PUBLIC WORKS OF NEW ASSYRIAN KINGS (Example of Parks-Gardens, Water System, Roads and Bridges)

Year 2020, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 435 - 458, 05.06.2020

Ebru Mandacı

https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.543468

Abstract

Public works constitute the main element of urbanization. The period of time when the understanding of Assyrian urbanism was best understood was the imperial period when the New Assyrian kings carried out extensive construction projects. During this period, three big capitals were built in Nimrud, Khorsabad and Koyuncuk. The plans of these cities are not accidental. Before the cities were built, all the needs of the city were planned such as palaces, temples, roads, bridges, parking areas and irrigation system. In this study, we examined the public works in three capitals built by the New Assyrian kings. We have tried to identify parks and gardens, water system of cities, road network and bridges with the information we obtained from archaeological findings and cuneiform written documents.

Keywords

Assyrian, Park, Canal, Road, Bridge

YENİ ASUR KRALLARININ BAYINDIRLIK FAALİYETLERİ (Parklar-Bahçeler, Su Sistemi, Yollar ve Köprüler Örneği)

Abstract

Bayındırlık faaliyetleri şehirleşmenin temel unsurunu oluşturmaktadır. Asur şehircilik anlayışının en iyi görüldüğü zaman dilimi, Yeni Asur krallarının geniş inşaat projeleri gerçekleştirdiği imparatorluk dönemidir. Bu dönemde Nimrud, Khorsabad ve Koyuncuk’ta üç büyük başkent inşa edilmiştir. Söz konusu kentlerin planları rastlantısal değildir. Şehirler inşa edilmeden önce saraylar, tapınaklar, yollar, köprüler, park alanları ve sulama sistemi gibi kentin bütün ihtiyaçları planlanmıştır. Bu çalışmamızda Yeni Asur krallarının inşa ettirmiş olduğu üç başkentte gerçekleştirilen bayındırlık faaliyetlerini inceledik. Arkeolojik bulgular ile çivi yazılı belgelerden elde etmiş olduğumuz bilgilerle parklar ve bahçeleri, şehirlerin su sistemini, yol ağını ve köprüleri belirlemeye çalıştık.

Keywords

Asur, Park, Kanal, Yol, Köprü

References

• Bordreuil, P., Chatonnet, F. B. & Michel, C. (2015). Tarihin başlangıçları. (L. Başaran, Çev.). İstanbul: Alfa Yayıncılık.
• Cancik-Kirschbaum, E. (2004). Asurlular. (A. Yarbaş, Çev.). İzmir: İlya Yayınevi.
• Dalley, S. (1993). Ancient Mesopotamian gardens and the identification of the hanging gardens of Babylon resolved. Garden History, 21 (1), 1-13.
• Dalley, S. (1994). Nineveh, Babylon and the hanging gardens: Cuneiform and classical sources reconciled. Iraq, 56, 45-58.
• Dalley, S. & Oleson, J. P. (2003). Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the water screw: The context of invention in the ancient world. Technology and Culture, 44 (1), 1-26.
• Fales, F. M. (1990). The rural landscape of the Neo-Assyrian Empire: A survey. SAAB, 4 (2), 81-142.
• Fales, F. M. (1995). Rivers in Neo-Assyrian geography. Neo-Assyrian Geography, 203-215.
• Foster, K. P. (1999). The earliest zoos and gardens. Scientific American, 281 (1), 64-71.
• Gelb, I. J., Landsberger, B., Oppenheim, L. & Reiner, E. (1964). The Assyrian dictionary, Vol. 1/A- CAD (A1). Chicago-Illinois: Oriental Institute.
• Gökçek, G. L. (2015). Asurlular. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
• Graeve, M. C. de (1981). The ships of the Ancient Near East (c. 2000-500 B.C.). Leuven: Departement Oriëntalistiek.
• Grayson, A. K. (1976). Assyrian royal inscriptions, Vol. 2 (ARI-II). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
• Grayson, A. K. (1991). Assyrian rulers of the early First Millennium BC I- RIMA II, (1114-859 BC). Toronto-Buffalo-London: Universtiy of Toronto Press.
• Grayson, A. K. & Novotny, J. (2012). The royal inscriptions of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (704-681 BC): Part 1. Winona Lake-Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
• Harmanşah, Ö. (2015). Eski Yakındoğu’da kent, bellek, anıt. (F. Yavuz, Çev.). İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları: 71.
• Jacobsen, T. & Lloyd, S. (1935). Sennacherib’s aqueduct at Jerwan. Chicago-Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
• Kılıç, Y. & Uncu, E. (2011). Eski Mezopotamya inanç sisteminin Yunanlılara etkisi (İštar-Aphrodite örneği). History Studies, 3 (1), 183-201.
• Lanfranchi, G. B. & Parpola, S. (1990). The correspondence of Sargon II, Part II-SAA V. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
• Leichty, E. (2011). The royal inscriptions of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria (680-669 BC)-RINAP IV. Eisenbrauns: Winona Lake.
• Loud, G. (1936). Khorsabad, I: Excavations in the palace and at a city gate. Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications.
• Luckenbill, D. D. (1924). The annals of Sennacherib. Chicago-Illinois: The Universty of Chicago Press.
• Luckenbill, D. D. (1975). Ancient records of Assyria and Babylonia II-ARAB II. New York: Greenwood.
• Mieroop, M. Van de (1999). The Ancient Mesopotamian city. New York: Oxford Universty Press.
• Novák, M. (2002). The artificial paradise: Programme and ideology of royal gardens. CRRA I, 47, 443-460.
• Oates, J. & Oates, D. Nimrud. London: The British School of Archaeology in Iraq.
• Oppenheim, L. (1965). On royal gardens in Mesopotamia. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 24 (4), 328-333.
• Parpola, S. (1987). The correspondence of Sargon II, Part I: Letters from Assyria and the West-SAA I. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
• Reade, J. (1978). Studies in Assyrian geography: Part I: Sennacherib and the waters of Nineveh. Revue d’Assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale, 72 (1), 47-72.
• Scott, M. N. & MacGinnes, J. Notes on Nineveh. Iraq, 52, 63-73.
• Sevin, V. (1999). Yeni Assur sanatı I/Mimarlık. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
• Sevin, V. (2000). Urartu bahçeleri. Belleten, LXIV (240), 395-405.
• Sevin, V. (2014). Assur resim sanatı, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları.
• Stronach, D. & Lumsden, S. (1992). UC Berkeley’s excavations at Nineveh. The Biblical Archaeologist, 55 (4), 227-233.
• Thompson, D. B. (1950). Parks and gardens of the ancient empires. Archaeology, 3 (2), 101-106.
• Ur, J. (2005). Sennacherib’s Northern Assyrian canals: New insights from satellite imagery and aerial photography. Iraq, 67 (1), 317-345.
• Wilkinson, T. J., Ur, J., Wilkinson, E. B., & Altaweel, M. (2005). Landscape and settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 340, 23-56.
• Wiseman, D. J. (1983). Mesopotamian gardens. Anatolian Studies, Special Number in Honour of the Seventy-Fifth Birthday of Dr. Richard Barnett, 33, 137-144.