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Stabilize Edilmiş İzmir Körfez Bölgesi Doğu Kıyı Şeridi Delta Zeminlerinin XRD ve SEM Analizleri

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 63, 967 - 978, 20.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2019216325

Abstract

İzmir Körfezi'nin Batı sahilinde
Meles çayı, Arap ve Manda dereleri tarafından taşınmış yaklaşık 3 milyon
metreküp kirlenmiş alüvyonel zemin bulunmaktadır. Bu akarsular, 300.000 m2‘lik
bir deltayı paylaşmaktadır. Deltada bulunan alüvyonlar 10 ila 15 m kalınlığında
yüksek su içeriği ve düşük taşıma kapasitesine sahip katmanlardan oluşmaktadır.
Meles deltası zaman içerisinde, büyük ölçekli konut inşaat projelerinin
yapımının başladığı şehrin doğu sahil şeridi içinde kalmıştır. Geniş bir alan
işgal eden ve rekreasyon çalışmaları için bile uygun olmayan bu yumuşak
birikintilerinin maliyet etkin bir şekilde stabilizasyonuna ihtiyaç
duyulmaktadır. Ayrıca, yolcu gemilerinin İzmir Limanı'na yaklaşma kanalını
derinleştirmek için delta alanının deniz dibi kısmının da taranması
planlanmaktadır. Tarama yolu ile toplanacak kirlenmiş deniz sedimentlerinin
depolanması da ayrıca çevresel bir sorun oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, kireç,
çimento ve bunların farklı oranlarda karışımları kullanılarak, Meles Deltası
zeminlerinin stabilizasyonu hedeflenmiştir. Optimum katkı oranlarını belirlemek
için tek eksenli basınç deneyleri yapılmıştır. Stabilizasyon ürünlerini ve
mikro yapıdaki değişiklikleri gözlemlemek için stabilize edilmiş zemin
numunelerinde X-ışını kırınım (XRD) testleri ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu
görüntülemesi (SEM) yapılmıştır. X-ışını testlerinde değişik oranlarda
stabilizasyon ürünleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, işlenmemiş ve stabilize
edilmiş zemin örneklerinin SEM görüntülerinin karşılaştırılması, mikro yapıda
kalsiyum alümina hidratlar ve kalsiyum silika hidratların varlığını ortaya
koymuştur. 

