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DIDEROT'S ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY AESTHETICS

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 271 - 286, 22.04.2024

Abstract

The 18th century witnessed the transformation of aesthetics into an independent
philosophical discipline. In this period, two main traditions emerged, based on which
we can categorize aesthetic theorists. The first of these is classical or rationalist
aesthetics, and the other is empiricist or subjective aesthetics. Because
classical/rational aesthetic theories were largely based on Cartesian metaphysics, they
also inherited the difficulties faced by Cartesian metaphysics. For Descartes, senseperception
is not a reliable mode of cognition and truth only comes out of the ideas of
pure understanding. Where Descartes' philosophy came to a dead end was that it could
not convincingly explain how the concepts in our minds represent reality that is
independent of us. This problem also manifested itself in the rationalist aesthetics.
Similarly, the empiricist theory inherited the weaknesses of the empiricist
epistemology. The main problem of empiricism was to overcome subjectivism and
reach universal principles that make sense of the world surrounding us. To overcome
the relativism of the empiricist epistemology, empiricist theoreticians claimed that
there is an intuition, a common feeling shared by all human beings. However, this
common feeling could not be proven empirically. Diderot created a new aesthetic
theory that aimed to reconcile rationalist and empiricist aesthetics by redefining the
term perception. This article discusses Diderot's innovative effort to create a new
aesthetics free from the limits of rationalism and empiricism.

References

  • Cameron, M., & Young, J.O. (2021). Introduction. In Critical Reflections on Poetry and Painting (J.O. Young, & M. Cameron, Trans.), (pp. 1-89). Brill.
  • Cassirer, E. (1951) Philosophy of Enlightenment. (C. Frizz, A. Koelln & J. P. Pettergrove, Trans.), Princeton University Press.
  • Crousaz, J. P. (1714) Traité du Beau. F. L. Honoré.
  • Descartes, R. (1982) Principles of Philosophy. (V. R. Miller, R. P. Miller, Trans.), Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Descartes, R. (1996) Meditations on First Philosophy. (J. Cottingham, Trans.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Despréaux, N. B. (1857). Oeuvres complètes de Boileau-Despréaux. Firmin-Didot Frères.
  • Diderot, D. (1875a). OEuvres complètes de Diderot (Vol. I). J. Seznec, & J. Adhémar (Ed.). Garnier Frères.
  • Diderot, D. (1875b). OEuvres complètes de Diderot (Vol. II). J. Seznec, & J. Adhémar (Ed.). Garnier Frères.
  • Diderot, D. (1876a). OEuvres complètes de Diderot (Vol. X). J. Seznec, & J. Adhémar (Ed.). Garnier Frères.
  • Diderot, D. (1876a). OEuvres complètes de Diderot (Vol. XII). J. Seznec, & J. Adhémar (Ed.). Garnier Frères.
  • Diderot, D. (1963). Salons, (Vol. III). J. Seznec, & J. Adhémar (Ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Du Bos, J. B.. (2021). Critical Reflections on Poetry and Painting. (J.O. Young, & M. Cameron, Trans.). Brill.
  • Funt, D. (1968). Diderot and the Esthetics of the Enlightenment. Library Droz.
  • Hegel, G. F. W. (1920). The Philosophy of Fine Arts (F. P. B. Osmastson, Trans.). G. Bell and Sons.
  • Hume, D. (1989). “Of the Standard of Taste”. In E. F. Miller. (Ed.), Essays: Moral, Political and Literary (pp. 226–249). Liberty Funds.
  • Hutcheson, F. (2004). An Inquiry Into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue. E. F. Miller. (Ed.). Liberty Funds.
  • Plato. (2003). Republic. (C. Frizz, A. Koelln & J. P. Pettergrove, Trans.). Cambridge University Press.

