Endüstriyel Topraklardaki PAH Kirliliğinin UVC Uygulamalarıyla Gideriminde Katkı Maddesi Kullanımının Etkileri

Year 2021, , 369 - 380, 24.05.2021

Burcu Şengül , Gizem Eker Şanlı

https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2021236803

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Bursa’da bir çimento fabrikası yakınından alınan toprak örneklerindeki poliaromatik hidrokarbonların (PAH’ların), ultraviyole-C (UVC) ve ultraviyole-C/hidrojen peroksit (UVC-H2O2) uygulamaları ile giderilebilirliğinin ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Sırasıyla toprak kuru ağırlığının %0, %1, %10 ve %20’si kadar H2O2 örneğe ilave edilmiş ve UVC ile 24 saatlik PAH giderim uygulamaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Giderim süreci sonunda hem toprakta kalan PAH’lar belirlenerek giderim verimleri hesaplanmış hem de topraktan buharlaşarak iç ortam havasında biriken PAH’ların poliüretan köpük (PUF) kolonundan geçirilerek örneklenmesi sağlanmıştır. Ultrasonik yöntemle ekstrakte edilen örneklerde PAH ölçümleri, Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometresi (GC-MS) cihazıyla yapılmıştır. 30 oC’de, UVC ışığının kullanımıyla toplam 12 PAH (∑12 PAH) için giderim verimlerinde %9’luk artış tespit edilmiştir. UVC-H2O2 uygulamalarında ∑12 PAH giderim verimleri %0, %1, %10 ve %20 H2O2 içeren örnekler için sırasıyla %90, %70, %46 ve %71 olarak hesaplanmış ve H2O2’nin 30 oC’de PAH giderimi için etkin bir katkı maddesi olmadığı kanaatine varılmıştır. UVC-H2O2 uygulamaları sonrasında topraktan havaya geçen PAH’ların %70’inin 3 halkalılardan ve %3’ünün 4 halkalılardan oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Fotoparçalanma, Halka Dağılımı, H2O2, PUF, Toprak

Supporting Institution

Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK)

Project Number

.......

Thanks

Bu çalışma, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu’nun (TÜBİTAK) ..............nolu projesi tarafından desteklenmiştir. ....’na, ...........’a ve ......................’ye örnek alımı ve laboratuvar aşamasındaki özverili çalışmaları için teşekkür ederiz.

The Effects of the Use of Additives in the Removal of PAH Pollution from Industrial Soils with UVC Applications

Abstract

The aim of this study is to removal of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil samples with ultraviolet-C (UVC) and ultraviolet-C/hydrogen peroxide (UVC-H2O2) applications. Soils were taken from an area near a cement factory in Bursa. H2O2 was added to the samples at the doses of 0%, 1%, 10% and 20% of dry soil weight and PAH removal applications were carried out during 24 hours. At the end of the removal process, the PAHs remaining in the soil were determined and the removal efficiencies were calculated. Besides, the PAHs accumulated in the indoor air by evaporating from the soil were sampled with polyurethane foam (PUF) column. The samples were extracted with ultrasonic method and PAHs were analyzed with the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Total 12 PAH (∑12 PAH) removal efficiency was increased by 9% with the use of UVC light at 30 oC. In UVC-H2O2 applications, ∑12 PAH removal efficiencies were calculated as 90%, 70%, 46% and 71% for samples containing 0%, 1%, 10% and 20% H2O2, respectively. It was concluded that H2O2 was not effective for PAH removal at 30 oC. After UVC-H2O2 applications, it was determined that 70% of evaporated PAHs consist of 3-ring PAHs and 3% consist of 4-ring PAH species.

Keywords

H2O2, Photodegradation, PUF, Ring Distribution, Soil

Project Number

.......

