Elektromanyetik Alana Maruz Kalmış Kas Dokusunun Termal Analizi

Abstract

Elektromanyetik alanlar ve biyolojik kütleler arasındaki etkileşim her geçen gün artmaktadır. Literatürde bu etkileşimle ilgili binlerce çalışma bulunmaktadır. Şimdiye kadar biyo ısı transferi üzerine yapılan çalışmaların çoğu elektromanyetik alanların neden olduğu hasara odaklanmıştır. Ancak elektromanyetik alanların tedavi edici yönü ihmal edilmiştir. Bu çalışma yeni bir bakış açısı getirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Biyo ısı transfer denklemi kullanılarak, elektromanyetik alan nedeniyle farklı parametrelerin sıcaklık etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Pennes'in biyoısı transferi denkleminin analitik çözümü, gerçek kas dokusu parametreleri ile birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Farklı parametre varyasyonları denenerek perfüzyon sabiti ve termal iletkenlik katsayısı gibi parametrelerin doku ısınmasına etkisi gözlemlendi. Bu çalışma ışığında fizyoterapide uygulanan manyetik ısıtma işlemleri için cihaz tasarımları yapılabilecektir. Doku parametreleri ve elektromanyetik alan değerleri girildikten sonra bu çalışmada elde edilen formülasyon sonucunda ne tür bir sıcaklık değişiminin gözlemlenebileceğini bulmak mümkün olmuştur.

Keywords

• Biyo ısı transferi
• Hipertermi
• Termal etki
• Elektromanyetik alanlar
• Pennes
• Dozimetri

Thermal Analysis of Muscle Tissues Exposed to Electromagnetic Fields

Abstract

The interaction between electromagnetic fields and biological masses is increasing day by day. There are thousands of studies in the literature on this interaction. Until now, most of the studies on bio heat transfer have focused on damage caused by electromagnetic fields. However, the therapeutic side of electromagnetic fields has been neglected. This study aimed to bring a new perspective. Using the bio heat transfer equation, the temperature effect of different parameters due to the electromagnetic field was investigated. In the present study, the analytical solution of Pennes' bioheat transfer equation was evaluated together with real muscle tissue parameters. By trying different parameter variations, the effect of parameters such as perfusion constant and thermal conductivity coefficient on tissue warming was observed. In the light of this study, device designs for magnetic heating processes applied in physiotherapy will be possible. After entering the tissue parameters and electromagnetic field values, it was possible to find out what kind of temperature change can be observed as a result of the formulation obtained in this study. The effects of thermal conductivity coefficient, blood perfusion value and heat transfer coefficient on temperature distribution were graphically analyzed. Effect of randomly selected thermal parameters are evaluated within the study. This study has shown to what extent the increasing thermal parameters of the tissue will be affected by the electromagnetic field.

Keywords

• Bio heat transfer
• Hyperthermia
• Thermal effect
• Electromagnetic fields
• Pennes’ Bio Heat Transfer Equation
• Dosimetry

References

1. [1] Zamorano, M. T., Silva, H. 2006. FDTD chiral brain tissue model for spesific absorption rate determination under radiation from gezgine phones at 900 and 1800MHz, Phys. Med. Biol., cilt 51 (7), s1661–1672.
2. [2] Dasdag, S. Ketani, M. A. Akdağ, Z. et al. 1999., Whole–body microwave exposure emitted by cellular phones and testicular functions of rats, Urology Research, cilt 27 (3), s. 219–223.
3. [3] Christ, A. Samaras, T. Neufeld, E. Klingenböck, A. Kuster, N. 2006. SAR distribution in human beings when using body–worn RF transmitters, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, cilt 124(1), s. 6–14.
4. [4] Borbely, A. Huber, R. Graf, T. Fuchs, B. Gallmann, E. Charmann, P. 1999. Pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field effects Human Sleep and Sleep EEG, Neuroscience Letters, cilt 275, s. 207-210.
5. [5] Kowalczuk, C. L. Robbins, L. Thomas, J. M. Butland, B. K. Saunders R. D. 1994. Effects of prenatal exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields on development in mice: I. Implantation rate and fetal development,. Bioelectromagnetics, cilt 15(4), s. 349-361.
6. [6] Goud, S. N. Usha Rani, M. V. Reddy, P. P. Reddy, O. S. Rao, M. S. Saxena, V. K. et al. 1982. Genetic effects of microwave radiation in mice. Mutation Research, cilt 103, s.39-42
7. [7] Lary, J. M. Conover, D. L. Johnson, P. H. Hornung, R. W. 1986. Dose-response relationship between body temperature and birth defects in radiofrequency- irradiated rats, Bioelectromagnetics, cilt 7 (2), s. 141-149.
8. [8] Brown-Woodman, P. D. C. Hadley. J.A. 1988. “Studies of the teratogenic potential of exposure of rats to 27.12 MHz pulsed short-wave radiation,” Journal of Bioelectricity, cilt 7, S. 57-67.

