Bir evlilik ve aile hayatı eğitim programının evli kadınlarda evlilik uyumuna ve aile sistemine etkisi. [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Evirgen, Ş. (2002). Okul Öncesi Eğitim Çerçevesinden Okul Destekli Anne Eğitim Programının Anneler Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Bernzweig, J. (1990). The coping with children’s negative emotions scale: Procedures and scoring. Available from authors: Arizona State University.
  • Goodnow, J. J., Cashmore, J., Cotton, S., & Knight, R. (1984). Mothers'developmental timetables in two cultural groups. International Journal of Psychology, 19(1-4), 193-205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598408247526
  • Gordon, T. (1975). Parent Effectiveness Training: PET; the Tested New Way to Raise Responsible Children. Harmony Books.
  • Grebelsky-Lichtman, T. (2014). Parental patterns of cooperation in parent–child interactions: The relationship between nonverbal and verbal communication. Human Communication Research, 40(1), 1-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12014
  • Havighurst, S.S. & Harley, A. (2007) Tuning into kids: emotionally intelligent parenting program manual. University of Melbourne.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (2001). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge University Press.
  • Izard, C. E., Trentacosta, C. J., King, K. A., & Mostow, A. J. (2004). An emotion-based prevention program for Head Start children. Early Education ve Development, 15(4), 407-422. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1504_4
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1990). Family and socialization in cross-cultural perspective: A model of change. J. J. Berman (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1989: Cross-cultural perspectives içinde (s. 135–200). University of Nebraska Press.
  • Kahraman, H., Yılmaz Irmak, T. & Başokcu, T.O. (2017). Parenting Practices Scale: Its validity and reliability for parents of school-aged children. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 17(3), 745–769. doi: https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2017.3.0312
  • Kartal, H. (2007). Erken çocukluk eğitimi programlarından anne-çocuk eğitim programı’nın altı yaş grubundaki çocukların bilişsel gelişimlerine etkisi. İlköğretim Online, 6(2), 234-248.
  • Katz, L. F., & Windecker-Nelson, B. (2004). Parental meta-emotion philosophy in families with conduct-problem children: Links with peer relations. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(4), 385-398. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JACP.0000030292.36168.30
  • Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., & Taylor, S. E. (2008). Culture and social support. American Psychologist, 63(6), 518–526. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X
  • Kurtulmuş, Z. (2016). Okul öncesi eğitimde uygulanan etkinlik planlarında aile katılımı boyutunun incelenmesi. Cumhuriyet Uluslararası Eğitim Dergisi, 5(1), 71-84.
  • Laible, D., & Song, J. (2006). Constructing emotional and relational understanding: The role of affect and mother-child discourse. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982-), 44-69.
  • Loop, L., Mouton, B., Stievenart, M., & Roskam, I. (2017). One or many? Which and how many parenting variables should be targeted in interventions to reduce children's externalizing behavior?, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 92, 11-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.brat.2017.01.015
  • Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent child interaction. E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.), Hand book of child psychology: Socialization, personality, and social development içinde (vol. 4, s. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
  • McCollum, B. (1999). Leadership development and self‐development: an empirical study. Career Development International, 4(3), 149-154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/13620439910262 813
  • Myers, S. M. (1996). An interactive model of religiosity inheritance: The importance of family context. American Sociological Review, 61(5), 858-866. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2096 457
  • Muris, P., Meesters, C., & van Brakel, A. (2003). Assessment of anxious rearing behaviors with a modified version of “Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran” questionnaire for children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25(4), 229-237. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025894928131
  • Oktay, A. (1995). Erken Çocukluk Eğitiminin Türk Eğitim Sistemi İçindeki Yeri. Erken Çocukluk Eğitiminin Önemi. Sempozyum Raporu. Anne Çocuk Eğitim Vakfı Yayıncılık.
  • Oktay, A. , Zembat, R. , Önder, A. , Güven, Y. & Fathi, L. (1994). İstanbul'daki Okulöncesi Eğitim Kurumları ile İlgili Bir Durum Tespit Çalışması . Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi , 6 (6) , 187-202 .
  • Paterson, G., & Sanson, A. (1999). The association of behavioural adjustment to temperament, parenting and family characteristics among 5‐year‐old children. Social Development, 8(3), 293-309. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00097
  • Paulussen-Hoogeboom, M. C., Stams, G. J. J., Hermanns, J. M., Peetsma, T. T., & van den Wittenboer, G. L. (2008). Parenting style as a mediator between children's negative emotionality and problematic behavior in early childhood. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169(3), 209-226.
  • Ruma, P. R., Burke, R. V., & Thompson, R. W. (1996). Group parent training: Is it effective for children of all ages?. Behavior Therapy, 27(2), 159-169. doi: https://doi.org/10.3200/GN TP.169.3.09-226
  • Sanders, M. R. (2012). Development, evaluation, and multinational dissemination of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 345-379. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143104
  • Sanders, M. R. (1999). Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: Towards an empirically validated multilevel parenting and family support strategy for the prevention of behavior and emotional problems in children. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 2(2), 71-90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021843613840
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Assessment of the Efficacy of an Effective Parenting Intervention Program for Parents with 2-to-6-years-old Children

