HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE CONCEPT OF CHILDREN’S RIGHTS

Abstract

Children are often called “our future”. According to Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which was accepted by the United Nations General Assembly’s decision dated 20 November 1989 and numbered 44|25 and opened for signature, ratification and accession, every human being up to the age of eighteen is considered a child. Children are valuable, individually unique, vulnerable and defenceless. Children can arouse sympathy and affection not only in their parents or guardians, but also in strangers. Today almost everything, that is related to children, to their health, psychology, happiness, in any extent is supposed to be a sensitive topic. But was childhood always appreciated in such a way throughout the history of humanity? What “a child” means today was different from the what it meant in antiquity or in the medieval times. Furthermore, like a child depends on his/her parents or guardians, or at least on any adult beside him/her to survive, the concept of childhood is also closely connected to the concept of parenthood. It is the parents, that make a child, and it is the parenthood, that creates childhood. So, it is very significant to comprehend both concepts separately, to reveal relationship and mutuality between them, meanwhile having a historical and chronological view over the attitude towards children and childhood.

Keywords

• Childhood
• Parenthood
• Behaviourism
• Child Mortality
• The Century of the Child

ÇOCUK HAKLARININ TEORİK KAVRAMINA TARİHİ BAKIŞ

Abstract

Çocuklara genellikle “geleceğimiz” denir. Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurul’un 20 Kasım 1989 tarih ve 44|25 sayılı kararıyla kabul edilmiş ve imzaya, onaya ve katılmaya açılan Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşmenin 1.maddesine göre, onsekiz yaşına kadar her insan çocuk sayılır. Çocuklar değerli, bireysel olarak benzersiz, hassas ve savunmasızdırlar. Onlar sadece anne-babalarında veya velilerinde değil, yabancılarda da sempati ve şefkat uyandırabilir. Bugün çocuklarla, sağlıklarıyla, psikolojileriyle, mutluluklarıyla ilgili hemen hemen her şey, herhangi bir ölçüde hassas bir konu olarak kabul ediliyor. Ama çocukluk, insanlık tarihi boyunca hep böyle kıymet görmüş müydü? Bugün “çocuk”un ne anlama geldiği, antik çağda veya orta çağda sahip olduğu anlamdan çok daha farklıydı. Bir çocuk hayatta kalabilmek için anne-babasına ya da velisine ya da yanındaki herhangi bir yetişkine bağlıdır. İnsan evladı hayata ona bakacak birine muhtac olarak geliyor. Çocuk anne-babasına bağlı olduğu gibi, çocukluk kavramı da ebeveynlik kavramıyla yakından ilişkilidir. Bir çocuğu yapan ebeveynlerdir ve çocukluğu yaratan ebeveynliktir. Dolayısıyla her iki kavramı ayrı ayrı kavramak, aralarındaki ilişki ve karşılıklılığı ortaya koymak, aynı zamanda çocuklara ve çocukluğa yönelik tutuma tarihsel ve kronolojik bir bakış açısı getirmek çok önemlidir.

Keywords

• Çocukluk
• Ebeveynlik
• Davranışçılık
• Çocuk Ölümü
• Çocuk Yüzyılı

References

1. Akıllıoğlu, Tekin: Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi Üzerine Gözlemler, Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme, AÜ.SBF. İnsan Hakları Merkezi Yayınları No:13, Andlaşmalar Dizisi No:1, Ankara 1995.
2. Aksoy, İlhan: “Türklerde Aile ve Çocuk Eğitimi”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 16, p. 11-19.
3. Akyüz, Emine: Çocuk Hukuku Çocukların Hakları ve Korunması, 2. Baskı, Pegem Akademi, Ankara 2012, p. 662.
4. Alter, George: Work and income in the family economy: Belgium, 1853 and 1891, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XV (1984), p. 255-276.
5. Altıntaş İrem Namlı/Tüzün Dilek Ünveren: Birleşmiş Milletler Çocuk Hakları Bildirgesi Bağlamında Çocuk Edebiyatı: Dağdaki Kaynak Romanı Örneği, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 12(1): p. 49-64.
6. Archard, David: Children Rights and Childhood. 2.edition, New York 2004.
7. Ariès, Philippe: Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of the Family, Jonathan Cape, London 1962.
8. Aristotle: Politics and Athenian Constitution, London, 1959.

