Pomza Agregası Yerine Aktif Karbon Kullanımının Geopolimer Köpük Beton Kompozitlerinin Fiziksel ve Mekanik Özellikleri Üzerindeki Etkilerinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışma, geopolimer köpük beton üretiminde pomza agregasının belirli oranlarda aktif karbon ile ikame edilerek fiziksel ve mekanik özellikler üzerindeki etkisini incelemektedir. Çalışma kapsamında, aktif karbon %5, %10, %15 ve %20 oranlarında pomzanın yerine kullanılmış ve bu değişimin taze harç reolojisi, mekanik dayanım, su emme kapasitesi, porozite ve yüksek sıcaklık dayanımı üzerindeki etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, aktif karbon içeriğinin artmasıyla taze harcın yayılma çapının %25,6 oranında azalarak 168 mm’den 125 mm’ye düştüğünü ve yaş birim hacim ağırlığının %8,6 oranında azalarak 1535 kg/m³’ten 1402 kg/m³’e kadar azaldığını göstermiştir. 28 günlük basınç dayanımları 2,205 MPa ile 1,205 MPa arasında değişmekte olup, aktif karbon içeriği arttıkça basınç dayanımı düşmüştür. Bununla birlikte, aktif karbon içeriği arttıkça 7 ve 28 günlük basınç dayanımı arasındaki yüzdesel artış oranı %15’ten %38’e yükselmiştir. Yüksek sıcaklık testleri (200°C) sonucunda, tüm numunelerde dayanım kaybı gözlenmiş olup, AC0 karışımında bu azalma %5 iken, AC20 karışımında %20’ye ulaşmıştır. Ayrıca, gözeneklilik %53, su emme kapasitesi %65 ve kapiler su geçirim hızı %38 oranında artış göstermiştir. SEM görüntüleri, aktif karbon içeren numunelerin bağ fazında mikro çatlak oluşumunun arttığını ve daha gözenekli bir yapı oluşturduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, aktif karbon ikamesinin mekanik özellikler üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerine karşın, düşük yoğunluk ve yüksek su emme kapasitesi gerektiren mühendislik uygulamalarında avantaj sağlayabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Geopolimer Köpük Beton
• Aktif Karbon
• Mekanik Özellikler
• Sürdürülebilirlik
• Gözeneklilik ve Su Emme

Investigation of the Effects of Using Activated Carbon Instead of Pumice Aggregate on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Foam Concrete Composites

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of partially replacing pumice aggregate with activated carbon in geopolymer foam concrete (GFC) production on its physical and mechanical properties. Within the scope of the study, activated carbon was used as a replacement for pumice at varying ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, and its impact on fresh mortar rheology, mechanical strength, water absorption capacity, porosity, and high-temperature resistance was evaluated. The results indicate that as the activated carbon content increased, the flow diameter of the fresh mortar decreased by 25.6%, from 168 mm to 125 mm, while the fresh unit weight decreased by 8.6%, from 1535 kg/m³ to 1402 kg/m³. The 28-day compressive strength values ranged between 2.205 MPa and 1.205 MPa, showing a reduction with increasing activated carbon content. However, the percentage increase in compressive strength from 7 to 28 days rose from 15% to 38% as the activated carbon content increased. High-temperature tests conducted at 200°C revealed a reduction in compressive strength across all mixtures, with AC0 exhibiting a strength loss of 5%, while AC20 reached a loss of 20%. Additionally, porosity increased by 53%, water absorption capacity by 65%, and capillary water permeability by 38%. SEM images demonstrated that the presence of activated carbon led to an increase in microcrack formation within the binding phase and resulted in increased porosity in the matrix. These findings suggest that while substituting activated carbon adversely affects mechanical strength, it may offer advantages in engineering applications requiring low density and high water absorption capacity.

Keywords

• Geopolymer Foam Concrete
• Activated Carbon
• Mechanical Properties
• Sustainability
• Porosity and Water Absorption

References

1. Aşağıda, verdiğiniz referans listesini Elsevier - Vancouver stiline uygun olarak (başında numara olmadan, yazar adlarındaki virgül/nokta karmaşası temizlenmiş, "vol/no/p." ifadeleri kaldırılmış, yıl dergi veya kurum adından sonraya taşınmış ve DOI formatı standartlaştırılmış şekilde) düzenledim.
