FUNCTIONALITY OF RELIGION IN DISASTER RISK AND POST-DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 362 - 384

İsa Abidoğlu

https://doi.org/10.69878/deuefad.1341845

Abstract

Some studies highlight the positive role and functionality of religion during and after disasters, others suggest that religion may lead to low risk perceptions in terms of preparedness in the period leading up to a disaster and create a fatalistic attitude towards such events. The role of religion as a source of emotional and social support during and after disasters is also often neglected by researchers, as a community-building tool, and as a means of creating or reinforcing social and individual identities for affected populations. In many disaster situations, however, it is possible for religious communities and faith-based civil society organisations to fill the gaps in response and recovery where external response is limited. It is therefore important to integrate religious beliefs and practices with other mechanisms in disaster risk reduction and management. Especially during and after disasters, religion has an important role to play in creating more resilient communities. This study is based on a theoretical assessment of the role and functionality of religious beliefs and practices during, before and after disasters.

Keywords

Religion-society, Interaction, Functionality of Religion, Sociology of Extraordinary Situations, Social Resilience

AFET RİSKİ VE AFET SONRASI DURUM YÖNETİMİNDE DİNİN İŞLEVSELLİĞİ

Abstract

Son yıllarda afetler karşısında etkili reflekslerin geliştirilmesi bağlamında dinin rolü ve işlevselliğine yönelik yapılan araştırmalarda bir artış görülmektedir. Bazı çalışmalar, afetler sırasında ve sonrasında dinlerin olumlu rolünü ve işlevselliğini vurgularken, bazıları ise dinin afetler öncesi dönemde hazırlık açısından düşük risk algısına yol açabileceğine ve bu tür olaylar karşısında kaderci bir tutum yaratabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Araştırmacılar dinin, afet esnasında ve sonrasında afetten etkilenen nüfuslar için manevi ve sosyal destek potansiyelini, topluluk oluşturma, bireysel ve kolektif kimlikleri onarma veya pekiştirme rolünü ihmal etme eğilimindedir. Oysa dini toplulukların ve din referanslı sivil toplum kuruluşlarının afet zamanlarında devlet kurumlarının olası yetersizlikleri ile ortaya çıkan müdahale ve iyileştirme boşluklarını doldurabilmeleri imkân dahilindedir. Dolayısıyla dinin, hem afet riskini azaltma tedbirlerine yönelik halkta oluşması beklenen bilince yapacağı katkıda hem de afet yönetiminde devletin ve toplumun yapısal mekanizmalarına entegre edilmesi önemlidir. Nitekim afet esnasında ve sonrasında afetle başa çıkma açısından daha dirençli topluluklar oluşturulmasında dinin önemli işlevselliği vardır. Bu çalışma afetler sırasında, öncesinde ve sonrasında dinin hem inanç hem de uygulamalarının rolü ve işlevselliği üzerine teorik bir değerlendirmeyi esas almaktadır. Söz konusu değerlendirme afet riskinin azaltılmasında ve afet sırası, sonrası durumun iyileştirilmesinde dinlerin ve dini grupların rolüne ve işlevine ilişkin bir paradigma arayışına cevap verme çabası gütmektedir.

Keywords

Din-toplum Etkileşimi, Dinin İşlevselliği, Olağanüstü Durumlar Sosyolojisi, Toplumsal Dayanıklılık.

