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Comprehensive Design of Slotless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: Effects of Series and Parallel Turns

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 80, 189 - 198, 23.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2025278004

Abstract

A comprehensive design methodology of a slotless permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) based on a grid search and elimination method is presented in this study. The design process aims to investigate the effects of various design choices on machine cost and efficiency but not to obtain an optimal design. A high precision long cylinder type actuator with 1 kW rated power, 12,000 rpm rated speed, 50 mm diameter, and 135 mm maximum axial length is selected as the target design. The performance of design candidates is evaluated using an analytical model that includes the calculation of magnetic flux density, induced voltage, torque, and phase conductor losses. As the phase conductors are directly exposed to air-gap flux, conductor losses are calculated considering the the air-gap magnetic field. Due to this effect, the conductor design in slotless PMSMs should be done carefully. Therefore, in the next step, first the designs that satisfy the application requirements are distinguished, and then the series turn numbers as well as wire diameters and parallel turn numbers are assigned to each of them. Those assignments are made based on assumptions that assure the manufacturability of the winding. All the output designs are depicted with respect to their magnet volume and winding conductor losses to obtain a Pareto-optimal front curve. Thus, the effects of different design decisions on these two performance variables were observed. As expected, the designs with a high number of parallel turns have higher efficiencies. Furthermore, when the designs with the same number of parallel turns are compared, the ones with smaller permanent magnet volumes are found to be preferable since the total cost of their raw materials is around 20% cheaper with almost no difference in their efficiencies.

References

  • [1] Min, S.G., Sarlioglu, B., 2018. Advantages and characteristic analysis of slotless rotary PM machines in comparison with conventional laminated design using statistical technique. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, Vol. 4(2), pp. 517–524. DOI: 10.1109/TTE.2018.2810230.
  • [2] Djelloul-Khedda, Z., Boughrara, K., Dubas, F., Kechroud, A., Souleyman, B., 2018. Semi-analytical magnetic field predicting in many structures of permanent-magnet synchronous machines considering the iron permeability. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 54(7). DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2018.2824278.
  • [3] Zhu, Z.Q., Howe, D., Bolte, E., Ackermann, B., 1993. Instantaneous magnetic field distribution in brushless permanent magnet DC motors. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 29(1), pp. 124–135. DOI: 10.1109/20.195559.
  • [4] Xia, Z., Zhu, Z.Q., Howe, D., 2004. Analytical magnetic field analysis of Halbach magnetized permanent-magnet machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 40(4), pp. 1864–1872. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2004.828933.
  • [5] Rahideh, A., Korakianitis, T., 2012. Analytic magnetic field distribution of slotless brushless PM motors. Part 2: Open-circuit field and torque calculations. IET Electric Power Applications, Vol. 6(9), pp. 639–651. DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2011.0386.
  • [6] Tessarolo, A., Bortolozzi, M., Bruzzese, C., 2016. Explicit torque and back EMF expressions for slotless surface permanent magnet machines with different magnetization patterns. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 52(8), pp. 1–15. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2016.2543682.
  • [7] Chen, Y.S., Zhu, Z.Q., Howe, D., 1999. Slotless brushless permanent magnet machines: Influence of design parameters. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 14(3), pp. 686–691. DOI: 10.1109/60.790936.
  • [8] Marković, M., Perriard, Y., 2006. Simplified design methodology for a slotless brushless DC motor. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 42(12), pp. 3842–3846. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2006.884108.
  • [9] Pfister, J.P., Perriard, Y., 2010. Very-high-speed slotless permanent-magnet motors: Analytical modeling, optimization, design, and torque measurement methods. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57(1), pp. 296–303. DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2009.2027919.
  • [10] Kazerooni, K., Rahideh, A., Aghaei, J., 2016. Experimental optimal design of slotless brushless PM machines based on 2-D analytical model. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 52(5), pp. 1–16. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2016.2514505.
  • [11] Luomi, J., Zwyssig, C., Looser, A., Kolar, J.W., 2007. Efficiency optimization of a 100-W, 500 000-rpm permanent-magnet machine including air friction losses. In: 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, 23–27 September, New Orleans, USA. DOI: 10.1109/07IAS.2007.135.
  • [12] Min, S.G., 2021. Modeling, investigation, and minimization of AC winding loss in slotless PM machines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 36(3), pp. 2249–2260. DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2021.3050251.
  • [13] Seo, J.M., Kim, J.H., Jung, I.S., Jung, H.K., 2011. Design and analysis of slotless brushless DC motor. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 47(2), pp. 730–735. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2010.2091611.
  • [14] Burnand, G., Thabuis, A., Araujo, D.M., Perriard, Y., 2020. Novel optimized shape and topology for slotless windings in BLDC machines. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 56(2), pp. 1275–1283. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2019.2956717.
  • [15] Zhao, J., Wang, Y., Deng, L., Tang, L., Liu, X., He, W., 2023. Design and optimization of a slotless PMSM with hexagon distributed FPC winding. In: 2023 26th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), China. DOI: 10.1109/ICEMS59686.2023.10344589.
  • [16] Lee, M., Koo, B., Nam, K., 2021. Analytic optimization of the Halbach array slotless motor considering stator yoke saturation. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 57(2), pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2020.3019353.
  • [17] Lee, D., Balachandran, T., Sirimanna, S., Salk, N., Yoon, A., Xiao, P., Macks, J., Yu, Y., Lin, S., Schuh, J., Powell, P., Haran, K.S., 2022. Detailed design and prototyping of a high power density slotless PMSM. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 59(2), pp. 1719–1727. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2022.3230379.
  • [18] Gallego, G.B., Rossini, L., Achtnich, T., Araujo, D.M., Perriard, Y., 2021. Efficiency optimization of slotless magnetic-bearing machines. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 57(6), pp. 6833–6843. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2021.3072614.
  • [19] Rahideh, A., Korakianitis, T., 2012. Analytic magnetic field distribution of slotless brushless PM motors. Part 1: Armature reaction field, inductance and rotor eddy current loss calculations. IET Electric Power Applications, Vol. 6(9), pp. 628–638. DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2011.0385.
  • [20] Müller, G., Vogt, K., Ponick, B., 2007. Berechnung elektrischer Maschinen. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 440–453. DOI: 10.1002/9783527625079.

