INVESTIGATION OF THE MALIC ACID CONCENTRATION ON EXTREMOPHILIC RED MICROALGA GALDIERIA SULPHURARIA

Year 2016, Volume: 18 Issue: 52, 101 - 107, 01.01.2016

Neslihan Demirci Çiğdem Demirkaya Zeliha Demirel , Esra İmamoğlu Meltem Conk Dalay

Abstract

Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid which is made by living organisms and the salts of malic acid are known as malates. Malates are used in pruvate/malate cycle that merges carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Based on this cycle, the prediction was that malic acid could change carbohydrates ratio in G.sulphuraria. In this study, the effects of malic acid concentrations were investigated on growth (maximum specific growth rate and doubling time) of extremophilic, red alga Galdieria sulphuraria (SAG 108.79). By increasing malic acid concentration, specific growth rate and biomass concentration were also increased, however the highest concentration of protein (153.81±0.673 mg/L) was obtained in 5 mM. The total amount of carbohydrates was increased about 8.35%

Keywords

Malic acid, Lipid, Protein, Carbohydrate, Galdieria sulphuraria, Microalga

MALİK ASİT KONSANTRASYONUNUN EKSTREMOFİLİK KIRMIZI MİKROALG GALDERİA SULPHURARİA DA ARAŞTIRILMASI

Abstract

Malik asit yaşayan organizmaların ürettiği ve malatlar gibi malik asit tuzları olduğu bilinen bir dikarboksilik asittir. Karbohidrat, yağ ve protein metabolizmasını birleştiren pürivat/malat döngüsünü içinde malatlar kullanılır. Bu döngü temelinde, malik asit Galderia sulphuraria nın karbonhidrat oranını değiştirebildiğini tahmin ediyoruz. Ayrıca bu konudaki benzer çalışmalara rastlanamamıştır. Bu çalışmada, malik asit konsantrasyonlarının ekstremofilik kırmızı alg G. Sulphuraria (SAG 108.79) büyümesi (maksimum spesifik büyüme oranı ve ikileneme süresi) üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Artan malik asit konsantrasyonunda spesifik büyüme oranı ve biykütle konsantrasyonu artarken, 5 mM konsantrasyonda proteinin en yüksek konsantrasyonu (153,81 ± 0,673 mg / L) belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlarımız karbonhidrat miktarında yaklaşık % 8,35 artış olduğunu göstermektedir

Keywords

Malik asit, Yağ, Protein, Karbonhidrat, Galderia sulphuraria, Mikroalg

References

• Varshney P, Mikulic P, Vonshak A, Beardall J, Wangikar PP. Extremophilic Micro-Algae and their Potential Contribution in Biotechnology, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 184, 2015, pp.363–372.
• Weber APM, Oesterhelt C, Gross W, Brautigam A, Imboden LA, Krassovskaya I, Linka N, Truchina J, Schneidereit J, Voll H, Voll LM, Zimmermann M, Jamai A, Riekhof WR, Yu B, Garavito R M, Benning C. EST-Analysis of the Thermo-Acidophilic Red Microalga Galdieria Sulphuraria Reveals Potential for Lipid A Biosynthesis and Unveils the Pathway of Carbon Export from Rhodoplasts, Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 55, 2004, pp.17–32.
• Schönknecht G, Chen WH, Ternes CM, Barbier GG, Shrestha RP, Stanke M, Bräutigam A, Baker BJ, Banfield JF, Garavito MR, Carr K, Wilkerson C, Rensing SA, Gagneul D, Dickenson NE, Oesterhelt C, Lercher MJ, Weber APM. Gene Transfer from Bacteria and Archaea Facilitated Evolution of an Extremophilic Eukaryote, Science, Vol. 339, 2013, pp.1207-1209.
• Gonzalez-Delgado AD, Kafarov V. Microalgae based Biorefinery: Issues to Consider, Ciencia Tecnologia Y Futuro, Vol. 4, 2011, pp.5-21.
• Singh J, Cu S. Commercialization Potential of Microalgae for biofuels Production, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 14 , 2010, pp.2596-610.
• Richmond A. Handbook of Microalgal Culture: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology, UK: Blackwell Science, 2004.
• Vonshak A, Richmond A. Mass Production of the Blue-Green Spirulina: An Overview, Biomass, 1988, Vol. 15, pp.233–247.
• Talebi M, Hadavi E, Jaafari N. Foliar Sprays of Citric Acid and Malic Acid Modify Growth, Flowering, and Root to Shoot Ratio of Gazania (Gazania rigens L.): A Comparative Analysis by ANOVA and Structural Equations Modeling, Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Agriculture, 2014, pp.1-6.
• Mondala AH. Direct Fungal Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Itaconic, Fumaric, and Malic Acids: Current and Future Prospects, J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, Vol. 42, 2015, pp.487–506.
• Andersen RA. Algal Culturing Techniques, Burlington: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005.
• Wood AM, Everroad RC, Wingard LM. Measuring Growth Rates in Microalgal Cultures, In: (Ed.) RA. Andersen, USA: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005, pp.269-85.
• Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent, J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 193, 1951, pp.265-275.
• Demirel Z, Imamoglu E, Conk Dalay M. Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Content of Cylindrotheca Closterium Cultivated in Air-Lift Photobioreactor, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., Vol. 90, No. 12, 2015, pp.2290-2296.
• Dubois M, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F. Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances, Anal. Chem., Vol. 28, 1956, pp.350-356.
• Sloth JK, Wiebe MG, Eriksen NT. Accumulation of Phycocyanin in Heterotrophic and Mixotrophic Cultures of the Acidophilic Red Alga Galdieria Sulphuraria, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 38, 2006, pp.168–175.
• Barbier G, Oesterhelt C, Larson MD, Halgren RG, Wilkerson C, Garavito RM, Benning C, Weber AP. Comparative Genomics of Two Closely Related Unicellular Thermo- Acidophilic Red Algae, Galdieria Sulphuraria and Cyanidioschyzon Merolae, Reveals the Molecular Basis of the Metabolic Flexibility of Galdieria Sulphuraria and Significant Differences in Carbohydrate Metabolism of Both Algae, Plant Physiol, Vol. 137, 2005, pp.460–474.
• Moriyama T, Mori N, Sato N. Activation of Oxidative Carbon Metabolism by Nutritional Enrichment by Photosynthesis and Exogenous Organic Compounds in the Red Alga Cyanidioschyzon Merolae: Evidence for Heterotrophic Growth, SpringerPlus, Vol. 4, No. 559, 2015, pp.1-22.
• Ratledge C, Wynn JP. The Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Lipid Accumulation in Oleaginous Microorganisms, Adv Appl Microbiol, Vol. 51, 2002, pp.1-51.
• Ratledge C. Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Microorganisms Being Used for Single Cell Oil production, Biochimie, Vol. 86, 2004, pp.807-815.
• Selvaratnam T, Pegallapati AK , Montelya F, Rodriguez G, Nirmalakhandan N, Voorhies W Van, Lammers PJ. Evaluation of a Thermo-Tolerant Acidophilic Alga, Galdieria Sulphuraria, for Nutrient Removal from Urban Wastewaters, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 156, 2014, pp.395–399.
• Graziani G, Schiavo S, Nicolai MA, Buono S, Fogliano V, Pintoac G, Pollioa A. Microalgae as Human Food: Chemical and Nutritional Characteristics of the Thermo- Acidophilic Microalga Galdieria Sulphuraria, Food & Function, Vol. 4, 2013, pp.144–152