References

• [1] Lodovici, M., Venturini, M., Marini, E., Grechi, D., Dolara, P. 2003. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Air Levels in Florence, Italy, and Their Correlation with Other Air Pollutants, Chemosphere, Cilt. 50, s. 377-382. DOI: 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00404-6
• [2] ASTDR. 1995. Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, 487 s.
• [3] Walker, C.H. 2001. Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective. CRC Press, New York, 304 s.
• [4] Zhang, L.H., Li, P.J., Gong, Z.Q., Li, X.M. 2008. Photocatalytic Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Soil Surfaces using TiO2 under UV Light, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Cilt. 158, s. 478-484. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.119
• [5] Lima, A.T., Ottosen, L.M., Heister, K., Loch, J.P.G. 2012. Assessing PAH Removal from Clayey Soil by means of Electro-osmosis and Electrodialysis, Science of the Total Environment, Cilt. 435-436, s. 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.010
• [6] Karaca, G. 2013. Arıtma Çamurları ve Nilüfer Çayı Sedimentindeki Yarı Uçucu Organik Bileşik Seviyelerinin Belirlenmesi ve Giderimlerinin Araştırılması. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 214s, Bursa.
• [7] Zhang, H.B., Luo, Y.M., Wong, M.H., Zhao, Q.G., Zhang, G.L. 2006. Distributions and Concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong Soils, Environmental Pollution, Cilt. 141, s. 107-114. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.08.031
• [8] Wang, Y., Liu, C.S., Li, F.B., Liu, C.P., Liang, J.B. 2009. Photodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pyrene by Iron Oxide in Solid Phase, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Cilt. 162, s. 716–723. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.05.086
• [9] Guieysse, B., Viklund, G., Toes, A.C., Mattiasson, B. 2004. Combined UV-Biological Degradation of PAHs, Chemosphere, Cilt. 55, s. 1493-1499. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.021
• [10] Kakarla, P.K.C., Watts, R.J. 1997. Depth of Fenton-like Oxidation in Remediation of Surface Soil, Journal of Environmental Engineering-ASCE, Cilt. 123, s. 11-17. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1997)123:1(11)
• [11] Kulik, N., Goi, A., Trapido, M., Tuhkanen, T. 2006. Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Combined Chemical Pre-oxidation and Bioremediation in Creosote Contaminated Soil, Journal of Environmental Management, Cilt. 78, s. 382-391. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.05.005
• [12] Oppenländer, T. 2003. Photochemical Purification of Water and Air/Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Principles, Reaction Mechanisms, Reactor Concepts. Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 353 s.
• [13] Labas, M.D., Zalazar, C.S., Brandi, R.J., Cassano, A.E. 2008. Reaction Kinetics of Bacteria Disinfection Employing Hydrogen Peroxide, Biochemical Engineering Journal, Cilt. 38, s. 78–87. DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.06.008
• [14] Mamane, H., Shemer, H., Linden, K.G. 2007. Inactivation of E.coli, B.subtilis spores, and MS2, T4, and T7 phage using UV/H2O2 Advanced Oxidation, Journal of Hazardous Material, Cilt. 146, s. 479-486. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.050
• [15] Wang, G.S., Hsieh, S.T., Hong, C.S. 2000. Destruction of Humic Acid in Water by UV Light-Catalyzed Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide, Water Research, Cilt. 34, s. 3882-3887. DOI: 10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00120-2
• [16] Rivas, F.J., Beltran, F.J., Acedo, B. 2000. Chemical and Photochemical Degradation of Acenaphthylene. Intermediate Identification, Journal of Hazardous Material, Cilt. 75, s. 89–98. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00196-5
• [17] Shemer, H., Linden, K.G. 2007. Aqueous Photodegradation and Toxicity of the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Fluorene, Dibenzofuran, and Dibenzothiophene, Water Research, Cilt. 41, s. 853–861. DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.11.022
• [18] An, Y.J., Carraway, E.R. 2002. PAH Degradation by UV/H2O2 in Perfluorinated Surfactant Solutions, Water Research, Cilt. 36, s. 309–314. DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00206-8
• [19] Karaca, G., Tasdemir, Y. 2015. Application of Advanced Oxidation Processes for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Removal from Municipal Treatment Sludge, Clean – Soil, Air, Water, Cilt. 43, s. 191–196. DOI: 10.1002/clen.201300395
• [20] Eker Şanlı, G., Şengül, B. Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Industrial Soil with Solar and UV Light, Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Basımda. DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2018.1539018