References

  • [1] Bruce, D.A., Bruce, M.E.C. and Dimillio, A.F., 1999. Dry mix methods: A brief overview of international practice. In Proceedings of International Conference on Dry Mix Methods for Deep Soil Stabilization, Balkema, Rotterdam (pp. 15-25).
  • [2] Timoney, M.J. and McCabe, B., 2012. Experiences of dry soil mixing in organic soils. Journal of Engineering Geology, 19(1), pp.7-80.
  • [3] Baran, T. ve Gülay, M. İzmir Meles Çayı Deltası Islah projesi, Türkiye İnşaat Mühendisliği XVII. Teknik Kongre ve Sergisi, TMMOB İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası, 14 - 17 Nisan 2004, İstanbul.
  • [4] Locat, J., Bérubé, M.A. and Choquette, M., 1990. Laboratory investigations on the lime stabilization of sensitive clays: shear strength development. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27(3), pp.294-304.
  • [5] Bell, F.G., 1996. Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Engineering geology, 42(4), pp.223-237.
  • [6] Prusinski, J. and Bhattacharja, S., 1999. Effectiveness of Portland cement and lime in stabilizing clay soils. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1652), pp.215-227.
  • [7] Esrig, M.I., Mac Kenna, P.E. and Forte, E.P., 2003. Ground stabilization in the United States by the Scandinavian lime cement dry mix process. In Grouting and Ground Treatment (pp. 501-514).
  • [8] Rajasekaran, G., 2005. Sulphate attack and ettringite formation in the lime and cement stabilized marine clays. Ocean Engineering, 32(8-9), pp.1133-1159.
  • [9] Boardman, D.I., Glendinning, S. and Rogers, C.D.F., 2001. Development of stabilisation and solidification in lime–clay mixes. Geotechnique, 51(6), pp.533-543.
  • [10] Bergado, D.T., Anderson, L.R., Miura, N. and Balasubramaniam, A.S., 1996, January. Soft ground improvement in lowland and other environments. ASCE.
  • [11] Hebib, S. and Farrell, E.R., 2003. Some experiences on the stabilization of Irish peats. Canadian geotechnical journal, 40(1), pp.107-120.
  • [12] Hernandez-Martinez, F.G., & Al Tabbaa, A. (2005). Strength properties of stabilised peat. Proceedings of the International Conference on Deep Mixing – Best Practice and Recent Advances. Swedish Deep Stabilisation Research Centre, Stockholm, Sweden, (1), 69–78.
  • 13] Axelsson, K., Johansson, S.E. and Andersson, R., 2002. Stabilization of organic soils by cement and Puzzolanic reactions–feasibility study. Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre, Report, 3, pp.1-51.
  • [14] Wang, D., Abriak, N.E., Zentar, R. and Chen, W., 2013. Effect of lime treatment on geotechnical properties of Dunkirk sediments in France. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 14(3), pp.485-503.
  • [15] Grubb, D.G., Chrysochoou, M., Smith, C.J. and Malasavage, N.E., 2010. Stabilized dredged material. I: Parametric study. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(8), pp.1011-1024.
  • [16] Miura, N., Horpibulsuk, S. and Nagaraj, T.S., 2001. Engineering behavior of cement stabilized clay at high water content. Soils and Foundations, 41(5), pp.33-45.
  • [17] Di Sante, M., Fratalocchi, E., Mazzieri, F. and Pasqualini, E., 2014. Time of reactions in a lime treated clayey soil and influence of curing conditions on its microstructure and behaviour. Applied Clay Science, 99, pp.100-109.
  • [18] Rajasekaran, G., Murali, K. and Srinivasaraghavan, R., 1997. Fabric and mineralogical studies on lime treated marine clays. Ocean engineering, 24(3), pp.227-234.
  • [19] Dash, S.K. and Hussain, M., 2011. Lime stabilization of soils: reappraisal. Journal of materials in civil engineering, 24(6), pp.707-714.
  • [20] Jose, B.T. (1989). A study of the physical and engineering behaviour of Cochin marine clays. Ph.D. Thesis, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin.
  • [21] LADES, J. and GRIM, R., 1966. A quick test to determine lime requirements of lime stabilisation. Highway Research Record, 139, pp.61-72.
  • [22] Sarıavcı, C., (2016). Stabilizing Meles Delta Soils and Monitoring the Bonding Structures Using SEM and XRD Analyses. Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Master Thesis.
  • [23] Lasledj, A. and Al-Mukhtar, M., 2008, October. Effect of hydrated lime on the engineering behaviour and the microstructure of highly expansive clay. In The 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics.

SEM and XRD Analyses of Stabilized East Coastline Delta Soils of Izmir Bay Area

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 63, 967 - 978, 20.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2019216325

Abstract




The gulf of İzmir contains 3
million cubic meters of polluted sediments carried by Meles, Arap and Manda
rivers. These rivers share the same delta with a surface area approximately
300.000 m2, where 10 to 15 m thick sediment layers were deposited
with high water content and low bearing capacity. The delta is now located
along the east coastline of the city, where large scale residential building
projects are under construction. These soil deposits that are unsuitable for
the establishment of recreational facilities need to be stabilized in a
cost-effective way. Besides, the sea bottom portion of the delta area will be
dredged in order to deepen the approach channel of the cruise ships to the Izmir
Port. The disposal of the contaminated sea sediments has also become an
environmental concern. In this study, lime and cement and their mixtures with
varying portions were considered as a stabilization agent for soft and
contaminated sediments. Unconfined compression tests were conducted in order
to determine the optimum additive percentages. X-ray diffraction tests (XRD)
and scan electron microscope (SEM) imaging were performed on the stabilized
soil specimens in order to observe the cementitious products and changes in
the micro structure. In X-ray tests, cementitious by-products were detected
in varying ratios. Also, the comparison of SEM images of untreated and
stabilized soil specimens reveals the presence of calcium alumina hydrates
and calcium silica hydrates in the micro structure. 





