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Effects of Global Economic Crisis on Travel Agencies and Crisis Management Practices in Turkey

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 571 - 587, 20.03.2014

Öz

Abstract

Crisis management has become a requirement for businesses particularly in tourism industry. In spite of the limited studies carried out in this field in Turkey, the survey of the subject has significance in practices undergone by travel agencies, which are the backbones of the tourism industry. In this context we aim to analyze the measures and practices adopted by travel agencies during periods of crisis; determine the frequency of utilization of these measures and practices during periods of crisis; and, analyze the positive and negative effects of crisis on travel agencies. Quantitative approach has been adopted in the study and 357 valid questionnaires were analyzed through inferential statistics. Findings suggest that developing practices for new marketing policies appear as the first factor and is practiced more frequently than other applications. Cohesiveness to crisis process and organizational preparatory work are seen to stand out. Particularly, adaptation of work processes in harmony with the new circumstances, and the need for adopting new approaches through reviewing the management process, implementation of a flexible management concept that adapts quickly to the new conditions are encountered as the most significant practices. Evidence obtained provides managers of travel agencies with necessary measures related to difficulties faced, as well as suggestions for the preparatory phase of potential crisis. Additionally, this research undergone for travel agencies, will contribute to the crisis planning and management literature in Turkey.

Keywords: Travel Agency, Economic Crisis, Crisis Management.

