HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE CONCEPT OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS

Öz

Children are often called “our future”. According to Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was accepted by the United Nations General Assembly’s decision dated 20 November 1989 and numbered 44|25 and opened for signature, ratification and accession, every human being up to the age of eighteen is considered a child. Children are valuable, individually unique, vulnerable and defenceless. Children can arouse sympathy and affection not only in their parents or guardians, but also in strangers. Today almost everything, that is related to children, to their health, psychology, happiness, in any extent is supposed to be a sensitive topic. But was childhood always appreciated in such a way throughout the history of humanity? What “a child” means today was different from the what it meant in antiquity or in the medieval times. Furthermore, like a child depends on his/her parents or guardians, or at least on any adult beside him/her to survive, the concept of childhood is also closely connected to the concept of parenthood. It is the parents, that make a child, and it is the parenthood, that creates childhood. So, it is very significant to comprehend both concepts separately, to reveal relationship and mutuality between them, meanwhile having a historical and chronological view over the attitude towards children and childhood.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Childhood
• Parenthood
• Behaviourism
• Child Mortality
• The Century of the Child

ÇOCUK HAKLARININ TEORİK KAVRAMINA TARİHİ BAKIŞ

Öz

Çocuklara genellikle “geleceğimiz” denir. Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurul’un 20 Kasım 1989 tarih ve 44|25 sayılı kararıyla kabul edilmiş ve imzaya, onaya ve katılmaya açılan Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşmenin 1.maddesine göre, onsekiz yaşına kadar her insan çocuk sayılır. Çocuklar değerli, bireysel olarak benzersiz, hassas ve savunmasızdırlar. Onlar sadece anne-babalarında veya velilerinde değil, yabancılarda da sempati ve şefkat uyandırabilir. Bugün çocuklarla, sağlıklarıyla, psikolojileriyle, mutluluklarıyla ilgili hemen hemen her şey, herhangi bir ölçüde hassas bir konu olarak kabul ediliyor. Ama çocukluk, insanlık tarihi boyunca hep böyle kıymet görmüş müydü? Bugün “çocuk”un ne anlama geldiği, antik çağda veya orta çağda sahip olduğu anlamdan çok daha farklıydı. Bir çocuk hayatta kalabilmek için anne-babasına ya da velisine ya da yanındaki herhangi bir yetişkine bağlıdır. İnsan evladı hayata ona bakacak birine muhtac olarak geliyor. Çocuk anne-babasına bağlı olduğu gibi, çocukluk kavramı da ebeveynlik kavramıyla yakından ilişkilidir. Bir çocuğu yapan ebeveynlerdir ve çocukluğu yaratan ebeveynliktir. Dolayısıyla her iki kavramı ayrı ayrı kavramak, aralarındaki ilişki ve karşılıklılığı ortaya koymak, aynı zamanda çocuklara ve çocukluğa yönelik tutuma tarihsel ve kronolojik bir bakış açısı getirmek çok önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çocukluk
• Ebeveynlik
• Davranışçılık
• Çocuk Ölümü
• Çocuk Yüzyılı

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