18. YÜZYIL ESTETİĞİNDE ALGI SORUNUNA DİDEROT'NUN CEVABI

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 271 - 286, 22.04.2024

Abstract

18. yüzyıl estetiğin bağımsız bir felsefi disipline dönüşmesine tanık oldu. Bu dönemde estetik kuramcılarını kategorize edebileceğimiz iki ana gelenek ortaya çıktı. Bunlardan ilki klasik veya rasyonalist estetik, diğeri ise empirist veya öznel estetiktir. Klasik/rasyonel estetik teorileri büyük ölçüde Kartezyen metafiziğe dayandıkları için Kartezyen metafiziğin karşılaştığı zorlukları da miras aldılar. Descartes'a göre duyulardan gelen bilgi güvenilir bir bilgi tarzı değildir ve hakikat yalnızca saf anlama yetisinin idelerinden ortaya çıkar. Descartes'ın felsefesinin çıkmaza girdiği yer, zihnimizdeki kavramların bizden bağımsız olan gerçekliği nasıl temsil ettiğini ikna edici bir biçimde açıklayamamasıydı. Bu sorun rasyonalist estetikte de kendini gösterdi. Benzer şekilde empirist teori, empirist epistemolojinin zayıflıklarını miras aldı. Deneyciliğin temel sorunu öznelciliği aşmak ve bizi çevreleyen dünyayı anlamlandıran evrensel ilkelere ulaşmaktı. Kuramcılar, estetikte empirist epistemolojinin göreceliğini aşmak için, tüm insanların paylaştığı bir sezginin, ortak bir duygunun var olduğunu iddia ettiler. Ancak bu ortak duygu empirik olarak kanıtlanabilir değildi. Diderot, algı terimini yeniden tanımlayarak rasyonalist ve empirist estetiği uzlaştırmayı amaçlayan yeni bir estetik teori kurdu. Bu makale Diderot'nun rasyonalizm ve empirizmin sınırlarının ötesine geçmeyi amaçlayan bir estetik kuram yaratma çabasını tartışıyor.

References

  • Cameron, M., & Young, J.O. (2021). Introduction. In Critical Reflections on Poetry and Painting (J.O. Young, & M. Cameron, Trans.), (pp. 1-89). Brill.
  • Cassirer, E. (1951) Philosophy of Enlightenment. (C. Frizz, A. Koelln & J. P. Pettergrove, Trans.), Princeton University Press.
  • Crousaz, J. P. (1714) Traité du Beau. F. L. Honoré.
  • Descartes, R. (1982) Principles of Philosophy. (V. R. Miller, R. P. Miller, Trans.), Kluwer Academic Publishers.
  • Descartes, R. (1996) Meditations on First Philosophy. (J. Cottingham, Trans.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Despréaux, N. B. (1857). Oeuvres complètes de Boileau-Despréaux. Firmin-Didot Frères.
  • Diderot, D. (1875a). OEuvres complètes de Diderot (Vol. I). J. Seznec, & J. Adhémar (Ed.). Garnier Frères.
  • Diderot, D. (1875b). OEuvres complètes de Diderot (Vol. II). J. Seznec, & J. Adhémar (Ed.). Garnier Frères.
  • Diderot, D. (1876a). OEuvres complètes de Diderot (Vol. X). J. Seznec, & J. Adhémar (Ed.). Garnier Frères.
  • Diderot, D. (1876a). OEuvres complètes de Diderot (Vol. XII). J. Seznec, & J. Adhémar (Ed.). Garnier Frères.
  • Diderot, D. (1963). Salons, (Vol. III). J. Seznec, & J. Adhémar (Ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Du Bos, J. B.. (2021). Critical Reflections on Poetry and Painting. (J.O. Young, & M. Cameron, Trans.). Brill.
  • Funt, D. (1968). Diderot and the Esthetics of the Enlightenment. Library Droz.
  • Hegel, G. F. W. (1920). The Philosophy of Fine Arts (F. P. B. Osmastson, Trans.). G. Bell and Sons.
  • Hume, D. (1989). “Of the Standard of Taste”. In E. F. Miller. (Ed.), Essays: Moral, Political and Literary (pp. 226–249). Liberty Funds.
  • Hutcheson, F. (2004). An Inquiry Into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue. E. F. Miller. (Ed.). Liberty Funds.
  • Plato. (2003). Republic. (C. Frizz, A. Koelln & J. P. Pettergrove, Trans.). Cambridge University Press.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Aesthetics, Modern Philosophy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Can Tural 0000-0002-2564-0130

Publication Date April 22, 2024
Submission Date February 15, 2024
Acceptance Date April 2, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tural, A. C. (2024). DIDEROT’S ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY AESTHETICS. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 271-286.
AMA Tural AC. DIDEROT’S ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY AESTHETICS. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. April 2024;11(1):271-286.
Chicago Tural, Ali Can. “DIDEROT’S ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY AESTHETICS”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11, no. 1 (April 2024): 271-86.
EndNote Tural AC (April 1, 2024) DIDEROT’S ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY AESTHETICS. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11 1 271–286.
IEEE A. C. Tural, “DIDEROT’S ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY AESTHETICS”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 271–286, 2024.
ISNAD Tural, Ali Can. “DIDEROT’S ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY AESTHETICS”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 11/1 (April 2024), 271-286.
JAMA Tural AC. DIDEROT’S ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY AESTHETICS. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;11:271–286.
MLA Tural, Ali Can. “DIDEROT’S ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY AESTHETICS”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 1, 2024, pp. 271-86.
Vancouver Tural AC. DIDEROT’S ANSWER TO THE PROBLEM OF PERCEPTION IN THE 18TH CENTURY AESTHETICS. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2024;11(1):271-86.