Kaynakça

  • Alonso-Almeida, M. M. ve Bremser, K. (2013). Strategic responses of the Spanish hospitality sector to the financial crisis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32 (March): 141-148.
  • Anderson, B. A. (2006). Crisis management in the Australian tourism industry: preparedness, personnel and postscript. Tourism Management, 27 (6): 1290-1297.
  • Blome, C. ve Schoenherr, T. (2011). Supply chain risk management infinancial crises - a multiple case-study approach. International Journal of Production Economics, 134 (1): 43-57.
  • Cornand, C. ve Gimet, C. (2012). The 2007-2008 financial crisis: is there evidence of disaster myopia?. Emerging Markets Review, 13 (3): 301-315.
  • Durgun, A. ve Gövdere, B. (2011). 2008 Küresel krizinin Antalya konaklama işletmelerine etkileri üzerine bir analiz. Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 30 (1): 139-159.
  • Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management, 22 (2): 135-147.
  • Ghaderi, Z., Som, A. P. M. ve Henderson, J. C. (2012). Tourism crises and island destinations: experiences in Penang, Malaysia. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2–3 (April-July): 79-84.
  • Global Financial Crisis Bulletin (2009). “Impact of the economic crisis on the hospitality, travel and leisure industry”. http://www.protiviti.com/ (04.02. 2013).
  • Gregory, A. (2005). Communication dimensions of The UK foot and mouth disease crisis 2001. Journal of Public Affairs, 5 (3): 312-328.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., ve Black, W. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. 6. Baskı. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Hallgren, M. ve Wilson, T. L. (2008). The nature and management of crises in construction projects: projects-as-practice observations. International Journal of Project Management, 26 (8): 830-838.
  • Hickman, J. R. ve Crandall, W. (1997). Before disaster hits: a multifaceted approach to crisis management. Business Horizons, 40 (2): 75-79.
  • Israeli, A. A. (2007). Crisis-management practices in the restaurant industry. Hospitality Management, 26 (4): 807-823.
  • Israeli, A. A., Mohsin, A. ve Kumar, B. (2011). Hospitality crisis management practices: the case of Indian luxury hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management 30 (2): 367-374.
  • Israeli, A. A. ve Reichel, A. (2003). Hospitality crisis management practices: the Israeli case. Hospitality Management, 22 (4): 353-372.
  • Jaques, T. (2007). Issue management and crisis management: an integrated, non-linear, relational construct. Public Relations Review, 33 (2): 147-157.
  • Jiaa, Z., Shi,Y., Jia,Y. ve Li, D. A (2012). Framework of knowledge management systems for tourism crisis management. Procedia Engineering, 29: 138-143.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (Ed.) (2008). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. 3. Baskı. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.
  • Kapiki, S. (2011). The impact of economic crisis on tourism and hospitality: results from a study in Greece. Central European Review of Economics and Finance, 1 (2): 1-14.
  • Keown-McMullan, C. (1997). Crisis: when does a molehill become a mountain?. Disaster Prevention and Management, 6 (1): 4-10.
  • Kimes, S. E. (2009). Hotel revenue management in an economic downturn: results from an international study. Cornell Hospitality Reports, 9 (12). http://www.hotelschool.cornell.edu/research/chr/pubs/ reports /abstract-15090.html (17.07.2013).
  • King, G. (2002). Crisis management and team effectiveness: a closer examination. Journal of Business Ethics, 41 (3): 235-249.
  • Kosova, R., ve Enz, C. A. (2011). The terrorist attacks of 9/11 and the financial crisis of 2008: the impact of external shocks on U.S. hotel performance. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 53 (4): 308-325.
  • Köroğlu, A. (2004). Turizm işletmelerinin muhtemel krizlere yönelik hazırlık çalışmaları ve seyahat acentelerinde bir uygulama. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7 (12): 69-87.
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2013), http://www.ktbyatirimisletmeler. gov.tr/TR,9869/turizm-gelir-gider-ve-ortalama-harcama.html (17.07.2013).
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2013), http://basin.kultur.gov.tr/basinodasi-edergi/2002-2011/index.html (11.02.2013).
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2013), http://www.ktbyatirimisletmeler. gov.tr/TR,9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html (17.07.2013).
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2013), http://www.ktbyatirimisletmeler. gov.tr/TR,9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html. (17.07.2013).
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2013), http://www.ktbyatirimisletmeler. gov.tr/Eklenti/5651,yillara-gore-turizm-geliri-yabanci-ziyaretciler-ve-yurt-.xls?0 (11.02.2013).
  • Lim, C. ve McAleer, M. (2005). Analyzing the behavioral trends in tourist arrivals from Japan to Australia. Journal of Travel Research, 43 (44): 414-421.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometic theory. 1. Baskı, New York: McGraw Hill.
  • OECD (2012). “OECD Employment outlook 2012”, http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2012_empl_outlook-2012-en (17.07.2013).
  • Okumus, F. ve Karamustafa, K. (2005). Impact of an economic crisis evidence from Turkey. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (4): 942-961.
  • Paraskevas, A.ve Altinay, L. (2013). Signal detection as the first line of defence in tourism crisis management. Tourism Management, 34 (February): 158-171.
  • Pearson, C. M. ve Clair, J. A. (1998). Reframing crisis management. Academy of Management Review, 32 (1): 59-76.
  • Pearson, C. M. ve Mitroff, I. I. (1993). From crisis prone to crisis prepared: a framework for crisis management. Academy of Management Executive, 7 (1): 48-59.
  • Perl, Y. ve Israeli, A. A. (2011). Crisis management in the travel agency sector: a case study. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 17 (2): 115-125.
  • Pizam, A. (2009). The global financial crisis and its impact on the hospitality industry (Editorial). International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28 (3): 301.
  • Ritchie, B. W. (2004). Chaos, crises and disasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 25 (6): 669-683.
  • Seçilmiş, C. ve Sarı, Y. (2010). Kriz dönemlerinde konaklama işletmelerinin kriz yönetimi uygulamaları üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (1): 501-520.
  • Song, H., Lin, S., Witt, S. F. ve Zhang, X. (2011). Impact of financial/economic crisis on demand for hotel rooms in Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 32 (1): 172-186.
  • Sönmez, S. F., Backman, S. J. ve Allen, L. R. (1994). Managing tourism crises: a guidebook. Clemson, South Carolina: Clemson University.
  • Tanrıverdi, A. ve Hançer, M. (2003). Krizlere yönelik stratejiler ve bu stratejilerin uygulanması: Türkiye seyahat acenteleri örneği. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14 (2): 119-131.
  • TURSAB (2013), http://www.tursab.org.tr/tr/seyahat-acentalari/seyahat-acentasi-arama (17.07.2013).
  • Wang, Y-S. (2009). The impact of crisis events and macroeconomic activity on Taiwan’s international inbound tourism demand. Tourism Management, 30 (1): 75-82.
  • Wen, Y., Huimin, G. ve Kavanaugh, R. R. (2005). The impact of SARS on the consumer behaviour of Chinese domestic tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 8 (1): 22-38.
  • Wilks, J. ve Davis, R. J. (2000). Risk management for scuba diving operators on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management, 21 (6): 591-599.