References

• Adiyoso W. & H, Kanegae. (2012). Effectiveness of Disaster-Based School Program on Students’ Earthquake-Preparedness, J. Disaster Res., Vol.8 No.5, pp. 1009-1017. https://doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p1009
• Almond, B. (1998). Applied Ethics, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. E. Craig, London & New York: Routledge,
• Anderson, M. B. & Woodrow, P. J. (1989). Rising from the Ashes: Development Strategies in Times of Disasters. Newyork: Westview Press.
• Bankoff, G., Hilhorst, D. & Frerks, G. (2004). Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People. London: Routledge.
• Beck, U. (1992). World Risk Society Towards a New Modernity. Cambridge: Sage Publications.
• Bergstrand, K., Mayer, B., Brumback, B. & Zhang, Y. (2014). Assessing the relationship between social vulnerability and community resilience to Hazards, Social Indicators Research, 122/2, 391-409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0698-3
• Borenstein, S. (2015). Experts gathered in Nepal a week ago to ready for earthquake. Apnews. https://apnews.com/article/4ab1d19ea5db49a68ec5ef06572c1bc5
• Bromet, E. J., Atwoli, L., Kawakami, N., Navarro-Mateu, F., Piotrowski, P., King, A. J., & Kessler, R. C. (2017). Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with natural and human-made disasters in the World Mental Health Surveys. Medicine, 47, 227-241. doi:10.1017/s0033291716002026
• Cannon, T. (1994). Vulnerability Analysis and The Explanation of Natural Disasters, Disasters, Development and Environment. ed. Ann Varley, 13-30. London: J. Wiley & Sons.
• Chambers, R & Conway, G. (1992). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century, IDS Discussion Paper 296, 1-27.
• Cheema, A.R., Scheyvens, R., Glavovic, B. & Imran, M. (2014). Unnoticed but important: revealing the hidden contribution of community-based religious institution of the mosque in disasters. Nat Hazards 71, 2207–2229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-013-1008-0
• Cutter, Susan L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E. & Webb J. (2008). A Place-based Model for Understanding Community Resilience to Natural Disasters. Global Environmental Change, 18/4, 598-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013
• Douglas, M. (2003). Purity and Danger, London: Routledge.
• Durkheim, E. (2006). Toplumsal İşbölümü, çev. Özer Ozankaya, İstanbul: Cem
• Fountain, P., Bush, R. & Feener, R.M. (2015). Religion and the politics of development. Religion and the Politics of Development. Palgraves MacMillan: Basingstoke.
• Fujiwara, S. (2013). Reconsidering the concept of theodicy in the context of the Post-2011 Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami. Religion, 43/4 499-518. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2013.779614
• Gaillard, J. & Mercer, J. (2013) From Knowledge to Action: Bridging Gaps in Disaster Risk Reduction. Progress in Human Geography, 37, 93-114. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132512446717
• Gaillard, J. C. (2010). Vulnerability, Capacity and Resilience: Perspectives for Climate and Development Policy. Journal of International Development 22/2 218-232. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1675
• Gaillard, J. C. & Texier, P. (2010), Religions, Natural Hazards, and Disasters: an Introduction. Religion 40/2 4081-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.religion.2009.12.001
• Gianisa, A. & Le De, L. (2018). The role of religious beliefs and practices in disaster. Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 27/1 74–86.
• Gillard, M. & Paton, D. (1999). Disaster stress following a hurricane: the role of religious differences in the Fijian Islands. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies, 24/2 1-10.
• Grandjean, D., Rendu, A.-C., MacNamee, T., & Scherer, K. R. (2008), The Wrath of the Gods: Appraising the Meaning of Disaster, Social Science Information. 47/2 187-204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018408089078
• Guarnacci, U. (2016). Joining the Dots: Social Networks and Community Resilience in Post-conflict, Post-disaster Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 16/1, 180-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.03.001
• Ha, K. M. (2015), The Role of Religious Beliefs and Institutions in Disaster Management: a Case Study, Religions. 6/4, 1314-1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel6041314
• Hewitt, K. (2019). The Idea of Calamity in a Technocratic Age, Interpretations of Calamity. 18 3–32. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429329579-1
• Islam, R. R. (2012), Believing to Recover: The Role of Religion in the Recovery Phase of Natural Disasters. Anthropos, 107/1 209-217.
• Joakim, E. P. & White, Robert W. (2015). Exploring the impact of religious beliefs, leadership, and networks on response and recovery of disaster-affected populations: a case study from Indonesia, Journal of Contemporary Religion. 30/2 193-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2015.1025538
• Kachra, A & Schnietz, K. (2008). Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
• Krin, C. S., Giannou, C., Seppelt, I. M., Walker, S., Mattox, K. L., Wigle, R. L. & Crippen, D. (2010). Appropriate Response to Humanitarian Crises. BMJ. c562 340-360. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c562
• Küçükcan, T., & Köse, A., (2000). Doğal Felaketler ve Din: Marmara Depremi Üzerine Psiko-Sosyolojik Bir İnceleme. İstanbul: İSAM.
• Lepora, C. & Goodin, R. (2013). On Complicity and Compromise. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
• McGregor, A. (2010). Geographies of religion and development: rebuilding sacred spaces in Aceh, Indonesia, after the tsunami. Environ Plan 42/3 729-746. https://doi.org/10.1068/a4273
• Ngin, C., Grayman, J.H., Neef, A. & Sanunsilp, N. (2020). The role of faith-based institutions in urban disaster risk reduction for immigrant communities. Natural Hazards, 103 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-020-03988-9
