PIERRE BOURDIEU’S THEORY OF SOCIAL ACTION-STRUCTURE: HABITUS OR THE INVISIBLE RATIONALITY PROCESSOR OF SOCIAL PRACTICES

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 287 - 315, 22.04.2024

Gürhan Özpolat

Abstract

The relationship between social action and social structure is a crucial topic that has commanded the attention of numerous social scientists from various traditions. Throughout the history of sociological thought, various theoretical approaches and models have been developed to comprehend and explain this relationship. Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus is among them. In this article, we delve into Bourdieu’s concept of habitus, which he developed to elucidate the connection between social action and social structure. We also explore its relationship with the concepts of field and capital. We emphasize that this concept functions as an invisible rationality processor guiding social practices. To achieve this, we first examine the subjective and objective factors that influenced Bourdieu’s development of this notion, enabling him to establish a link between social action and social structure. We also subject concepts such as “hysteresis,” “strategy,” and “interest” to a separate analysis, as they are related to the concept.

Keywords

habitus, ethos, eidos, hexis, disposition, hysteresis, strategy, interest

PIERRE BOURDIEU’NÜN TOPLUMSAL EYLEM-YAPI KURAMI: HABITUS YA DA TOPLUMSAL PRATİKLERİN GÖRÜNMEZ RASYONALİTE İŞLEMCİSİ

Abstract

Toplumsal eylem ve toplumsal yapı arasındaki ilişki farklı gelenekten gelen pek çok sosyal bilimcinin gündemini meşgul etmiş önemli bir meseledir. Sosyolojik düşünce tarihi boyunca bu ilişkiyi anlamaya ve açıklamaya çalışan çok sayıda teorik yaklaşım ve model geliştirilmiştir. Pierre Bourdieu’nün habitus kavramı da bunlardan biridir. Bu makalede Bourdieu’nün toplumsal eylem ile toplumsal yapı arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamak üzere geliştirdiği habitus kavramını ele alıyoruz. Ayrıca habitusun alan ve sermaye kavramlarıyla ilişkisini de irdeliyoruz. Bu kavramın toplumsal pratiklere rehberlik eden görünmez bir rasyonalite işlemcisi olarak işlev gördüğünü vurguluyoruz. Bunun için öncelikle Bourdieu’nün bu kavramı geliştirmesinde etkili olan ve toplumsal eylem ile toplumsal yapı arasında bir bağ kurmasını sağlayan öznel ve nesnel faktörleri inceliyoruz. Ayrıca, kavramla ilişkili oldukları için “histerezis,” “strateji” ve “çıkar” gibi kavramları da ayrı bir analize tabi tutuyoruz.