2. Doğrudan kopyalayabilirsiniz:
3. Mishra SK. The Role of Sustainable Construction Management in Enhancing Environmental, Economic, and Social Outcomes: A Comprehensive Analysis of Benefits in Modern Building Practices. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) 2024;12. doi:10.22214/ijraset.2024.64344.
4. Sen B, Tam N, Maharjan R, Maharjan AK, Talukdar G. The Shift Towards Green Construction: A Review of Environmental Management Strategies and Sustainable Materials in Developed Countries. Tropical Environment, Biology, and Technology 2024;2(2). doi:10.53623/tebt.v2i2.482.
5. Alawais A, West RP. Sustainable Concrete with Zero Carbon Footprint. Recent Progress in Materials 2024;06(03):1–25. doi:10.21926/rpm.2403019.
6. Reis R, Camões A, Ribeiro M, Malheiro R. Eco-Efficient Concrete for Sustainable Construction. Preprints 2024. doi:10.20944/preprints202404.0957.v1.
7. Tran NP, Nguyen TN, Ngo TD, Le PK, Le TA. Strategic progress in foam stabilisation towards high-performance foam concrete for building sustainability: A state-of-the-art review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2022. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133939.
8. Kaplan G, Bayraktar OY, Li Z, Bodur B, Yılmazoglu MU, Alcan BA. Improving the eco-efficiency of fiber reinforced composite by ultra-low cement content/high FA-GBFS addition for structural applications: Minimization of cost, CO2 emissions and embodied energy. Journal of Building Engineering 2023;76. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107280.

9. Bayraktar OY, Benli A, Bodur B, Öz A, Kaplan G. Performance assessment and cost analysis of slag/metakaolin based rubberized semi-lightweight geopolymers with perlite aggregate: Sustainable reuse of waste tires. Construction and Building Materials 2024;411. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134655.
10. Tan YY, Awang H, Kaus NHM. Integration of fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag into palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer concrete: a review. Sustainable Structures 2024;4(2). doi:10.54113/j.sust.2024.000050.
11. Cheruvu R, Rao BK. Enhanced Concrete Performance and Sustainability with Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag – A Comprehensive Experimental Study. Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal 2024;18(3):161–174. doi:10.12913/22998624/186192.
12. Koksal F, Bayraktar OY, Bodur B, Benli A, Kaplan G. Insulating and fire-resistant performance of slag and brick powder based one-part alkali-activated lightweight mortars. Structural Concrete 2023;24(3):3128–3146. doi:10.1002/suco.202200607.
13. Bodur B, Bayraktar OY, Benli A, Kaplan G, Tobbala DE, Tayeh B. Effect of using wastewater from the ready-mixed concrete plant on the performance of one-part alkali-activated GBFS/FA composites: Fresh, mechanical and durability properties. Journal of Building Engineering 2023;76. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107167.
14. Bhagath Singh GVP, Durga Prasad V. Environmental impact of concrete containing high volume fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Journal of Cleaner Production 2024;448. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141729.
15. Ahıskalı A, Ahıskalı M, Bayraktar OY, Kaplan G, Assaad J. Mechanical and durability properties of polymer fiber reinforced one-part foam geopolymer concrete: A sustainable strategy for the recycling of waste steel slag aggregate and fly ash. Construction and Building Materials 2024;440. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137492.
16. Kaplan G, Bayraktar OY, Bayraktar T. Optimization of without SCM concrete exposed to seawater according to minimum cost and CO2 emissions: Sustainable design with ABC algorithm. Materials Today Communications 2023;35:105657. doi:10.1016/j.mtcomm.2023.105657.
17. Bodur B, Mecit Işık MA, Benli A, Bayrak B, Öz A, Bayraktar OY, Kaplan G, Aydın AC. Durability of green rubberized 3D printed lightweight cement composites reinforced with micro attapulgite and micro steel fibers: Printability and environmental perspective. Journal of Building Engineering 2024;90:109447. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109447.
18. Kadela M, Drusa M. Foamed Concrete Reinforced with Polypropylene Fibers and Geotextile in Geotechnical Applications. Springer Proceedings in Materials 2024;61:466–474. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-72955-3.