Year 2023, Issue: 57, 1808 - 1825, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1289524

Abstract

This study implements a six-week parenting skills intervention program for parents of children aged two to six years. This intervention program covered topics ranging from theoretical to practical aspects of child development, including social habits to emotional needs. Each session included a brief lecture followed by an opportunity to discuss and ask questions about the weekly topic. Ninety parents (75 mothers and 15 fathers) participated in the study. The scales Parental Attitudes, Childhood Raising, and Coping with Negative Emotions were used to assess the parents at pre- and post-test. In the post-test, we also asked quantitative questions to the intervention group to assess the program's effectiveness. There were significant differences between the intervention and control groups in sub-dimensions of the scales assessing parental attitudes, child-rearing behaviors, and coping strategies with negative emotions. In the intervention group, authoritarian and permissive attitudes, the expectation of obedience, and condescending responses were significantly lower than in the control group. Furthermore, the training group's sub-dimension scores for explanatory reasoning, emotion-focused response, and response facilitating emotional expression were significantly higher than the control group's. The results showed that the applied training program was effective in terms of parental attitudes and expectations.

Project Number

2016/SBAUM/003

References

  • Altan-Aytun, Ö., Yağmurlu, B., & Yavuz, H. M. (2013). Turkish mothers’ coping with children’s negative emotions: A brief report. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(3), 437-443. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10826-012-9597-x.
  • Arkan, B. & Üstün, B. (2009). Davranım bozukluğu olan çocuklara psikiyatrik yaklaşımda anne-baba eğitim programları: İki örnek bağlamında bir değerlendirme. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1(2), 155-174.
  • Başal, H. A. (2006). Türkiye'de doğum öncesi doğum ve doğum sonrası çocuk gelişimi ve eğitimine ilişkin gelenek, görenek ve inançlar. Uludağ Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 45-70.
  • Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 1–103. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372, Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 887-907. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1126611
  • Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. W. Damon (Ed.), Child development today and tomorrow içinde (s. 349–378). Jossey-Bass/Wiley.
  • Bekman, N. M. (2008). The relationship between individual differences in cognitive, social and personality development and the increase in complexity of children's alcohol expectancies. [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. University of South Florida.
  • Cedar, B., & Levant, R. F. (1990). A meta-analysis of the effects of parent effectiveness training. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 18(4), 373-384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1 080/01926189008250986
  • Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113(3), 487–496. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.113.3 .487
  • Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Wyatt, T. M. (2010). Gender differences in the socialization of preschoolers' emotional competence. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 128, 29-49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.267
  • Denham, S., & Kochanoff, A. T. (2002). Parental contributions to preschoolers' understanding of emotion. Marriage ve Family Review, 34(3-4), 311-343. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J002 v34n03_06.
  • Duncombe, M. E., Havighurst, S. S., Kehoe, C. E., Holland, K. A., Frankling, E. J., & Stargatt, R. (2016). Comparing an emotion-and a behavior-focused parenting program as part of a multsystemic intervention for child conduct problems. Journal of Clinical Child ve Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 320-334. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.9638 55
  • Demir, E. K. & Şendil, G. (2008). Ebeveyn tutum ölçeği (ETÖ). Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11(21), 15-25.
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., & Karbon, M. (1992). Emotional responsivity to others: Behavioral correlates and socialization antecedents. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 55, 57-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219925506
  • Ekşi, H. & Kahraman, Z. (2012). Bir evlilik ve aile hayatı eğitim programının evli kadınlarda evlilik uyumuna ve aile sistemine etkisi. [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Evirgen, Ş. (2002). Okul Öncesi Eğitim Çerçevesinden Okul Destekli Anne Eğitim Programının Anneler Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
  • Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Bernzweig, J. (1990). The coping with children’s negative emotions scale: Procedures and scoring. Available from authors: Arizona State University.
  • Goodnow, J. J., Cashmore, J., Cotton, S., & Knight, R. (1984). Mothers'developmental timetables in two cultural groups. International Journal of Psychology, 19(1-4), 193-205. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598408247526
  • Gordon, T. (1975). Parent Effectiveness Training: PET; the Tested New Way to Raise Responsible Children. Harmony Books.
  • Grebelsky-Lichtman, T. (2014). Parental patterns of cooperation in parent–child interactions: The relationship between nonverbal and verbal communication. Human Communication Research, 40(1), 1-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12014