Küresel Ekonomik Krizin Seyahat Acentelerine Etkileri ve Türkiye'de Kriz Yönetimi Uygulamaları

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 571 - 587, 20.03.2014

Öz

Öz

Kriz yönetimi özellikle turizm sektöründeki işletmeler için bir gereklilik haline gelmiştir. Türkiye'de bu alanda yapılan sınırlı çalışmalara rağmen, turizm sektörünün bel kemiğini de oluşturan seyahat acentelerinde, konunun araştırılması önemli bulunmuştur. Bu bağlamda, kriz dönemlerinde seyahat acenteleri tarafından alınan önlemler ve uygulamaları belirlemek,  kriz dönemlerinde bu önlemlerin ve uygulamaların kullanım sıklığını ölçmek, ekonomik krizin seyahat acentelerine olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerini analiz etmek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada nicel yaklaşım benimsenmiş ve 357 geçerli veri analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular yeni pazarlama politikaları geliştirme uygulamalarının ilk faktör olarak ortaya çıktığını ve diğer uygulamalara göre daha sıklıkla uygulandığını göstermektedir.  Çalışmada, kriz sürecine uyum ve örgütsel hazırlık çalışmalarının on plana çıktığı görülmektedir. Özellikle iş süreçlerinin yeni koşullara uyumlaştırılması ve yönetimin gözden geçirilerek yeni yaklaşımların benimsenmesi gerektiği, esnek ve yeni koşullara çabuk uyum sağlayan bir yönetim anlayışının benimsenmesi en önemli uygulamalar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, seyahat acenteleri yöneticilerinin tehlikelere karşı önlem alma ihtiyacı ve potansiyel krizlere karşı hazırlıklı olma önerilerini içermektedir. Kriz öncesinde, seyahat acentelerinin kriz yönetimi planlamaları yapmaları, tepkisel uygulamalar yerine politikalar belirlemeleri önerilebilir.  Ayrıca, seyahat acenteleri üzerinde yapılan bu araştırma, Türkiye'de kriz planlama ve yönetimi literatürüne katkıda bulunacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Seyahat Acenteleri, Ekonomik Kriz, Kriz Yönetimi.

 

