THE LIMITS OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE: THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND CHINA

Abstract

China's rapid economic growth and integration into the global economies have largely significant economic impacts and political implications for the EU. Since China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), the flows of trade have expanded substantially. Building on long-existing relations, the EU has established links with China since the 1970s. Over the past decades, the relationship between China and the EU has thus evolved into comprehensive strategic partnership. Both parties have employed several strategies such as summit diplomacy, bilateral approaches, multilateral cooperation, policy papers to improve ties and overcome growing concerns. Economic interests have remained primary.
After an overview of the historical evolution of political relations, this paper considers the three main motives which may drive China to provide economic relations with the EU, such as granting the market economy status, the needs of the foreign direct investments (FDI), growth in the volume of trade. The last part of the paper examines the interests and dilemmas of the China- EU economic relationship using the neoliberal theory of international politics as a framework for analysis. With this last point in mind, this paper attempts to analyse the relationship between interdependence and conflict with case studies.

Keywords

• China,European Union,Comprehensive Strategic Partnership,Foreign Direct Investment,Market Economy Status

EKONOMİK KARŞILIKLI BAĞIMLILIĞIN SINIRLARI: AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ VE ÇİN ÖRNEĞİ

Abstract

Çin'in hızlı ekonomik büyümesi ve küresel ekonomilere entegrasyonu AB için büyük ölçüde ekonomik etkilere ve siyasi uygulamalara sahiptir. Çin’in Dünya Ticaret Örgütü’ne (DTÖ) katılmasından bu yana ticaret akışı önemli ölçüde genişlemiştir. Uzun süredir var olan ilişkilere dayanan AB, 1970'lerden beri Çin ile bağlar kurmuştur. Geçtiğimiz on yıllar boyunca, Çin ile AB arasındaki ilişki bu nedenle kapsamlı bir stratejik ortaklığa dönüşmüştür. Her iki taraf da bağları iyileştirmek ve artan endişeleri çözmek için zirve diplomasisi, ikili yaklaşımlar, çok taraflı işbirliği, politik belgeler gibi bir dizi strateji kullanmıştır. Ekonomik çıkarlar birincil kalmıştır.
Siyasi ilişkilerin tarihsel gelişimine genel bir bakıştan sonra, bu makale Çin'i AB ile ekonomik ilişkiler sağlamaya iten piyasa ekonomisi statü kazanma, doğrudan yabancı yatırımların (DYY) gerekliliği, ticaret hacminde artış gibi üç temel güce değinmektedir. Makalenin son kısmı, neoliberal uluslararası politika teorisini analiz çerçevesi kullanarak Çin-AB ekonomik ilişkisinin çıkarlarını ve ikilemlerini incelemektedir. Bu son noktayı dikkate alarak, bu makale karşılıklı bağımlılık ve çatışma arasındaki ilişkiyi vaka çalışmaları ile analiz etmeye çalışmaktadır.

Keywords

• Çin,Avrupa Birliği,Kapsamlı Stratejik Ortaklık,Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım,Piyasa Ekonomisi Statüsü

References

1. Austermann, F. (2014). European Union Delegations in EU Foreign Policy: A Diplomatic Service Ofdifferent Steps. Palgrave Macmillan.
2. Barkin, S. J. (2013). International Organization: Theories and Institutions. Palgrave Macmillan, Second Edition.
3. Casarini, N. (2006). The Evolution of the EU–China Relationship: From Constructive Engagement to Strategic Partnership, Occasional Paper No. 64, Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies.
4. Changhong, P. & Jiang, L. (2008). Analysis of China's Trade in 2005 and Prospects in 2006. G. Liu and L. Wang and J. Li (Eds.), In The China Economy Yearbook. Volume 1: Analysis and Forecast of China's Economy (123–142). Social Sciences Academic Press.
5. Chuang, Y. (2017). “Yīdài yīlù” wěidà zhànlüè yǔ zhōngguó hóngguān jīngjì yùn háng fēnxī (“一带一路”伟大战略与中国宏观经济运行分析), Cáijīng yù guǎnlǐ (财经与管理):138-139.
6. Commission of the European Communities. (1994). Towards A New Asia Strategy. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:51994DC0314&from=EN (Accessed: 08.09.2018).
7. Commission of the European Communities. (1995). A long term policy for China-Europe Relations, Retrieved from: http://www.eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/china/docs/com95_279_en.pdf (Accessed: 14.04.2018).
8. Commission of the European Communities. (1998). Building a Comprehensive Partnership with China. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:51998DC0181&from=EN (Accessed: 18.07.2018).

