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ARABS AND ARAB KINGDOMS IN ASSYRIAN SOURCES

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 889 - 934, 29.09.2020

Koray Toptaş

https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.746837
Cited By: 1

Öz

The Arabs took their place in the Assyrian written documents and in the reliefs adorning the walls of the palaces. The fact that the Arabs were the subject of Assyrian resources was related to their control of one of the important trade routes and having rich resources in terms of aramotics and camels. Assyrian kings tried to protect their interests in the Arabian Peninsula, sometimes through military expeditions and sometimes through political compromise. Although Assyria has gained superiority over Arabs through military expeditions, the geographical and climatic conditions of the region prevented Assyria from penetrating the region. Expeditions made by Assyria to the region could not go beyond extensive looting activities, as soon as the Assyrian army returned, the Arab tribes acted independently and took part in anti-Assyrian movements at the first opportunity they had. Assyrian sources contain important information about the political, economic and social life of Arabs, as well as their military and political relations between the Assyrian and Arab kingdoms. The Assyrian written documents are also the first written sources providing information about the history of Arabia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Neo-Assyrian Empire Arabs Desert Nomads Trade War Booty

Kaynakça

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  • Acar, Ö. (2020). Arab Kavramının Kökeni. Nüsha, Yıl: 10, Sayı: 31, 74-105.
  • Akyüz, F. (2018). Asur Ordusu (Yeni Asur Dönemi MÖ 911-612). Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi).
  • Anthonioz, S. (2015). Adummatu, Qedar and the Assyrian Question in Neo‐Assyrian Sources. in G. Charloux & R. Loreto (eds.), Dûma 3: The 2012 Report of the Saudi‐Italian‐French Archaeological Mission at Dûmat al‐Jandal, Saudi‐Arabia, Riyadh: Saudi Supreme Commission for Tourism and Antiquities, 17–39.
  • ARAB II: Luckenbill, D. (1926). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End. NewYork.
  • Avanzini, A. (2012). The Sabaean Presence in Jawf in the Eighth–Seventh Centuries BCE. Notes on the Oldest Phase of Ancient South Arabian Culture and Its Relationship with Mesopotamia. in G. Lanfranchi et al. (eds.), Leggo! Studies Presented to Frederick Mario Fales on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 37–52.
  • Barnett, R. D. (1976). Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668- 627 B.C.). London.
  • Barnett, R. D. & Falkner, M. (1962). The Sculptures of Asur-nasir-apli II (883–859 B.C.), Tiglathpileser III (745–727 B.C.) and Esarhaddon (681–669 B.C.) from the Central and South-West Palaces at Nimrud. London.
  • Barnett, R. D., Bleibtreu E. & Turner, G. (1998). Sculptures from the Southwest Palace of Sennacherib at Nineveh. London.
  • Berlejung, A. (2012). The Assyrians in the West: Assyrianization, Colonialism, Indifference, or Development Policy?. in M. Nissinen (ed.), Congress Volume Helsinki 2010, Leiden • Boston, 21-60.
  • Bordreuil, P., Briquel - Chatonnet, F. & Michel, C. (2015). Tarihin Başlangıçları: Eski Yakındoğu Kültür ve Uygarlıkları (Çev. Levent Başaran). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları. Bulliet, R. W. (1990). The Camel And The Wheel. New York: Columbia University Press.
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  • Dirbas, H. (2017). Thy Name is Deer Animal Names in Semitic Onomastics and Name-Giving Traditions: Evidence from Akkadian, Northwest Semitic and Arabic (PhD Thesis). Leiden University.
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  • During Caspers, E. C. L. (1973). Harappan Trade in The Arabian Gulf in The Third Millennium B.C. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, Vol. 3, Proceedings Of The Sixth Seminar for Arabian Studies held at the Institute of Archaeology, London 27th and 28th September 1972, 3-20.
  • Edens, C. (1992). Dynamics of Trade in the Ancient Mesopotamian ‘World System’. American Anthropologist New Series, Vol. 94, No. 1, 118-139.
  • Edens, C. & Bawden, G. (1989). History of Taymā and Hejazi Trade during the First Millennium B.C. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 32, No. 1, 48-103.
  • Eidem J. & Hojlund, F. (1993). Trade or Diplomacy? Assyria and Dilmun in the Eighteenth Century B.C. World Archaeology, Vol. 24, No. 3, Ancient Trade: New Perspectives, 441-448.
  • Elat, M. (1978). The Economic Relations of the Neo-Assyrian Empire with Egypt. Journal of the American Oriental Society (JAOS), Vol. 98, No. 1, 20-34.
  • Elayi. J. 2017. Sargon II, King of Assyria. Atlanta: SBL Press.
  • Eph‘al, I. (1976). “Ishmael” and “Arab(s)”: A Transformation of Ethnological Terms. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4, 225-235.
  • Eph‘al, I. (1984). The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th to 5th Centuries BC. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
  • Fales, F. M. (1989). Pastorizia e politica: nuovi dati sugli Arabi nelle fonti di età neo-assira. in A. Avanzini (a cura di), Problemi di onomastica semitica meridionale, Pisa 119-34.
  • Frahm, E. (2007). New Sources for Sennacherib’s First Campaign. in J. M. Córdoba & P. A. Miglus (eds.), Assur und sein Umland, ISIMU 6, Madrid 2003, 129-164.
  • Frahm, E. (2017). Assyria and the Far South: The Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf. in E. Frahm, (ed.), A Companion to Assyria, Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 299-310.
  • Frame, G. (2013). The Political History and Historical Geography of the Aramean, Chaldean, and Arab Tribes in Babylonia in the Neo-Assyrian Period. in A. Berlejung & M. P. Streck (eds.), Arameans, Chaldeans and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C., Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 87–121.
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ASUR KAYNAKLARINDA ARAPLAR VE ARAP KRALLIKLARI