19. Davraz M, Kılınçarslan Ş, Koru M. INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF DENSITY ON PHYSICAL, MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF FOAM CONCRETE. Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 2024;12(3):585–594. doi:10.21923/jesd.1178373.
20. Shi P, Falliano D, Celi AB, Yang Z, Marano GC, Briseghella B. Workability and Mechanical Properties of Structural Foamed Concretes with Different Dry Densities, and Fine Sand Grain Sizes: Preliminary Study. In: 2024 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Living Environment, MetroLivEnv 2024 - Proceedings. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc; 2024, p. 379–383. doi:10.1109/MetroLivEnv60384.2024.10615453.
21. Shill SK, Garcez EO, Al-Deen S, Subhani M. Influence of Foam Content and Concentration on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Foam Concrete. Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 2024;14(18). doi:10.3390/app14188385.
22. Shankar AN, Chopade S, Srinivas R, Mishra NK, Eftikhaar HK, Sethi G, Singh B. Physical and mechanical properties of foamed concrete, a literature review. Materials Today: Proceedings 2023:936–944. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2023.10.105.
23. Gencel O, Yavuz Bayraktar O, Kaplan G, Arslan O, Nodehi M, Benli A, Gholampour A, Ozbakkaloglu T. Lightweight foam concrete containing expanded perlite and glass sand: Physico-mechanical, durability, and insulation properties. Construction and Building Materials 2022;320. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126187.
24. Özkan İGM, Aldemir K, Alhasan O, Benli A, Bayraktar OY, Yılmazoğlu MU, Kaplan G. Investigation on the sustainable use of different sizes of sawdust aggregates in eco-friendly foam concretes: Physico-mechanical, thermal insulation and durability characteristics. Construction and Building Materials 2024;438. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.137100.
25. Bayraktar OY. Usability of Organic Wastes in Concrete Production; Palm Leaf Sample. Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences 2022. doi:10.55385/kastamonujes.1104531.
26. Zhu C, Dong B, Lazorenko G, Fang G, Wang Y, Zuo J. Sandy soil based foam concrete with ultra-small pore structure through in-situ mechanical frothing. Journal of Building Engineering 2024;91. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109675.
27. Yao T, Tian Q, Zhang M, Qi S, Wang C, Ruan M, Xu G, Cai J. Experimental research on the preparation and properties of foamed concrete using recycled waste concrete powder. Construction and Building Materials 2023;407. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133370.
28. Şimşek O, Ünal MT, Gökçe HS. Performance of foam concrete developed from construction and demolition waste. Materials Today Sustainability 2024;27. doi:10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.100822.
29. Bumanis G, Vaičiukynienė D. Lightweight porous geopolymers from waste red brick precursor and synthetic foaming admixture. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2023;2423.
30. Beghoura I, Castro-Gomes J. Enhancing Density-Based Mining Waste Alkali-Activated Foamed Materials Incorporating Expanded Cork. CivilEng 2021;2(2):523–540. doi:10.3390/civileng2020029.
31. Hakim SJS, Mhaya AM, Mokhatar SN, Kamarudin AF, Tong YG, Chik TNT. Towards greener concrete: A comprehensive review of waste glass powder as a partial fine aggregate substitute. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2024;1347.
32. Yılmazoğlu MU, Kara HO, Benli A, Demirkıran AR, Bayraktar OY, Kaplan G. Sustainable alkali-activated foam concrete with pumice aggregate: Effects of clinoptilolite zeolite and fly ash on strength, durability, and thermal performance. Construction and Building Materials 2025;464. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140160.
33. Liu J, Zhuge Y, Ma X, Liu M, Liu Y, Wu X, Xu H. Physical and mechanical properties of expanded vermiculite (EV) embedded foam concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. Case Studies in Construction Materials 2022;16. doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01038.
34. Nodehi M. A comparative review on foam-based versus lightweight aggregate-based alkali-activated materials and geopolymer. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions 2021. doi:10.1007/s41062-021-00595-w.
35. Azunna SU, Aziz FNABA, Abbas Al-Ghazali N, Rashid RSM, Bakar NA. Review on the mechanical properties of rubberized geopolymer concrete. Cleaner Materials 2024. doi:10.1016/j.clema.2024.100225.
36. Sambucci M, Sibai A, Valente M. Recent advances in geopolymer technology. A potential eco-friendly solution in the construction materials industry: A review. Journal of Composites Science 2021. doi:10.3390/jcs5040109.