Oluksuz Sürekli Mıknatıslı Senkron Motorların Kapsamlı Tasarımı: Seri ve Paralel Sarım Sayılarının Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 27 Issue: 80, 189 - 198, 23.05.2025
https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2025278004

Abstract

Oluksuz sürekli mıknatıslı bir senkron motorun ızgara araması ve eleme yöntemine dayanarak yapılmış kapsamlı tasarım metodolojisi bu çalışmada sunulmaktadır. Tasarım sürecinin amacı, çeşitli tasarım seçeneklerinin motor maliyeti ve verimliliği üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak, ancak optimal bir tasarım elde etmek değildir. Hedef tasarım olarak, 1 kW nominal güç, 12,000 devir/dakika nominal hız, 50 mm çapında ve 135 mm maksimum eksenel uzunluğa sahip yüksek hassasiyetli uzun silindir tipi bir aktüatör seçilmiştir. Tasarım adaylarının performansı, manyetik akı yoğunluğu, indüklenen gerilim, moment ve faz iletkeni kayıplarının hesaplanmasını içeren analitik bir model kullanılarak değerlendirilir. Faz iletkenleri doğrudan hava aralığı akı sına maruz kaldığından, iletken kayıpları hava aralığı manyetik alan dikkate alınarak hesaplanır. Bu etkiden dolayı oluksuz PMSM'lerdeki iletken tasarımı dikkatli yapılmalıdır. Bu nedenle bir sonraki adımda öncelikle uygulama gereksinimlerini karşılayan tasarımlar ayrıştırılmakta ve sonrasında her birine olası seri sarım sayıları ile tel çapları ve paralel sarım sayıları atanmaktadır. Bu atamalar, sarımın üretilebilirliğini garanti eden varsayımlara dayalı olarak yapılır. Pareto-optimal bir ön eğri elde etmek için tüm çıkış tasarımları mıknatıs hacimlerine ve sargı iletken kayıplarına göre tasvir edilmiştir. Böylelikle farklı tasarım kararlarının bu iki performans kriterine etkileri gözlemlenmiştir. Beklendiği üzere, paralel sarım sayısı fazla olan tasarımların verimliliği daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca aynı sayıda paralel sarımlı tasarımlar karşılaştırıldığında, kalıcı mıknatıs hacimleri daha küçük olanların, hammaddelerinin toplam maliyetinin %20 civarında daha ucuz olması ve verimliliklerinde de neredeyse hiç fark olmaması nedeniyle daha avantajlı oldukları görülmektedir.