References

  • [1] Bruce, D.A., Bruce, M.E.C. and Dimillio, A.F., 1999. Dry mix methods: A brief overview of international practice. In Proceedings of International Conference on Dry Mix Methods for Deep Soil Stabilization, Balkema, Rotterdam (pp. 15-25).
  • [2] Timoney, M.J. and McCabe, B., 2012. Experiences of dry soil mixing in organic soils. Journal of Engineering Geology, 19(1), pp.7-80.
  • [3] Baran, T. ve Gülay, M. İzmir Meles Çayı Deltası Islah projesi, Türkiye İnşaat Mühendisliği XVII. Teknik Kongre ve Sergisi, TMMOB İnşaat Mühendisleri Odası, 14 - 17 Nisan 2004, İstanbul.
  • [4] Locat, J., Bérubé, M.A. and Choquette, M., 1990. Laboratory investigations on the lime stabilization of sensitive clays: shear strength development. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27(3), pp.294-304.
  • [5] Bell, F.G., 1996. Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Engineering geology, 42(4), pp.223-237.
  • [6] Prusinski, J. and Bhattacharja, S., 1999. Effectiveness of Portland cement and lime in stabilizing clay soils. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1652), pp.215-227.
  • [7] Esrig, M.I., Mac Kenna, P.E. and Forte, E.P., 2003. Ground stabilization in the United States by the Scandinavian lime cement dry mix process. In Grouting and Ground Treatment (pp. 501-514).
  • [8] Rajasekaran, G., 2005. Sulphate attack and ettringite formation in the lime and cement stabilized marine clays. Ocean Engineering, 32(8-9), pp.1133-1159.
  • [9] Boardman, D.I., Glendinning, S. and Rogers, C.D.F., 2001. Development of stabilisation and solidification in lime–clay mixes. Geotechnique, 51(6), pp.533-543.
  • [10] Bergado, D.T., Anderson, L.R., Miura, N. and Balasubramaniam, A.S., 1996, January. Soft ground improvement in lowland and other environments. ASCE.
  • [11] Hebib, S. and Farrell, E.R., 2003. Some experiences on the stabilization of Irish peats. Canadian geotechnical journal, 40(1), pp.107-120.
  • [12] Hernandez-Martinez, F.G., & Al Tabbaa, A. (2005). Strength properties of stabilised peat. Proceedings of the International Conference on Deep Mixing – Best Practice and Recent Advances. Swedish Deep Stabilisation Research Centre, Stockholm, Sweden, (1), 69–78.
  • 13] Axelsson, K., Johansson, S.E. and Andersson, R., 2002. Stabilization of organic soils by cement and Puzzolanic reactions–feasibility study. Swedish Deep Stabilization Research Centre, Report, 3, pp.1-51.
  • [14] Wang, D., Abriak, N.E., Zentar, R. and Chen, W., 2013. Effect of lime treatment on geotechnical properties of Dunkirk sediments in France. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 14(3), pp.485-503.
  • [15] Grubb, D.G., Chrysochoou, M., Smith, C.J. and Malasavage, N.E., 2010. Stabilized dredged material. I: Parametric study. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(8), pp.1011-1024.
  • [16] Miura, N., Horpibulsuk, S. and Nagaraj, T.S., 2001. Engineering behavior of cement stabilized clay at high water content. Soils and Foundations, 41(5), pp.33-45.
  • [17] Di Sante, M., Fratalocchi, E., Mazzieri, F. and Pasqualini, E., 2014. Time of reactions in a lime treated clayey soil and influence of curing conditions on its microstructure and behaviour. Applied Clay Science, 99, pp.100-109.
  • [18] Rajasekaran, G., Murali, K. and Srinivasaraghavan, R., 1997. Fabric and mineralogical studies on lime treated marine clays. Ocean engineering, 24(3), pp.227-234.
  • [19] Dash, S.K. and Hussain, M., 2011. Lime stabilization of soils: reappraisal. Journal of materials in civil engineering, 24(6), pp.707-714.
  • [20] Jose, B.T. (1989). A study of the physical and engineering behaviour of Cochin marine clays. Ph.D. Thesis, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin.
  • [21] LADES, J. and GRIM, R., 1966. A quick test to determine lime requirements of lime stabilisation. Highway Research Record, 139, pp.61-72.
  • [22] Sarıavcı, C., (2016). Stabilizing Meles Delta Soils and Monitoring the Bonding Structures Using SEM and XRD Analyses. Dokuz Eylül University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences. Master Thesis.
  • [23] Lasledj, A. and Al-Mukhtar, M., 2008, October. Effect of hydrated lime on the engineering behaviour and the microstructure of highly expansive clay. In The 12th International Conference of International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Okan Önal 0000-0002-3089-2711