Keywords

habitus, ethos, eidos, hexis, histerezis, strateji, çıkar

References

• Alexander, J. C. (1995). Fin de Siècle Social Theory: Relativism, Reduction, and the Problem of Reason (1st ed.). London and New York: Verso.
• Aristoteles. (1997). Nikomakhos’a Etik (S. Babür, trans.). Ankara: Ayraç Yayınevi.
• Bourdieu, P. (1967). Postface. In Architecture gothique et pensée scolastique (pp. 133–167). Paris: Les Editions de Minuit.
• Bourdieu, P. (1968). Structuralism and Theory of Sociological Knowledge. Social Research, 35(4, Focus—Conservative Approaches in the Human Sciences (Winter)), 681–706.
• Bourdieu, P. (1979). Les trois états du capital culturel. Actes de La Recherche En Sciences Sociales, 30(1), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.3406/arss.1979.2654
• Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judagement of Taste (R. Nice, trans.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Bourdieu, P. (1990). In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology (1st ed.; M. Adamson, trans.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
• Bourdieu, P. (1992). The Logic of Practice (1st ed.; R. Nice, trans.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00680104
• Bourdieu, P. (1995). Pratik Nedenler: Eylem Kuramı Üzerine (H. Tufan, trans.). İstanbul: Kesit Yayıncılık.
• Bourdieu, P. (1996). The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power (L. C. Clough, trans.). Cambridge: Polity Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/591334
• Bourdieu, P. (1997). Toplumbilim Sorunları (I. Ergüden, trans.).
• Bourdieu, P. (2006). Sanatın Kuralları: Yazınsal Alanın Oluşumu ve Yapısı (2nd ed.; N. K. Sevil, trans.). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Bourdieu, P. (2013). Bilimin Toplumsal Kullanımları: Bilimsel Alanın Klinik Bir Sosyolojisi İçin (1st ed.; Levent Ünsaldı, trans.). Ankara: Heretik Yayıncılık.
• Bourdieu, P. (2016). Sosyoloji Meseleleri (2nd ed.; F. Öztürk, B. Uçar, M. Gültekin, & A. Sümer, trans.). Ankara: Heretik Yayıncılık.
• Bourdieu, P. (2019). Bir Pratik Teorisi İçin Taslak: Kabiliye Üzerine Üç Etnoloji Çalışması (1st ed.; N. Ökten, trans.). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269107473_What_is_governance/link/548173090cf22525dcb61443/download%0Ahttp://www.econ.upf.edu/~reynal/Civil wars_12December2010.pdf%0Ahttps://think-asia.org/handle/11540/8282%0Ahttps://www.jstor.org/stable/41857625
• Bourdieu, P. (2020). Habitus and Field: General Sociology, Volume 2 - Lectures at the Collège de France (1982-1983) (P. Collier, trans.). Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Bourdieu, P. (2021). Genel Sosyoloji: Collège de France Dersleri (1981-1983) (Zuhal Emirosmanoğlu, trans.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Bourdieu, P., & Chartier, R. (2014). Sosyolog ve Tarihçi (1st ed.; Z. Karaca, trans.). İstanbul: Açılım Kitap.
• Bourdieu, P., & Darbel, A. (2011). Sanat Sevdası: Avrupa Sanat Müzeleri ve Ziyaretçi Kitlesi (S. Canbolat, trans.). İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
• Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (2021). Düşünümsel Sosyolojiye Davet (1st ed.; N. Ökten, trans.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Çelgin, G. (2011). Eski Yunanca-Türkçe Sözlük (1st ed.). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
• Chomsky, N. (2007). On Language: Chomsky’s Classic Works (Language and Responsibility and Reflections on Language). New York: The New Press.
• Crossley, N. (2013). Pierre Bourdieu’s Habitus. In T. Sparrow & A. Hutchinson (Eds.), A History of Habit: From Aristotle to Bourdieu (pp. 269–285). Plymouth: Lexington Books.
• Danker, F. W., & Krug, K. (2009). The Concise Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269107473_What_is_governance/link/548173090cf22525dcb61443/download%0Ahttp://www.econ.upf.edu/~reynal/Civil wars_12December2010.pdf%0Ahttps://think-asia.org/handle/11540/8282%0Ahttps://www.jstor.org/stable/41857625
• Dépelteau, F. (2013). Comparing Elias and Bourdieu as Relational Thinkers. In F. Dépelteau & T. S. Landini (Eds.), Norbert Elias and Social Theory (1st ed., pp. 275–295). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Faucher, N., & Roques, M. (Eds.). (2018). The Ontology, Psychology and Axiology of Habits (Habitus) in Medieval Philosophy. Cham (Switzerland): Springer Nature.