37. Lee J, Choi YC. Pore structure characteristics of foam composite with activated carbon. Materials 2020;13(18). doi:10.3390/ma13184038.
38. Yoo DY, You I, Zi G, Lee SJ. Effects of carbon nanomaterial type and amount on self-sensing capacity of cement paste. Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation 2019;134:750–761. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2018.11.024.
39. Kumar P, Thomas S, Sobhan CB, Peterson GP. Activated carbon foam composite derived from PEG400/ Terminalia Catappa as form stable PCM for sub-zero cold energy storage. Journal of Cleaner Production 2024;434. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139993.
40. Tsaqif WG, Kuswindayani NY, Febriyanti VNA, Nurdiansah H, Raditya RF, Arief MH. Development of Geopolymer/Activated Carbon Composite Mortar from PLTU Paiton Fly Ash with the Addition of Sidoarjo Mud Waste. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2024;2780:012018. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2780/1/012018.
41. Liu YL, Li CF, Zhai HX, Riaz Ahmad M, Guo D, Dai JG. Production and performance of CO2 modified foam concrete. Construction and Building Materials 2023;389. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131671.
42. Tan X, Liu Y, Zeng G, Wang X, Hu X, Gu Y, Yang Z. Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions. Chemosphere 2019;212:188–206. doi:10.1007/s10311-019-00955-0.
43. Alkadir OKA, et al. Environmental Removal of Some Dyes from Aqueous Solution by Using Highly Adsorbent Surface Derived from Malva parviflora Plant Leaves: Multifactor Studies. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2022;1029:012022. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1029/1/012022.
44. Liu Y, Wang J, Jing R, Zhang Y, Liao Z, Lv Z. Improving mechanical properties of continuous carbon fiber-reinforced ZrB2-ZrSi2 composite by addition of activated carbon. Materials Letters 2024;357. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2023.135645.
45. Yuan Z, Jia Y, Xie X, Xu J. Study on the Macroscopic Properties and Microstructure of High Fly Ash Content Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Slag Concrete Cured at Room Temperature. Materials 2025;18(3):547. doi:10.3390/ma18030547.
46. Chen Z, Liu Y, He B, Jing X, Cang D, Zhang L. Study on evolution of pores channel in carbonation steel slag samples with fly ash. Construction and Building Materials 2024;411:134471. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134471.
47. ASTM International. Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete. ASTM C330/C330M-17a. West Conshohocken, PA, USA; 2017.
48. Thakur S. Analysis of Blended Concrete using Aerating Agent with Geopolymer. International Journal of Scientific Research In Engineering And Management 2025;09(01):1–9. doi:10.55041/IJSREM40809.
49. Guo D, Liu YL, Qian LP. Foaming Processes and Properties of Geopolymer Foam Concrete. In: Advances in Geopolymers. IntechOpen; 2024.
50. Kryvenko P, Rudenko I, Gelevera O, Konstantynovskyi O. Effect of sodium metasilicate on the early-age hydration and setting behavior of alkali-activated common cements containing slag. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2024;1415(1):012070. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1415/1/012070.
51. Alharthai M, Mydin AO, Alimrani NS, Majeed SS, Tayeh BA. Evaluating deterioration of the properties of lightweight foamed concrete at elevated temperatures. Journal of Building Engineering 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2024.108515.
52. Junaid MT, Kayali O, Khennane A. Response of alkali activated low calcium fly-ash based geopolymer concrete under compressive load at elevated temperatures. Materials and Structures 2017;50(1):1–10. doi:10.1617/S11527-016-0877-6.
53. ASTM International. Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar. ASTM C1437 - 15. West Conshohocken, PA; 2015.
54. ASTM International. Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete. ASTM C642 - 13. West Conshohocken, PA; 2013.
55. ASTM International. Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars. ASTM C348 - 19. West Conshohocken, PA; 2019.
56. ASTM International. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars (Using Portions of Prisms Broken in Flexure). ASTM C349 - 18. West Conshohocken, PA; 2018.
57. European Committee for Standardization. Methods of test for mortar for masonry—Part 18: Determination of water absorption coefficient due to capillary action of hardened mortar. EN 1015-18; 2002.