Kaynakça

  • Alonso-Almeida, M. M. ve Bremser, K. (2013). Strategic responses of the Spanish hospitality sector to the financial crisis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32 (March): 141-148.
  • Anderson, B. A. (2006). Crisis management in the Australian tourism industry: preparedness, personnel and postscript. Tourism Management, 27 (6): 1290-1297.
  • Blome, C. ve Schoenherr, T. (2011). Supply chain risk management infinancial crises - a multiple case-study approach. International Journal of Production Economics, 134 (1): 43-57.
  • Cornand, C. ve Gimet, C. (2012). The 2007-2008 financial crisis: is there evidence of disaster myopia?. Emerging Markets Review, 13 (3): 301-315.
  • Durgun, A. ve Gövdere, B. (2011). 2008 Küresel krizinin Antalya konaklama işletmelerine etkileri üzerine bir analiz. Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 30 (1): 139-159.
  • Faulkner, B. (2001). Towards a framework for tourism disaster management. Tourism Management, 22 (2): 135-147.
  • Ghaderi, Z., Som, A. P. M. ve Henderson, J. C. (2012). Tourism crises and island destinations: experiences in Penang, Malaysia. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2–3 (April-July): 79-84.
  • Global Financial Crisis Bulletin (2009). “Impact of the economic crisis on the hospitality, travel and leisure industry”. http://www.protiviti.com/ (04.02. 2013).
  • Gregory, A. (2005). Communication dimensions of The UK foot and mouth disease crisis 2001. Journal of Public Affairs, 5 (3): 312-328.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., ve Black, W. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. 6. Baskı. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Hallgren, M. ve Wilson, T. L. (2008). The nature and management of crises in construction projects: projects-as-practice observations. International Journal of Project Management, 26 (8): 830-838.
  • Hickman, J. R. ve Crandall, W. (1997). Before disaster hits: a multifaceted approach to crisis management. Business Horizons, 40 (2): 75-79.
  • Israeli, A. A. (2007). Crisis-management practices in the restaurant industry. Hospitality Management, 26 (4): 807-823.
  • Israeli, A. A., Mohsin, A. ve Kumar, B. (2011). Hospitality crisis management practices: the case of Indian luxury hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management 30 (2): 367-374.
  • Israeli, A. A. ve Reichel, A. (2003). Hospitality crisis management practices: the Israeli case. Hospitality Management, 22 (4): 353-372.
  • Jaques, T. (2007). Issue management and crisis management: an integrated, non-linear, relational construct. Public Relations Review, 33 (2): 147-157.
  • Jiaa, Z., Shi,Y., Jia,Y. ve Li, D. A (2012). Framework of knowledge management systems for tourism crisis management. Procedia Engineering, 29: 138-143.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (Ed.) (2008). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. 3. Baskı. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.
  • Kapiki, S. (2011). The impact of economic crisis on tourism and hospitality: results from a study in Greece. Central European Review of Economics and Finance, 1 (2): 1-14.
  • Keown-McMullan, C. (1997). Crisis: when does a molehill become a mountain?. Disaster Prevention and Management, 6 (1): 4-10.
  • Kimes, S. E. (2009). Hotel revenue management in an economic downturn: results from an international study. Cornell Hospitality Reports, 9 (12). http://www.hotelschool.cornell.edu/research/chr/pubs/ reports /abstract-15090.html (17.07.2013).
  • King, G. (2002). Crisis management and team effectiveness: a closer examination. Journal of Business Ethics, 41 (3): 235-249.
  • Kosova, R., ve Enz, C. A. (2011). The terrorist attacks of 9/11 and the financial crisis of 2008: the impact of external shocks on U.S. hotel performance. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 53 (4): 308-325.
  • Köroğlu, A. (2004). Turizm işletmelerinin muhtemel krizlere yönelik hazırlık çalışmaları ve seyahat acentelerinde bir uygulama. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7 (12): 69-87.
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2013), http://www.ktbyatirimisletmeler. gov.tr/TR,9869/turizm-gelir-gider-ve-ortalama-harcama.html (17.07.2013).
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2013), http://basin.kultur.gov.tr/basinodasi-edergi/2002-2011/index.html (11.02.2013).
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2013), http://www.ktbyatirimisletmeler. gov.tr/TR,9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html (17.07.2013).
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2013), http://www.ktbyatirimisletmeler. gov.tr/TR,9851/turizm-istatistikleri.html. (17.07.2013).
  • Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı (2013), http://www.ktbyatirimisletmeler. gov.tr/Eklenti/5651,yillara-gore-turizm-geliri-yabanci-ziyaretciler-ve-yurt-.xls?0 (11.02.2013).
  • Lim, C. ve McAleer, M. (2005). Analyzing the behavioral trends in tourist arrivals from Japan to Australia. Journal of Travel Research, 43 (44): 414-421.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometic theory. 1. Baskı, New York: McGraw Hill.
  • OECD (2012). “OECD Employment outlook 2012”, http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/employment/oecd-employment-outlook-2012_empl_outlook-2012-en (17.07.2013).
  • Okumus, F. ve Karamustafa, K. (2005). Impact of an economic crisis evidence from Turkey. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (4): 942-961.
  • Paraskevas, A.ve Altinay, L. (2013). Signal detection as the first line of defence in tourism crisis management. Tourism Management, 34 (February): 158-171.
  • Pearson, C. M. ve Clair, J. A. (1998). Reframing crisis management. Academy of Management Review, 32 (1): 59-76.
  • Pearson, C. M. ve Mitroff, I. I. (1993). From crisis prone to crisis prepared: a framework for crisis management. Academy of Management Executive, 7 (1): 48-59.
  • Perl, Y. ve Israeli, A. A. (2011). Crisis management in the travel agency sector: a case study. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 17 (2): 115-125.
  • Pizam, A. (2009). The global financial crisis and its impact on the hospitality industry (Editorial). International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28 (3): 301.
  • Ritchie, B. W. (2004). Chaos, crises and disasters: a strategic approach to crisis management in the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 25 (6): 669-683.
  • Seçilmiş, C. ve Sarı, Y. (2010). Kriz dönemlerinde konaklama işletmelerinin kriz yönetimi uygulamaları üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (1): 501-520.
  • Song, H., Lin, S., Witt, S. F. ve Zhang, X. (2011). Impact of financial/economic crisis on demand for hotel rooms in Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 32 (1): 172-186.
  • Sönmez, S. F., Backman, S. J. ve Allen, L. R. (1994). Managing tourism crises: a guidebook. Clemson, South Carolina: Clemson University.
  • Tanrıverdi, A. ve Hançer, M. (2003). Krizlere yönelik stratejiler ve bu stratejilerin uygulanması: Türkiye seyahat acenteleri örneği. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14 (2): 119-131.
  • TURSAB (2013), http://www.tursab.org.tr/tr/seyahat-acentalari/seyahat-acentasi-arama (17.07.2013).
  • Wang, Y-S. (2009). The impact of crisis events and macroeconomic activity on Taiwan’s international inbound tourism demand. Tourism Management, 30 (1): 75-82.
  • Wen, Y., Huimin, G. ve Kavanaugh, R. R. (2005). The impact of SARS on the consumer behaviour of Chinese domestic tourists. Current Issues in Tourism, 8 (1): 22-38.
  • Wilks, J. ve Davis, R. J. (2000). Risk management for scuba diving operators on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Tourism Management, 21 (6): 591-599.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nilgün Avcı

Deniz Küçükusta Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Mart 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ocak 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Avcı, N., & Küçükusta, D. (2014). Küresel Ekonomik Krizin Seyahat Acentelerine Etkileri ve Türkiye’de Kriz Yönetimi Uygulamaları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(4), 571-587.