References

  • [1] Min, S.G., Sarlioglu, B., 2018. Advantages and characteristic analysis of slotless rotary PM machines in comparison with conventional laminated design using statistical technique. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification, Vol. 4(2), pp. 517–524. DOI: 10.1109/TTE.2018.2810230.
  • [2] Djelloul-Khedda, Z., Boughrara, K., Dubas, F., Kechroud, A., Souleyman, B., 2018. Semi-analytical magnetic field predicting in many structures of permanent-magnet synchronous machines considering the iron permeability. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 54(7). DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2018.2824278.
  • [3] Zhu, Z.Q., Howe, D., Bolte, E., Ackermann, B., 1993. Instantaneous magnetic field distribution in brushless permanent magnet DC motors. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 29(1), pp. 124–135. DOI: 10.1109/20.195559.
  • [4] Xia, Z., Zhu, Z.Q., Howe, D., 2004. Analytical magnetic field analysis of Halbach magnetized permanent-magnet machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 40(4), pp. 1864–1872. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2004.828933.
  • [5] Rahideh, A., Korakianitis, T., 2012. Analytic magnetic field distribution of slotless brushless PM motors. Part 2: Open-circuit field and torque calculations. IET Electric Power Applications, Vol. 6(9), pp. 639–651. DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2011.0386.
  • [6] Tessarolo, A., Bortolozzi, M., Bruzzese, C., 2016. Explicit torque and back EMF expressions for slotless surface permanent magnet machines with different magnetization patterns. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 52(8), pp. 1–15. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2016.2543682.
  • [7] Chen, Y.S., Zhu, Z.Q., Howe, D., 1999. Slotless brushless permanent magnet machines: Influence of design parameters. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 14(3), pp. 686–691. DOI: 10.1109/60.790936.
  • [8] Marković, M., Perriard, Y., 2006. Simplified design methodology for a slotless brushless DC motor. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 42(12), pp. 3842–3846. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2006.884108.
  • [9] Pfister, J.P., Perriard, Y., 2010. Very-high-speed slotless permanent-magnet motors: Analytical modeling, optimization, design, and torque measurement methods. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57(1), pp. 296–303. DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2009.2027919.
  • [10] Kazerooni, K., Rahideh, A., Aghaei, J., 2016. Experimental optimal design of slotless brushless PM machines based on 2-D analytical model. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 52(5), pp. 1–16. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2016.2514505.
  • [11] Luomi, J., Zwyssig, C., Looser, A., Kolar, J.W., 2007. Efficiency optimization of a 100-W, 500 000-rpm permanent-magnet machine including air friction losses. In: 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting, 23–27 September, New Orleans, USA. DOI: 10.1109/07IAS.2007.135.
  • [12] Min, S.G., 2021. Modeling, investigation, and minimization of AC winding loss in slotless PM machines. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 36(3), pp. 2249–2260. DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2021.3050251.
  • [13] Seo, J.M., Kim, J.H., Jung, I.S., Jung, H.K., 2011. Design and analysis of slotless brushless DC motor. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 47(2), pp. 730–735. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2010.2091611.
  • [14] Burnand, G., Thabuis, A., Araujo, D.M., Perriard, Y., 2020. Novel optimized shape and topology for slotless windings in BLDC machines. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 56(2), pp. 1275–1283. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2019.2956717.
  • [15] Zhao, J., Wang, Y., Deng, L., Tang, L., Liu, X., He, W., 2023. Design and optimization of a slotless PMSM with hexagon distributed FPC winding. In: 2023 26th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), China. DOI: 10.1109/ICEMS59686.2023.10344589.
  • [16] Lee, M., Koo, B., Nam, K., 2021. Analytic optimization of the Halbach array slotless motor considering stator yoke saturation. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 57(2), pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/TMAG.2020.3019353.
  • [17] Lee, D., Balachandran, T., Sirimanna, S., Salk, N., Yoon, A., Xiao, P., Macks, J., Yu, Y., Lin, S., Schuh, J., Powell, P., Haran, K.S., 2022. Detailed design and prototyping of a high power density slotless PMSM. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 59(2), pp. 1719–1727. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2022.3230379.
  • [18] Gallego, G.B., Rossini, L., Achtnich, T., Araujo, D.M., Perriard, Y., 2021. Efficiency optimization of slotless magnetic-bearing machines. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 57(6), pp. 6833–6843. DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2021.3072614.
  • [19] Rahideh, A., Korakianitis, T., 2012. Analytic magnetic field distribution of slotless brushless PM motors. Part 1: Armature reaction field, inductance and rotor eddy current loss calculations. IET Electric Power Applications, Vol. 6(9), pp. 628–638. DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2011.0385.
  • [20] Müller, G., Vogt, K., Ponick, B., 2007. Berechnung elektrischer Maschinen. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 440–453. DOI: 10.1002/9783527625079.
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Electrical Machines and Drives
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Yusuf Basri Yılmaz 0000-0001-9601-7170