Çağrıhan Sarıavcı This is me 0000-0002-0897-7444

Publication Date September 20, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 21 Issue: 63

Cite

APA Önal, O., & Sarıavcı, Ç. (2019). Stabilize Edilmiş İzmir Körfez Bölgesi Doğu Kıyı Şeridi Delta Zeminlerinin XRD ve SEM Analizleri. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 21(63), 967-978. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2019216325
AMA Önal O, Sarıavcı Ç. Stabilize Edilmiş İzmir Körfez Bölgesi Doğu Kıyı Şeridi Delta Zeminlerinin XRD ve SEM Analizleri. DEUFMD. September 2019;21(63):967-978. doi:10.21205/deufmd.2019216325
Chicago Önal, Okan, and Çağrıhan Sarıavcı. “Stabilize Edilmiş İzmir Körfez Bölgesi Doğu Kıyı Şeridi Delta Zeminlerinin XRD Ve SEM Analizleri”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi 21, no. 63 (September 2019): 967-78. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2019216325.
EndNote Önal O, Sarıavcı Ç (September 1, 2019) Stabilize Edilmiş İzmir Körfez Bölgesi Doğu Kıyı Şeridi Delta Zeminlerinin XRD ve SEM Analizleri. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 21 63 967–978.
IEEE O. Önal and Ç. Sarıavcı, “Stabilize Edilmiş İzmir Körfez Bölgesi Doğu Kıyı Şeridi Delta Zeminlerinin XRD ve SEM Analizleri”, DEUFMD, vol. 21, no. 63, pp. 967–978, 2019, doi: 10.21205/deufmd.2019216325.
ISNAD Önal, Okan - Sarıavcı, Çağrıhan. “Stabilize Edilmiş İzmir Körfez Bölgesi Doğu Kıyı Şeridi Delta Zeminlerinin XRD Ve SEM Analizleri”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 21/63 (September 2019), 967-978. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2019216325.
JAMA Önal O, Sarıavcı Ç. Stabilize Edilmiş İzmir Körfez Bölgesi Doğu Kıyı Şeridi Delta Zeminlerinin XRD ve SEM Analizleri. DEUFMD. 2019;21:967–978.
MLA Önal, Okan and Çağrıhan Sarıavcı. “Stabilize Edilmiş İzmir Körfez Bölgesi Doğu Kıyı Şeridi Delta Zeminlerinin XRD Ve SEM Analizleri”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 63, 2019, pp. 967-78, doi:10.21205/deufmd.2019216325.
Vancouver Önal O, Sarıavcı Ç. Stabilize Edilmiş İzmir Körfez Bölgesi Doğu Kıyı Şeridi Delta Zeminlerinin XRD ve SEM Analizleri. DEUFMD. 2019;21(63):967-78.

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi Dekanlığı Tınaztepe Yerleşkesi, Adatepe Mah. Doğuş Cad. No: 207-I / 35390 Buca-İZMİR.