58. Žižlavský T, Vyšvařil M. Effect of natural lightweight aggregate on fresh state properties of lime mortars. In: Special Concrete and Composites 2020: 17th International Conference; 2021;2322(1):020018. doi:10.1063/5.0041828.
59. Banfill PFG. Rheology of Fresh Cement and Concrete. Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis; 1991.
60. Evin, Rachmansyah. The ratio between flexural strength to compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2023;1195(1):012034. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1195/1/012034.
61. Falliano D, Parmigiani S, Suarez-Riera D, Ferro GA, Restuccia L. Stability, flexural behavior and compressive strength of ultra-lightweight fiber-reinforced foamed concrete with dry density lower than 100 kg/m3. Journal of Building Engineering 2022;51:104329. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104329.
62. Mohanram BBK, Kanagavel R. Effect of Metakaolin on Mechanical Properties and Flexural Behavior of Geopolymer-Reinforced Concrete Beams. Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 2022;27(3). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)SC.1943-5576.0000695.
63. Liu X, Hu C, Chu L. Microstructure, Compressive Strength and Sound Insulation Property of Fly Ash-Based Geopolymeric Foams with Silica Fume as Foaming Agent. Materials 2020;13(14):3215. doi:10.3390/ma13143215.
64. He J, Gao Q, Bai W, Zheng W, He J, Song X, et al. Effects of foam and activator contents on the properties of alkali-activated slag foamed concrete and a prediction model. Advances in Cement Research 2025;37(3):186–198. doi:10.1680/jadcr.21.00044.
65. Zhang Z, Wang H. The Pore Characteristics of Geopolymer Foam Concrete and Their Impact on the Compressive Strength and Modulus. Frontiers in Materials 2016;3. doi:10.3389/fmats.2016.00038.
66. Wang Z, Xu C, Chen M, Sun J, Zhou H, Zhou Y. Experimental Test and Analytical Calculation on Residual Strength of Prestressed Concrete T-Beams After Fire. Buildings 2024;14(11):3579. doi:10.3390/buildings14113579.
67. Çolakoğlu HE, Hüsem M. Investigation of the Change in Mechanical Properties of Concrete Subjected After High-Temperature Effect to Cyclic Lateral Load. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 2025. doi:10.1007/s13369-024-09889-4.
68. Feng M, Li M, Qu H, Tian D, Lu M, Gui T, Li G. Degradation mechanism and evaluation of the carbonation resistance of concrete after high-temperature exposure. Structures 2023;58:105621. doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2023.105621.
69. Hui-Teng N, Cheng-Yong H, Yun-Ming L, Abdullah MMAB, Rojviriya C, Razi HM, Garus S, Nabiałek M, Soshacki W, Abidin IMZ, Yong-Sing N, Sliwa A, Sandu AV. Preparation of Fly Ash-Ladle Furnace Slag Blended Geopolymer Foam via Pre-Foaming Method with Polyoxyethylene Alkyether Sulphate Incorporation. Materials 2022;15(12). doi:10.3390/ma15124085.
70. Mathew G, Joseph B. Flexural behaviour of geopolymer concrete beams exposed to elevated temperatures. Journal of Building Engineering 2018;15:311–317. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2017.09.009.
71. Kucukgoncu H, Özbayrak A. Microstructural Analysis of Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete with Different Ratios of Activator and Binder Under High Temperatures. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 2024. doi:10.1007/s13369-024-09266-1.
72. Anggarini U, Pratapa S, Purnomo V, Sukmana NC. A comparative study of the utilization of synthetic foaming agent and aluminum powder as pore-forming agents in lightweight geopolymer synthesis. Open Chemistry 2019;17(1):629–638. doi:10.1515/chem-2019-0073.
73. Zhou H, Xu Z, Xie Z, Hong H. Investigation on pore properties, thermal conductivity, and compressive behavior of fly ash/slag-based geopolymer foam. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology 2023;20(6):3517–3534. doi:10.1111/ijac.14442.
74. Balczár I, Boros A, Kovács A, Korim T. Foamed Geopolymer with Customized Pore Structure. Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 2022;28(4):287–296. doi:10.2298/CICEQ211007003B.
75. Sornlar W, Wannagon A, Supothina S. Stabilized homogeneous porous structure and pore type effects on the properties of lightweight kaolinite-based geopolymers. Journal of Building Engineering 2021;44. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103273.