• [21] Salihoglu, N.K., Karaca, G., Salihoglu G., Tasdemir Y. 2012. Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Municipal Sludge using UV Light, Desalination and Water Treatment, Cilt. 44, s. 324-333. DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2012.691689
• [22] Karaca, G., Tasdemir, Y. 2014a. Migration of PAHs in Food Industry Sludge to the Air during Removal by UV and TiO2, Science of the Total Environment, Cilt. 488-489, s. 356-361. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.082
• [23] Karaca, G., Tasdemir, Y. 2013. Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Industrial Sludges in the Ambient Air Conditions: Automotive Industry, Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, Cilt. 48, s. 855-861. DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2013.761481
• [24] Wang, Y.W., Zhang, Q.H., Lv, J.X., Li, A., Liu, H.X., Li, G.G., Jiang, G.B. 2007. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Organochlorine Pesticides in Sewage Sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plants in China, Chemosphere, Cilt. 68, s. 1683-1691. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.03.060
• [25] Karaca, G., Taşdemir, Y. 2011. Effect of Diethylamine on PAH Removal from Municipal Sludge under UV Light, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, Cilt. 20, s. 1777-1784.
• [26] Stevens, J.L., Northcott, G.L., Stern, G.A., Tomy, G.T., Jones, K.C. 2003. PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, Organochlorine Pesticides, Synthetic Musks, and Polychlorinated n-Alkanes in U.K. Sewage Sludge: Survey Results and Implications, Environmental Science and Technology, Cilt. 37, s. 462-467. DOI: 10.1021/es020161y
• [27] Tasdemir, Y., Odabasi, M., Vardar, N., Sofuoglu, A., Murphy, T.J., Holsen, T.M. 2004. Dry Deposition Fluxes and Velocities of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) associated with Particles, Atmospheric Environment, Cilt. 38, s. 2447-2456. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.02.006
• [28] Jonsson, S., Persson, Y., Frankki, S., van Bavel, B., Lundstedt, S., Haglund, P., Tysklind, M. 2007. Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Contaminated Soils by Fenton's Reagent: A Multivariate Evaluation of the Importance of Soil Characteristics and PAH Properties, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Cilt. 149, s. 86-96. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.03.057
• [29] Rivas, F.J., Beltran, F., Gimeno, O., Carvalho. F. 2003. Fenton-like Oxidation of Landfill Leachate, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A—Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, Cilt. 38, s. 371–379. DOI: 10.1081/ESE-120016901
• [30]Sapach, R., Viraraghavan, T. 1997. An Introduction to the Use of Hydrogen Peroxide and Ultraviolet Radiation: An Advanced Oxidation Process, Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A—Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering, Cilt. 32, s. 2355-2366. DOI: 10.1080/10934529709376686
• [31] Bekbölet, M. 2010. Fundamentals of Advanced Oxidation Processes. ss 13-21. Belgiorno, V., Naddeo, V., Rizzo, L., ed. 2010. Water, Wastewater and Soil Treatment by Advanced Oxidation Processes(AOPs), SEED, Fisciano, Italy, 272s.
• [32] Eker, G., Hatipoglu, M. 2018. Effect of UV Wavelength, Temperature and Photocatalyst on the Removal of PAHs from Industrial Soil with Photodegradation Applications, Environmental Technology, Cilt. 40, s. 3793-3803. DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1491635
• [33] Karaca, G., Tasdemir, Y. 2014b. Application of Various Methods for Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Synthetic Solid Matrices, Environmental Technology, Cilt. 35, s. 1840-1850. DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.884634
• [34]Huang, X.Y., Chen, J.W., Gao, L.N., Ding, G.H., Zhao, Y.Z., Schramm, K-W. 2004. Data Evaluations and Quantitative Predictive Models for Vapor Pressures of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Different Temperatures, SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research, Cilt. 15, s. 115–125. DOI: 10.1080/10629360410001665857
• [35]Shi, Z., Tao, S., Pan, B., Fan, W., He, X.C., Zuo, Q., Wu, S.P., Li, B.G., Cao, J., Liu, W.X., Xu, F.L., Wang, X.J., Shen, W.R., Wong, P.K. 2005. Contamination of Rivers in Tianjin, China by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Environmental Pollution, Cilt. 134, s. 97–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2004.07.014
• [36]Wang, D., Chen, J., Xu, Z., Qiao, X., Huang, L. 2005. Disappearance of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Sorbed on Surfaces of Pine [Pinua thunbergii] Needles under Irradiation of Sunlight: Volatilization and Photolysis, Atmospheric Environment, Cilt. 39, s. 4583–4591. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.04.008
• [37] Hawthorne, S.B., Grabanski, C.B. 2000. Vaporization of PAHs from Sediments at Ambient Conditions, Environmental Science and Technology, Cilt. 34, s. 4348-4353. DOI: 10.1021/es001199i