Research Article

Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning on Software-Defined Radio Testbeds

Volume: 28 Number: 84 September 30, 2026
EN TR

Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning on Software-Defined Radio Testbeds

Abstract

Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) plays a critical role in cognitive radio and spectrum monitoring applications. Although deep learning (DL) techniques have demonstrated strong performance in AMC, most existing studies are confined to simulation-based evaluations. This work addresses this limitation by presenting an end-to-end, real-time AMC system implemented on Software-Defined Radios (SDRs). A dual-USRP testbed is employed for over-the-air (OTA) transmission and reception of four digital modulation schemes: QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM. Rather than relying on raw in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) samples, the proposed system adopts a feature engineering strategy based on robust higher-order cumulants (up to sixth order) and phase-domain statistical features. Three deep learning architectures—Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Residual Network (ResNet)—are trained and evaluated under real-time OTA conditions. Experimental results reveal that the MLP model achieves the most balanced and consistent performance across all modulation types, exceeding 90% classification accuracy in real-time operation with an inference latency below 1 ms. While the CNN exhibits strong performance for PSK modulations, and the ResNet achieves the highest accuracy for QPSK, the MLP attains peak accuracies of 98.6% for 64QAM and 98.2% for 8PSK. These results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed system to real-world channel impairments and highlight its suitability for practical deployment in intelligent wireless communication systems.

Keywords

References

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  6. West NE, O'Shea TJ. Deep Architectures for Modulation Recognition. In: IEEE Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN); 2017.
  7. O'Shea TJ, Roy T, Clancy TC. Over-the-Air Deep Learning Based Radio Signal Classification. IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Signal Processing 2018;12(1):168-179. doi:10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2797022.
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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Networking and Communications, Antennas and Propagation, Wireless Communication Systems and Technologies (Incl. Microwave and Millimetrewave), Data Communications, Communications Engineering (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 30, 2026

Submission Date

December 25, 2025

Acceptance Date

March 15, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 28 Number: 84

APA
Öztürk, G., & Yılmaz, R. (2026). Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning on Software-Defined Radio Testbeds. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 28(84), 480-488. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2026288415
AMA
1.Öztürk G, Yılmaz R. Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning on Software-Defined Radio Testbeds. DEUFMD. 2026;28(84):480-488. doi:10.21205/deufmd.2026288415
Chicago
Öztürk, Gökhan, and Reyat Yılmaz. 2026. “Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning on Software-Defined Radio Testbeds”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi 28 (84): 480-88. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2026288415.
EndNote
Öztürk G, Yılmaz R (September 1, 2026) Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning on Software-Defined Radio Testbeds. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 28 84 480–488.
IEEE
[1]G. Öztürk and R. Yılmaz, “Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning on Software-Defined Radio Testbeds”, DEUFMD, vol. 28, no. 84, pp. 480–488, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.21205/deufmd.2026288415.
ISNAD
Öztürk, Gökhan - Yılmaz, Reyat. “Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning on Software-Defined Radio Testbeds”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 28/84 (September 1, 2026): 480-488. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2026288415.
JAMA
1.Öztürk G, Yılmaz R. Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning on Software-Defined Radio Testbeds. DEUFMD. 2026;28:480–488.
MLA
Öztürk, Gökhan, and Reyat Yılmaz. “Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning on Software-Defined Radio Testbeds”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, vol. 28, no. 84, Sept. 2026, pp. 480-8, doi:10.21205/deufmd.2026288415.
Vancouver
1.Gökhan Öztürk, Reyat Yılmaz. Real-Time Automatic Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning on Software-Defined Radio Testbeds. DEUFMD. 2026 Sep. 1;28(84):480-8. doi:10.21205/deufmd.2026288415

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