9. Baart, J. M: Ceramic consumption and supply in early modern Amsterdam: local production and long-distance trade, in P.J. Corfield and D.Keene (eds.), Work in Towns 850-1850, Leicester, 1990. Ballar, S.: Çocuk Hakları, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım AŞ. 1997, p. 54-62.
10. Bartholet, Elizabeth: Family Bonds: Adoption, Infertility and the New World of Child Production, Beacon Press Boston, 1999.
11. Boswell, John: The Kindness of strangers: The Abandonment of Children in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance, London 1988.
12. Burt, Cyril: The Backward Child, Hodder & Stoughton Educational Division; 4Rev Ed edition, 1974, p. 704.
13. Cassidy, Claire: Thinking Children, YHT Ltd. London, 2007.
14. Cicero, De Amicitia, 1.1; Pro Caelio 5.11; Nonius 406.14.
15. Cunnigham, Hugh: “The employment and unemployment of children in England c. 1680-1851”, Past and Present, 126, Oxford University Press 1990, p. 115-150, (Employment).
16. Cunnigham, Hugh: Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500, Longman, London and New York 1995, (Childhood).
17. Dağ, Hüseyin/Doğan, Murat/Sazak, Soner/Kaçar, Alper/Yılmaz, Bilal/Doğan, Ahmet/Arıca, Vefik, “Çocuk Haklarına Güncel Yaklaşım”, T.C İstanbul Okmeydanı Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Kliniği, Cukurova Medical Journal, 2015 40(1), p. 1-5.
18. de Mause, Lloyd: (ed.) The History of Childhood, Souvenir Press, London 1976.
19. Dixon, Suzanne: Roman Family, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1992.
20. Egemen, A.: Türkiye Milli Pediatri Derneği Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Kitabı, Güneş Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul 2009, p. 179-81.
21. Elias, Norbert: The History of Manners: The Civilizing Process, Vol.1, 1939, New York, 1978.
22. Engels, Donald: “The problem of female infanticide in the Greco-Roman world”, Classical Philology, 75 (1980), p. 112-120.
23. Erikson, H. Erik: “Human strength and the cycle of generations”, In Insight and Responsibility, New York: Norton 1964, p. 109-157.
24. Ersoy, Arife Figen: “İlköğretim Öğrencilerinin Çocuk Haklarına İlişkin Algıları” İlköğretim Online, 2011, 10(1): p. 20-39.
25. Freud Sigmund: Sexuality and psychology of love, Touchstone, 1991, p. 224.
26. Fuller, Peter: Uncovering childhood, in M. Hoyles ed., Changing Childhood, London 1979.
27. Golden, Mark: Children and Childhood in Classical Athens, Baltimore and London, 1990.
28. Gören, Zafer: “Çocuğun Temel Hakları”, Anayasa Yargısı Dergisi, Cilt: 15, 1998, p. 113-176.
29. Griswold, Roger: Fatherhood in America: A History, New York: Basic Books, 1993.
30. Grossberg, Michael: A Historical Perspective on DNA Testing in Child Custody Cases. Genetic Ties and the Family. The impact of paternity testing on parents and children, Mark A. Rothstein ed. Thomas H. Murray, Gregory E. Kaebnik, Mary Anderlik Majumder, the Johns Hopkins University, Press, Baltimore, 2005, p. 47-63, (DNA Testing).
31. Grossberg, Michael: Governing the Hearth: Law and Family in Nineteenth Central America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985.
32. Gültekin, Mehmet/Bayır, Ömür Gürdoğan/Balbağ, Nur Leman: “Haklarımız Var: Çocukların Gözünden Çocuk Hakları”, Adıyaman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Sayı: 24, Aralık 2016, p. 971-1005.
33. Hardyment, Christina: Dream Babies: Child care from Locke to Spock, Jonathan Cape Ltd, London 1983.
34. Harris, V. William: “The theoretical possibility of extensive infanticide in the Graeco-Roman world”, Classical Quarterly, 32 (1982), p. 114-126.
35. Heywood, C: ‘On learning gender roles during childhood in the 19th century France’, French History, 5 (1991).
36. Houston, Robert Allan: Literacy in Early Modern Europe: Culture and Education 1500-1800, Longman, Harlow 1988.
37. Kaboğlu, İbrahim Özden, Anayasa Hukuku Dersleri, İstanbul: Legal Yayıncılık, 2019, p. 456.
38. Kahraman, Pınar Bağçeli/Kartal, Tuğçe/Yıldız, Süreyya: “Resimli Çocuk Kitaplarında Çocuk Hakları”. Çocuk Edebiyat ve Dil Eğitim Dergisi. Cilt 3, Sayı 2, 26.12.2020, p. 138-163.
39. Kamen, Henry: European Society 1500-1700, Hutchinson, London, 1984.
40. Key, Ellen: The century of the Child, 1900, Putnam, New York and London, 1909.
41. Kincaid, R. James: Child-loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture, London 1992.
42. Kline, Stephen: “Out of the Garden: Toys and Children’s Culture in the Age of TV Marketing”, Verso, London and New York 1993.