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3, 889 - 934, 29.09.2020

Koray Toptaş

https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.746837
Cited By: 1

Öz

Araplar, Asur yazılı belgelerinde ve sarayların duvarlarını süsleyen rölyeflerde kendilerine yer edinmişlerdir. Arapların Asur kaynaklarına konu olması, onların önemli ticaret güzergâhlarından birisinin kontrolünü ellerinde tutmaları, aramotikler ve deve açısından zengin kaynaklara sahip olmalarıyla ilgiliydi. Asur kralları Arabistan Yarımadası’ndaki çıkarlarını bazen askeri seferler ile bazen ise siyasi uzlaşma yoluyla korumaya çalışmıştır. Asur, gerçekleştirdiği askeri seferler ile Araplar üzerinde üstünlük kurmuş olmasına rağmen, bölgenin sahip olduğu coğrafi ve iklim şartları Asur’un bölgeye nüfuz etmesine engel olmuştur. Asur’un bölgeye gerçekleştirdiği seferler geniş çaplı yağma faaliyetlerinden öteye geçememiş, Asur ordusu geri çekilir çekilmez Arap kabileleri bağımsız bir şekilde davranmışlar ve ilk fırsatta Asur karşıtı hareketlerin içerisinde yer almışlardır. Asur kaynakları, Asur ve Arap krallıkları arasındaki askeri ve siyasi ilişkilerinin yanında, Arapların siyasi ekonomik ve sosyal hayatları hakkındaki önemli bilgileri barındırmaktadır. Asur yazılı belgeleri Arabistan tarihi hakkında bilgi veren ilk yazılı kaynak olma özelliği de taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yeni Asur İmparatoluğu Araplar Çöl Göçebeler Ticaret Savaş Ganimet