9. Commission of the European Communities. (2003). A maturing partnership - shared interests and challenges in EU-China relations Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM%3Ar14207 (Accessed: 03.02.2018).
10. Das, Dilip K. (2006). China and India: A Tale of Two Economies. Routledge.
11. Emmott, R. & Guarascio, F. (2013). Exclusive: EU to propose punitive duties on Chinese solar panels. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/ (Accessed: 08.09.2018).
12. European Commission (2016). Trade in Goods with China, Retrieved from: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/september/tradoc_113366.pdf (Accessed: 08.07.2017).
13. Eurostat (2017a). Imports from China by Member State, 2017. Retrieved From: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Imports_from_China_by_Member_State,_2017.png (Accessed: 17.11.2018).
14. Eurostat (2017b). Exports from China by Member State, 2017. Retrieved From: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:Exports_to_China_by_Member_State,_2017.png (Accessed: 17.11.2018).
15. Eurostat (2018). Imports, exports and trade balance in goods between the EU and China, 2008-2017. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/China-EU_-_international_trade_in_goods_statistics (Accessed: 07.04.2018).
16. Farnell, J.& Crookes, P. I. (2016). The Politics of EU-China Economic Relations: An Uneasy Partnership. Springer.
17. Feng, Z. (2013). The EU's policy towards China and the Prospect of China-European Relation Development. Z. Hong (Eds.), In China-Europe Relations: Review and Analysis (37-47). Paths International Ltd.
18. Feng, C. (2018). Duōchóng wéijī shìjiǎo xià de ōuméng zhèngcè tiáozhěng jí zhōng'ōu guānxì (多重危机视角下的欧盟政策调整及中欧关系), Guójì zhǎnwàng (国际展望),6: 78-94
19. Fischer, D. (2014). Green Industrial Policies in China-the Example of Solar Energy. A. Pegels (Eds.), In Green industrial policies in emerging countries (69-103). Routledge.
20. Fox J. & Godement F. (2009). A Power Audit of EU-China Relations. The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR).
21. Haas, E. (1958). The Uniting of Europe. California: Stanford University Press.
22. Hanemann, T & Huotari M. (2018). EU-China FDI: Working Towards Reciprocity in Investment Relations. Retrieved from: https://www.merics.org/en/papers-on-china/chinese-fdi-in-europe, (Accessed: 08.11.2018).
23. Hoogmartens, J. (2004). EC Trade Law Following China's Accession to the WTO. Kluwer Law International.
24. Iglesias, M. O. (2014). Currency Wars between the US and China: Where Does the EU Stand?. J. Men and W. Shen (Eds.), In The EU, the US and China-Towards a New International Order? (82-105). Edward Elgar Publishing.
25. Jain, R. (2009). The European Union and China: Indian Perceptions and Perspectives. G.Wiessala and J. F. Wilson and P. Taneja (Eds.), In The European Union and China: Interests and Dilemmas (139-150). European Studies.
26. Johnson D. &Turner C. (2016). European Business. Routledge.
27. Judt, T. (2005). A New Master Narrative? Reflections on Contemporary Anti-Americanism. D. Lacorne and T. Judt (Eds.), In With Us or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism (11-34). Palgrave Macmillan.
28. Keohane, R. & Nye J. (1977). Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, Little Brown.
29. Le Corre, P. & Sepulchre, A. (2016). China's Offensive in Europe. The Brookings Institute.