• Fuller, S. (2008). Conatus. In M. Grenfell (Ed.), Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts (1st ed., pp. 171–181). Stocksfield: Acumen.
• Geertz, C. (2014). Kültürlerin Yorumlanması (H. Gür, trans.). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
• Göker, E. (2010). “Ekonomik İndirgemeci” mi Dediniz? In G. Çeğin, E. Göker, A. Arlı, & Ü. Tatlıcan (Eds.), Ocak ve Zanaat: Pierre Bourdieu Derlemesi (pp. 277–302). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Hanks, W. F. (2005). Pierre Bourdieu and the Practices of Language. Annual Review of Anthropology, 34(1), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143907
• Hardy, C. (2008). Hysteresis. In M. Grenfell (Ed.), Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts (1st ed., pp. 131–148). Stocksfield: Acumen.
• Hegel, G. W. F. (1986). Tinin Görüngübilimi (1st ed.; A. Yardımlı, trans.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınevi.
• Jenkins, R. (1982). Pierre Bourdieu and the Reproduction of Determinism. Sociology, 16(2), 270–281.
• Jourdain, A., & Naulin, S. (2016). Pierre Bourdieu’nün Kuramı ve Sosyolojik Kullanımları (1st ed.; Öykü Elitez, trans.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• King, A. (2000). Thinking with Bourdieu against Bourdieu: A ‘Practical’ Critique of the Habitus. Sociological Theory, 18(3), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/0735-2751.00109
• Lebaron, F. (2003). Pierre Bourdieu : Economic Models against Economism. Theory and Society, 32(5/6 (Special Issue on The Sociology of Symbolic Power: A Special Issue in Memory of Pierre Bourdieu)), 551–565.
• Lisahunter, Smith, W., & Emerald, E. (2015). Pierre Bourdieu and his Conceptual Tools. In Lisahunter, W. Smith, & elke emerald (Eds.), Pierre Bourdieu and Physical Culture (pp. 3–23). London and New York.
• Maton, K. (2008). Habitus. In M. Grenfell (Ed.), Pierre Bourdieu: Key Concepts (1st ed., pp. 49–65). Stocksfield: Acumen.
• Mounier, P. (2001). Pierre Bourdieu, une introduction (1st ed.). Paris: Pocket.
• Panofsky, E. (1995). Gotik Mimarlık ve Skolastik Felsefe: Ortaçağda Sanat, Felsefe ve Din Arasındaki Benzerliklerin İncelemesi (2nd ed.; E. Akyürek, trans.). İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
• Pizanias, C. (2000). Habitus Revisited: Notes and Queries from the Field. In N. Brown & I. Szeman (Eds.), Pierre Bourdieu: Fieldwork in Culture (pp. 145–164). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
• Raschieri, A. A. (2019). Facilitas and Héxis in Latin Rhetoric. In L. C. Montefusco & M. S. Celentano (Eds.), Papers on Rhetoric XIV (pp. 109–134).
• Rodrigo, P. (2011). The Dynamic of Hexis in Aristotle’s Philosophy. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 42(1), 6–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071773.2011.11006728
• Russon, J. (1997). The Self and Its Body in Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269107473_What_is_governance/link/548173090cf22525dcb61443/download%0Ahttp://www.econ.upf.edu/~reynal/Civil wars_12December2010.pdf%0Ahttps://think-asia.org/handle/11540/8282%0Ahttps://www.jstor.org/stable/41857625
• Sapiro, G. (2015). Habitus: History of a Concept. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed., pp. 484–489). Oxford: Elsevier.
• Sparrow, T., & Hutchinson, A. (Eds.). (2013). A History of Habit: From Aristotle to Bourdieu. Plymouth: Lexington Books.
• Spinoza, B. (2009). Geometrik Düzende Tanıtlı Törebilim (Ethica) (3rd ed.; A. Yardımlı, trans.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınevi.
• Stamatellos, G. (2015). Virtue and Hexis in Plotinus. International Journal of Platonic Tradition, 9(2), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.1163/18725473-12341312
• Swartz, D. (2013). Kültür ve İktidar: Pierre Bourdieu’nün Sosyolojisi (2nd ed.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• Wacquant, L. (2016). A Concise Genealogy and Anatomy of Habitus. The Sociological Review, 64(1), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12356
• Wacquant, L. J. D. (1996). Foreword. In The State Nobility: Elite Schols in the Field of Power (pp. ix–xxii). Cambridge: Polity Press.