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, N. (1941). Pre-Islamic Arab Queens. The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 58, No. 1, 1-22.
  • Acar, Ö. (2020). Arab Kavramının Kökeni. Nüsha, Yıl: 10, Sayı: 31, 74-105.
  • Akyüz, F. (2018). Asur Ordusu (Yeni Asur Dönemi MÖ 911-612). Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi).
  • Anthonioz, S. (2015). Adummatu, Qedar and the Assyrian Question in Neo‐Assyrian Sources. in G. Charloux & R. Loreto (eds.), Dûma 3: The 2012 Report of the Saudi‐Italian‐French Archaeological Mission at Dûmat al‐Jandal, Saudi‐Arabia, Riyadh: Saudi Supreme Commission for Tourism and Antiquities, 17–39.
  • ARAB II: Luckenbill, D. (1926). Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia. Volume 2: Historical Records of Assyria From Sargon to the End. NewYork.
  • Avanzini, A. (2012). The Sabaean Presence in Jawf in the Eighth–Seventh Centuries BCE. Notes on the Oldest Phase of Ancient South Arabian Culture and Its Relationship with Mesopotamia. in G. Lanfranchi et al. (eds.), Leggo! Studies Presented to Frederick Mario Fales on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 37–52.
  • Barnett, R. D. (1976). Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh (668- 627 B.C.). London.
  • Barnett, R. D. & Falkner, M. (1962). The Sculptures of Asur-nasir-apli II (883–859 B.C.), Tiglathpileser III (745–727 B.C.) and Esarhaddon (681–669 B.C.) from the Central and South-West Palaces at Nimrud. London.
  • Barnett, R. D., Bleibtreu E. & Turner, G. (1998). Sculptures from the Southwest Palace of Sennacherib at Nineveh. London.
  • Berlejung, A. (2012). The Assyrians in the West: Assyrianization, Colonialism, Indifference, or Development Policy?. in M. Nissinen (ed.), Congress Volume Helsinki 2010, Leiden • Boston, 21-60.
  • Bordreuil, P., Briquel - Chatonnet, F. & Michel, C. (2015). Tarihin Başlangıçları: Eski Yakındoğu Kültür ve Uygarlıkları (Çev. Levent Başaran). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları. Bulliet, R. W. (1990). The Camel And The Wheel. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • CAD: The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the Universtiy of Chicago. Chicago 1956 - ... Cathcart, K. J. (1997). The Age of Decipherment: The Old Testament and the Ancient Near East in the Nineteenth Century. in J. A. Emerton (ed.), Congress Volume Cambridge 1995, Leiden-New York: Brill, 81 -95.
  • CDA: Black, J A., George A. R. & Postgate, J. N. (Eds.) (2000). A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Çağatay, N. (1955). “Samiler-Araplar ve Güney Arabistan Devletleri. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt:4, Sayı: 3, 44-67.
  • Dirbas, H. (2017). Thy Name is Deer Animal Names in Semitic Onomastics and Name-Giving Traditions: Evidence from Akkadian, Northwest Semitic and Arabic (PhD Thesis). Leiden University.
  • Duri, A. A. (2012). The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: The Arab Nation). Londan and New York: Routledge.
  • During Caspers, E. C. L. (1973). Harappan Trade in The Arabian Gulf in The Third Millennium B.C. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, Vol. 3, Proceedings Of The Sixth Seminar for Arabian Studies held at the Institute of Archaeology, London 27th and 28th September 1972, 3-20.
  • Edens, C. (1992). Dynamics of Trade in the Ancient Mesopotamian ‘World System’. American Anthropologist New Series, Vol. 94, No. 1, 118-139.
  • Edens, C. & Bawden, G. (1989). History of Taymā and Hejazi Trade during the First Millennium B.C. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 32, No. 1, 48-103.
  • Eidem J. & Hojlund, F. (1993). Trade or Diplomacy? Assyria and Dilmun in the Eighteenth Century B.C. World Archaeology, Vol. 24, No. 3, Ancient Trade: New Perspectives, 441-448.
  • Elat, M. (1978). The Economic Relations of the Neo-Assyrian Empire with Egypt. Journal of the American Oriental Society (JAOS), Vol. 98, No. 1, 20-34.