  • Havighurst, S.S. & Harley, A. (2007) Tuning into kids: emotionally intelligent parenting program manual. University of Melbourne.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (2001). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge University Press.
  • Izard, C. E., Trentacosta, C. J., King, K. A., & Mostow, A. J. (2004). An emotion-based prevention program for Head Start children. Early Education ve Development, 15(4), 407-422. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15566935eed1504_4
  • Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1990). Family and socialization in cross-cultural perspective: A model of change. J. J. Berman (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1989: Cross-cultural perspectives içinde (s. 135–200). University of Nebraska Press.
  • Kahraman, H., Yılmaz Irmak, T. & Başokcu, T.O. (2017). Parenting Practices Scale: Its validity and reliability for parents of school-aged children. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 17(3), 745–769. doi: https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2017.3.0312
  • Kartal, H. (2007). Erken çocukluk eğitimi programlarından anne-çocuk eğitim programı’nın altı yaş grubundaki çocukların bilişsel gelişimlerine etkisi. İlköğretim Online, 6(2), 234-248.
  • Katz, L. F., & Windecker-Nelson, B. (2004). Parental meta-emotion philosophy in families with conduct-problem children: Links with peer relations. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(4), 385-398. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JACP.0000030292.36168.30
  • Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K., & Taylor, S. E. (2008). Culture and social support. American Psychologist, 63(6), 518–526. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X
  • Kurtulmuş, Z. (2016). Okul öncesi eğitimde uygulanan etkinlik planlarında aile katılımı boyutunun incelenmesi. Cumhuriyet Uluslararası Eğitim Dergisi, 5(1), 71-84.
  • Laible, D., & Song, J. (2006). Constructing emotional and relational understanding: The role of affect and mother-child discourse. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly (1982-), 44-69.
  • Loop, L., Mouton, B., Stievenart, M., & Roskam, I. (2017). One or many? Which and how many parenting variables should be targeted in interventions to reduce children's externalizing behavior?, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 92, 11-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.brat.2017.01.015
  • Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent child interaction. E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.), Hand book of child psychology: Socialization, personality, and social development içinde (vol. 4, s. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
  • McCollum, B. (1999). Leadership development and self‐development: an empirical study. Career Development International, 4(3), 149-154. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/13620439910262 813
  • Myers, S. M. (1996). An interactive model of religiosity inheritance: The importance of family context. American Sociological Review, 61(5), 858-866. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2096 457
  • Muris, P., Meesters, C., & van Brakel, A. (2003). Assessment of anxious rearing behaviors with a modified version of “Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran” questionnaire for children. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 25(4), 229-237. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025894928131
  • Oktay, A. (1995). Erken Çocukluk Eğitiminin Türk Eğitim Sistemi İçindeki Yeri. Erken Çocukluk Eğitiminin Önemi. Sempozyum Raporu. Anne Çocuk Eğitim Vakfı Yayıncılık.
  • Oktay, A. , Zembat, R. , Önder, A. , Güven, Y. & Fathi, L. (1994). İstanbul'daki Okulöncesi Eğitim Kurumları ile İlgili Bir Durum Tespit Çalışması . Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi , 6 (6) , 187-202 .
  • Paterson, G., & Sanson, A. (1999). The association of behavioural adjustment to temperament, parenting and family characteristics among 5‐year‐old children. Social Development, 8(3), 293-309. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9507.00097
  • Paulussen-Hoogeboom, M. C., Stams, G. J. J., Hermanns, J. M., Peetsma, T. T., & van den Wittenboer, G. L. (2008). Parenting style as a mediator between children's negative emotionality and problematic behavior in early childhood. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 169(3), 209-226.
  • Ruma, P. R., Burke, R. V., & Thompson, R. W. (1996). Group parent training: Is it effective for children of all ages?. Behavior Therapy, 27(2), 159-169. doi: https://doi.org/10.3200/GN TP.169.3.09-226
  • Sanders, M. R. (2012). Development, evaluation, and multinational dissemination of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 345-379. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143104
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Family Counseling, Social and Humanities Education (Excluding Economics, Business and Management), Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

F. Cansu Pala 0000-0001-8489-4870

Aysun Doğan 0000-0002-0075-9047

Türkan Yılmaz Irmak 0000-0003-0777-7595

Zeynep Şen Hastaoğlu 0000-0003-1615-0129

Duygu Eslek 0000-0002-5649-2417

Eda Keser Açıkbaş 0000-0002-8764-4655

Dilara Özsoy 0000-0002-7938-6684

Sevgi Tunay Aytekin 0000-0001-9817-6079

Project Number 2016/SBAUM/003
Publication Date September 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 57

Cite

APA Pala, F. C., Doğan, A., Yılmaz Irmak, T., Şen Hastaoğlu, Z., et al. (2023). 2-6 Yaş Döneminde Çocuğu Olan Ebeveynlere Yönelik Etkili Ebeveynlik Müdahale Programının Etkililiğinin Değerlendirilmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi(57), 1808-1825. https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1289524