Emine Bostancı 0000-0002-3047-6953

Early Pub Date May 12, 2025
Publication Date May 23, 2025
Submission Date December 28, 2023
Acceptance Date July 30, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 80

Cite

APA Yılmaz, Y. B., & Bostancı, E. (2025). Comprehensive Design of Slotless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: Effects of Series and Parallel Turns. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 27(80), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2025278004
AMA Yılmaz YB, Bostancı E. Comprehensive Design of Slotless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: Effects of Series and Parallel Turns. DEUFMD. May 2025;27(80):189-198. doi:10.21205/deufmd.2025278004
Chicago Yılmaz, Yusuf Basri, and Emine Bostancı. “Comprehensive Design of Slotless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: Effects of Series and Parallel Turns”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi 27, no. 80 (May 2025): 189-98. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2025278004.
EndNote Yılmaz YB, Bostancı E (May 1, 2025) Comprehensive Design of Slotless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: Effects of Series and Parallel Turns. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 27 80 189–198.
IEEE Y. B. Yılmaz and E. Bostancı, “Comprehensive Design of Slotless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: Effects of Series and Parallel Turns”, DEUFMD, vol. 27, no. 80, pp. 189–198, 2025, doi: 10.21205/deufmd.2025278004.
ISNAD Yılmaz, Yusuf Basri - Bostancı, Emine. “Comprehensive Design of Slotless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: Effects of Series and Parallel Turns”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi 27/80 (May2025), 189-198. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2025278004.
JAMA Yılmaz YB, Bostancı E. Comprehensive Design of Slotless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: Effects of Series and Parallel Turns. DEUFMD. 2025;27:189–198.
MLA Yılmaz, Yusuf Basri and Emine Bostancı. “Comprehensive Design of Slotless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: Effects of Series and Parallel Turns”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, vol. 27, no. 80, 2025, pp. 189-98, doi:10.21205/deufmd.2025278004.
Vancouver Yılmaz YB, Bostancı E. Comprehensive Design of Slotless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors: Effects of Series and Parallel Turns. DEUFMD. 2025;27(80):189-98.