• O'Keefe, P., Westgate, K. & Wisner, B. (1976). Taking the Naturalness out of Natural Disasters, Nature. 260 566–567. https://doi.org/10.1038/260566a0
• Paradise, T. R. (2005). Perception of earthquake risk in Agadir, Morocco: a case study from a Muslim community. Environmental Hazards, 6/3 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2006.06.002
• Piggin, S. (2009). Religion and disaster: popular religious attitudes to disaster and death with special reference to the Mt. Kembla and Appin coal mine disaster. Journal of Australian Studies 5/8 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443058109386826
• Quevauviller, P. (2014). Hydrometeorological Hazards: Interfacing Science and Policy, London: Wiley
• Reddy, S. (2018). The Asian Tsunami and Post-Disaster Aid, Singapore: Springer
• Revet, S &Langumier, J. (2015). Governing Disasters: Beyond Risk Culture, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Rumahuru, Y. & Kakiay, A. (2020). Rethinking Disaster Theology: Combining Protestant Theology with Local Knowledge and Modern Science in Disaster Response. Open Theology, 6(1), 623-635. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2020-0136
• Smith Oliver A. (1996). Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters. Annual Review of Anthropology 25 303–28. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155829
• Smith, Oliver A. & Hoffman, Susanna M. (2002). Introduction: Why anthropologists should study Disasters, Catastrophe and Culture: The Anthropology of Disaster. Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press.
• Smith, Oliver A. & Hoffman, Susanna M. (1999). The Angry Earth: Disaster in Anthropological Perspective. London: Routledge.
• Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European journal of psychotraumatology, 5, 10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
• Stratta, P., Capanna, C., Carmassi, C., Patriarca, S., Di Emidio, G., Riccardi, I., Collazzoni, A., Dell'Osso, L., & Rossi, A. ( (2014). The adolescent emotional coping after an earthquake: a risk factor for suicidal ideation. Journal of Adolescence 37/5 (May 2014), 605-611. DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.03.015
• Taylor, H & Peace, R. (2015). Children and cultural influences in a natural disaster: Flood response in Surakarta, Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 13 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.04.001
• Torry, W. I., Anderson, W. A., Bain, D., Otway, H. J., Baker, R., D’Souza, F., O’Keefe, P., Osterling, J. P., Turner, B. A., Turton, D., & Watts, M. (1979). Anthropological studies in Hazardous Environments: Past Trends and New Horizons. Current Anthropology, 20/3 517-541.
• Van Hoving, D. J., Wallis, L. A., Docrat, F., & De Vries, S. (2010). Haiti disaster tourism: a medical shame. Prehospital and disaster medicine 25/3 201–202. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008001
• Waddell, E. (1977). The hazards of scientism: A review article. Hum Ecol 5/1 69–76
• Weber, J. (2008). Ethical decision making. Encyclopedia of business ethics and society. ed. Robert W. Kolb. 5/778-781. Thousand Oaks: SAGE publications,
• Wenger, Dennis E. - Weller, Jack M. (1973). Disaster Subcultures: The Cultural Residues of Community Disasters. Newyork: Disaster Research Centre,
• White, L. (1967). The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis. Science, 155/3767 1203–1207. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1720120
• Wilkinson, I (2004) Suffering: A Sociological Introduction, Cambridge: Polity
• Wisner, B & Walker, P. (2005). Beyond Kobe: A proactive look at the world conference on disaster reduction, Feinstein International Center, Medford: Tufts University Press.
• Wisner, B & Walker, P. (2005). Beyond Kobe: A proactive look at the world conference on disaster reduction. Feinstein International Center, Medford: Tufts University Press.
• Wisner, B., Davis, I., Cannon, T. & Blaikie, P. (2004). At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters. 2nd ed., Oxon: Routledge.
• Wisner, B. (2010). “Untapped potential of the world’s religious communities for disaster reduction in an age of accelerated climate change: An epilogue & prologue”. Religion 40/2, 128-131.
• Zaumseil, M.; Schwarz, S.; von Vacano, M.; Sullivan, G.B. & Prawitasari-Hadiyono, J.E. (2014). Cultural Psychology of Coping with Disasters: The Case of an Earthquake in Java, Indonesia. New York: Springer-Verlag.
• İnternet Kaynakları: Borenstein, S. (2015), https://apnews.com/article/4ab1d19ea5db49a68ec5ef06572c1bc5 (Erişim: 21.05. 2023)
• Department for International Development (DFID). (2011). Defining Disaster Resilience: A DFID Approach Paper, https://www.rcrc-resilience-southeastasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/defining-disaster-resilience-approach-paper.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 19.03.2023).
• T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetim Merkezi, çalışmalarını aralıksız sürdürüyor”, https://www.diyanet.gov.tr/tr-TR/Kurumsal/Detay/34222/diyanet-isleri-baskanligi-afet-ve-acil-durum-yonetim-merkezi-calismalarini-araliksiz-surduruyor (Erişim 03.06.2023)
• Indyturk.com, “Muhafazakâr Vakıf ve Dernekler Deprem Bölgesinde Neler Yaptı”, https://www.indyturk.com/node/610301/haber/muhafazakâr-vakıf-ve-dernekler-deprem-bölgesinde-neler-yaptı (Erişim 01.06.2023).
• International Monetary Fund, (IMF) Climate Change Will Bring More Frequent Natural Disasters & Weigh on Economic Growth, https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2017/11/16/climate-change-will-bring-more-frequent-natural-disasters-weigh-on-economic-growth (Erişim: 01.05.2023)
• Takvim gazetesi https://www.takvim.com.tr/guncel/2023/02/13/can-ataklidan-tekbir-hazimsizligi-skandal-sozler-kullandi-absurt-bir-sey, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2023).
• Türkiye Gazetesi, https://www.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/gundem/ilahiyatci-nazif-ayin-tekbir-rahatsizligi-laikligi-ihmal-etmektir-948647, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2023)