9. 9] Çomlekci, S. 2006. Induced dielectric–force–effect by 50 Hz strong electric field on living tissue”. Biomed Mater Engineering, cilt 16 (6), s. 363–370.
10. [10] Blic, D. W. Adair, E. R. Hurt, W. D. Herry, C. J.. Walters, T. J Merrit. J. H. 1997. Threshold of microwave-evoked warmth sensations in human skin, Bioelectromagnetics, cilt 18, s. 403-409.
11. [11] Guy, A. W. Lin, C. J. Kramar, P. O. Emery. A. 1975. Effects of 2450 Mhz Mhz Radiation on The Rabbit Eye. IEEE transaction on Microwave Theory Technique. MTT-23: s. 492-498.
12. [12] Sorgucu, U. Develi, I. 2012. Measurement and analysis of electromagnetic pollution generated by GSM-900 mobile phone networks in Erciyes University, Turkey, Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.683223.
13. [13] Ramey, D.W. 1998. Magnetic and electromagnetic therapy, Alternative medicine-Reviews, cilt 1, s. 13-9.
14. [14] Uzunca, K. Birtane, M. Taştekin. N. 2007. Effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in lateral epicondylitis, Clin Rheumatol, cilt 26(1), s. 69-74. [15] Kavlak, E Belge, F Unsal, C et al. 2014. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field and swimming exercise on rats with experimental sciatic nerve injury, J Phys Ther Sci , cilt 26(9) s. 1355-61.
15. [16] Assiotis, A. Sachinis, N.P. Chalidis B.E. 2012. Pulsed electromagnetic fields for the treatment of tibial delayed unions and nonunions. A prospective clinical study and review of the literature J Orthop Surg Res, cilt 7(2), s. 2-4.
16. [17] J.R. Basford. 2001. A historical perspective of the popular use of electric and magnetic therapy, Arch Phys Med Rehabil, cilt 82, s. 1261-1269.
17. [18] Pennes, H. H. 1948. Analysis of tissue and arterial blood temperatures in the resting human forearm, Journal of applied physiology;cilt 1, s. 93-122
18. [19] Sorgucu, U. Develi, I.2021. Thermal Analysis of Biological Tissues Exposed To Electromagnetic Fields by Using Pennes' Bio-Heat Transfer Equation 2021 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies (CONECCT),pp. 01-06, doi: 10.1109/CONECCT52877.2021.9622604.
19. [20] Diller, K R. Ryan, T P. 1998 Heat Transfer in Living System: Current Opportunities. Transactions of the ASME, cilt 120, s. 810-829.
20. [21] Trakic, A. Liu, F. Crozier, S. 2007. Transient temperature rise in a mouse due to low-frequency regional hyperthermia, Physics in Medicine & Biology. cilt 51, s. 1673-1691.
21. [22] Wang, Y. L. Zhu, L. 2007. Targeted brain hypothermia induced by an interstitial cooling device in human neck: Theoretical analyses, European Journal of Applied Physiology; cilt 101, s. 31-40.
22. [23] Wu, Z. Liu, H. Lebanowski, L. Liu, Z. Q. Hor, P. H. 2007. A basic step toward understanding skin surface temperature distributions caused by internal heat sources, Physics in Medicine & Biology, cilt 52, s. 5379-5392.
23. [24] Zhao, G. Zhang, H. F. Guo, X. J. Luo, D. W. Gao, D. Y. 2007. Effects of blood flow and metabolism on multidimensional heat transfer during cryosurgery, Medical Engineering & Physics, cilt 29, s. 205-215.
24. [25] Samaras, T. Christ, A. Kuster, N. 2006. Effects of geometry discretization aspects on the numerical solution of the bio-heat transfer equation with the FDTD technique, Physics in Medicine & Biology, cilt 51, s. 221-229.
25. [26] Rossi, M. R. Rabin, Y. 2007. Experimental verification of numerical simulations of cryosurgery with application to computerized planning, Physics in Medicine & Biology. cilt 52, s. 4553-4567.
26. [27] Deng, Z. S. Liu, J. 2002. Monte Carlo method to solve multidimensional bio-heat transfer problem, Numerical Heat Transfer,cilt 42, s. 543-567.
27. [28] Deng, Z. S. Liu, J. 2004. Mathematical modeling of temperature mapping over skin surface and it's implementation in thermal disease diagnostics, Computers in Biology and Medicine, cilt 34, s. 495-521.
28. [29] Yue, K. Zhang, X. Yu, F. 2004. An Analytic Solution of One-dimensional Steady-state Pennes' Bioheat Transfer Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates,. Journal of Thermal Science, cilt 13(3), s. 255–258.