43. Knowles, Lilian Charlotte Anne: The Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in Great Britian during the 19th century, G. Routledge & Sons, Ltd, London 1921.
44. Lacey, W. K.: “Patria Potestas” in Rawson B ed., Family in Ancient Rome, Cornell University Press, New York 1987, p. 121-144.
45. Locke, J.: Of the Conduct of the Understanding” (1697) / J. Locke, -New York: Maynard Merrill and Co,- 1901.
46. Locke, J.: Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693)/J. Locke, - London: Cambridge University Press, 1880, p. 325.
47. Locke, John: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689), New York, Published by Valentine Seaman, 1824.
48. MacMurray, John: Persons in Relation, Faber and Faber Limited London, 1970.
49. Maine, Henry Sumner: Ancient Law: Its Connection with Early History of Society and Its Relation to Modern Ideas, London, John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1901.
50. Mason, Mary Ann: From Father’s Property to Children’s Rights: The History of Child Custody in the United States. Chap.2. New York: Colombia University Press, 1994.
51. Mintz, Steven/Kellogg, Susan: Domestic Revolutions: A Social History of American Family Life, Free Press, New York 1988.
52. Mitchell, R. Brian: European Historical Statistics 1750-1975, 2nd revised edn. Macmillan, London, 1981.
53. Mols, R: Population in Europe, 1500-1700, in C.M. Cipolla (ed), The Fontana Economic History of Europe: the 16th and 17th centuries, London, 1974.
54. Murray, H. Thomas: Three meanings of parenthood. Genetic Ties and the Family. The impact of paternity testing on parents and children (The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2005). Edited by Mark A. Rothstein, Thomas H. Murray, Gregory E. Kaebnick, Mary Anderlik Majumder, p. 18-33.
55. Nelken, D.: Children’s Right’s and Traditional Values, Aldershot: Ashgate. 1998, p. 125-142.
56. Newson, J./Newson, E.: Cultural aspects of childrearing in the English-speaking world, in M.Richards (ed), The Integration of a Child into a Social World, Cambridge 1974.
57. O’Donovan, Katherine: “A right to know one’s parentage”, International Journal of Law and the Family 2:31-33, p. 27-45.
58. Oğuzkan, Ferhan: Eğitim Terimleri Sözlüğü: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, 1974, p. 261.
59. Prout, Allan/Allison, James: “A new paradigm for the sociology of childhood? Provenance, promise and problems”. In A. James and A Prout (eds), “Constructing and reconstructing childhood: contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood. London, Falmer Press, 1997.
60. Rawson, Beryl: Adult-child relationships in Roman society, in R. Bawson ed. Marriage, Divorce and Children in ancient Rome, Canberra and Oxford, 1991.
61. Razzel, Peter: “The growth of population in 18th century England; a critical reappraisal”, Journal of Economic History, 53 (1993), p. 757-780.
62. Rothman, J. David: The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic, Boston and Toronto, 1971.
63. Rousseau, Jean Jacques: Emile or on Education, ed. P.D. Jimack, London, 1974.
64. Schouler, James: A Treatise on the Law of Domestic Relations, 6th ed, 2:2034-35, Little Brown, Boston 1906.
65. Seabrook, Jeremy: Working-class Childhood: An Oral History, London 1982.
66. Shahar, Shulamith: Childhood in the Middle Ages, Routledge, London 1962.
67. Shorter, Edward, The Making of the Modern Family, Basic Books; First printing, 1975, p. 369.
68. Skolnick, A.: “Solomon’s children: The new biologism, psychological parenthood, attachment theory, and the best interest standard”, In All Our Families: New Policies for a new century: A Report of the Berkeley Family Forum, ed. S.D. Sugarman, Oxford: Oxford University Press.1999, p. 236-255.
69. Tanrıbilir, Feriha Bilge: Çocuk Haklarının Uluslararası Korunması ve Koruma Mekanizmaları, Yetkin, Ankara 2011.
70. Trumbach, Randolph: The Rise of the Egalitarian Family: Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in 18th Century England, Academic Pr, New York, San Fransisco and London, 1978. Vassberg, E. David: ‘Juveniles in the rural work force of the 16th century Castile’, Journal of Peasant Studies, 11 (1983), p. 62-75.
71. Weindling, Paul: From isolation to therapy: children’s hospitals and diphtheria in fin de siè cle Paris, London and Berlin, in R. Cooter ed. In the Name of the Child: Health and Welfare, 1880-1940, London 1992, p. 124-145.
72. Wiedemann, Thomas: Adults and Children in the Roman Empire, Routledge, London 1989.
73. Yurdakök, K.: “Çocuk Hakları Sözleşmesi”, Sosyal Pediatri, Meteksan, Ankara 1998, p. 139-152.