30. Leal-Arcas, R. (2009) 'The European Union and New Leading Powers: Towards Partnership in Strategic Trade Policy Areas', Fordham International Law Journal, 32(2): 345–416.
31. Leal-Arcas, R. (2011). “China’s Economic Rise and Regional Trade”. Lok-sang Ho and J. Wong (Eds.), In APEC and the Rise of China (93-120). World Scientific Pub Co Inc.
32. Lee, Y. (2014). Safeguard Measures in World Trade: The Legal Analysis. Third Edition. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
33. Li, K. & Song, L. (2011). The Technologicial Content of China's Exports and the Need for Quality Upgrading. J. Golley and L. Song (Eds.), In Rising China: Global Challenges and Opportunities (69-84). ANU E Press.
34. Maoz, Z. (2011). Networks of Nations: The Evolution, Structure, and Impact of International Networks, 1818–2001. Cambridge University Press.
35. Men, J. (2014). Sino-EU-US Relations: Where Are They Going?. J.Men and W. Shen (Eds.), In The EU, the US and China Towards a New International Order? (26-45). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
36. Pecht, M. (2006). China's Electronics Industry: The Definitive Guide for Companies and Policy Makers with Interest in China. William Andrew.
37. Prodi, R. (2004). Relations between the EU and China:more than just business EU-China Business Forum. Brussels, Retrieved From: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-04-227_en.htm. (Accessed: 09.02.2018).
38. Ramasamy, B. & Yeung, M. (2008). Does China have a competitive advantage in the low-end garment industry? A case study approach. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) (Eds.), In Unveiling Protectionism: Regional Responses to Remaining Barriers in the textiles and clothing trade (111–128).
39. Reinert, K. A. & Rajan, R. S. & Glass, A. J. & Davis, L. S. (2009). The Princeton Encyclopedia of the World Economy. Princeton Universty Press.
40. Smith, A. (1776). Wealth of Nations. Modern Library.
41. Snyder, F. (2009). The European Union and China, 1949–2008: Basic Documents and Commentary. Hart Publishing. Statistics on anti-dumping, (2016). Retrieved from: https://www.wto.org, (Accessed: 05.05.2018).
42. Stoll, P. T. & Schorkopf, F. (2006). WTO: World Economic Order, World Trade Law. Brill Academic Publishers.
43. Sutter, R. G. (2012). Chinese Foreign Relations: Power and Policy since the Cold War. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
44. Yannan, T. (2013). Probe into imports of EU Wines, Retrieved From: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/. (Accessed:: 01.06.2108)
45. Yongnian, Z. & Gore L. L. P. (2014). China Entering the Xi Jinping Era. (China Policy Series). Routledge.
46. Wang H. (2014). Ōuméng jīngjì wàijiāo de tèdiǎn jí zhōngguó de yìngduì cèlüè (欧盟经济外交的特点及中国的应对策略). Chinese Journal of European Studies, 4:88-99.
47. Wine Annual Report and Statistics. (2015), Retrieved From:https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Wine%20Annual_Rome_EU-28_3-16-2015.pdf (Accessed: 15.06.2108).
48. Wu B. (2005). Hòu lěngzhàn guójì tǐxì biàndòng yǔ zhōng'ōu guānxì (后冷战国际体系变动与中欧关系), Ōuzhōu yánjiū (欧洲研究) Chinese Journal of European Studies , 23(5):1-16.
49. Zongze, R. (2008). China-EU-US Relations Shaping a Constructive Future, In China-Europe Relations: Perceptions, Policies and Prospects. D. Shambaugh and E. Sandschneider and Z. Hong (Eds.), In China-Europe Relations: Perceptions, Policies and Prospects (287-300). Routledge.