  • Elayi. J. 2017. Sargon II, King of Assyria. Atlanta: SBL Press.
  • Eph‘al, I. (1976). “Ishmael” and “Arab(s)”: A Transformation of Ethnological Terms. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 35, No. 4, 225-235.
  • Eph‘al, I. (1984). The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent 9th to 5th Centuries BC. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
  • Fales, F. M. (1989). Pastorizia e politica: nuovi dati sugli Arabi nelle fonti di età neo-assira. in A. Avanzini (a cura di), Problemi di onomastica semitica meridionale, Pisa 119-34.
  • Frahm, E. (2007). New Sources for Sennacherib’s First Campaign. in J. M. Córdoba & P. A. Miglus (eds.), Assur und sein Umland, ISIMU 6, Madrid 2003, 129-164.
  • Frahm, E. (2017). Assyria and the Far South: The Arabian Peninsula and the Persian Gulf. in E. Frahm, (ed.), A Companion to Assyria, Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 299-310.
  • Frame, G. (2013). The Political History and Historical Geography of the Aramean, Chaldean, and Arab Tribes in Babylonia in the Neo-Assyrian Period. in A. Berlejung & M. P. Streck (eds.), Arameans, Chaldeans and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C., Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 87–121.
  • Fuchs, A. (1994). Die Inschriften Sargons II. aus Khorsabad. Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag. Gadd, C. J. (1954). Inscribed Prisms of Sargon II from Nimrud. Iraq, 16, 173–201.
  • Gallagher, W. R. (1994). Assyrian Deportation Propaganda. SAAB, 8/2, 57-65.
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  • Krebernik, M. (2008). Von Gindibu bis Muḥammad: Stand, Probleme und Aufgaben altorentalistischarabistischer Philologie, in O. Jastrow et al. (eds.), Studien zur Semitistik und Arabistik: Festschrift für Hartmut Bobzin zum 60, Geburtstag, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 247–79.
  • Lamberg-Karlovsky, C. C. (2009). Structure, Agency and Commerce in the Ancient Near East. Iranica Antiqua, 44, 47–88.
  • Layard, A. H. (1853A). The Monuments of Niniveh. (First Series), London.
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  • Mitchell, T.C. (2000). Camels in the Assyrian Bas-Reliefs. Iraq, 62, 187-194.
  • Nemat-Nejat, K. R. (2002). Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Peabody, Massachusettsa: Hendrickson Publishers.
  • Parpola, S. (2003). Assyria’s Expansion in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries BCE and Its LongTerm Repercussions in W. G. Dever & S. Gitin (eds.) The West. in Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel and their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age through Roman Palaestina, Winona Lake, Indiana, 99-111.
  • PNA: (1998 -2017): The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. eds. K. Radner (I/1–I/2) & H. D. Baker (II/1–IV/1). Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
  • Postgate, N. (2014). Bronze Age Bureaucracy Writing and the Practice of Government in Assyria. Cambridge University Press.
  • Potts, D. T. (1983). Dilmun: Where and when?. Dilmun 2, 15 – 19.
  • Potts, D. (1991). Tayma and the Assyrian Empire. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, 2. 10–23.
  • Potts, T. F. (1993). Patterns of Trade in Third-Millennium BC Mesopotamia and Iran. World Archaeology, 24/ 3, Ancient Trade: New Perspectives 379-402.
  • Powell, M. A. (1984). On the Absolute Value of the Assyrian qa and emār. Iraq, Vol. 46, No 1. 57-61.
  • Radner, K. (2017). Economy, Society, and Daily Life in the Neo-Assyrian Period. in E. Frahm (ed.), A Companion to Assyria, Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 209-228.
  • Raymond P. D. (1930). The Sealand of Arabia, Journal of the American Oriental Society. Vol. 50, 1-25.
  • Reade, J. (1998). Assyrian illustrations of Arabs. in C. S. Phillips, D. T. Potts & S. Searight (eds), Arabia and her Neighbours. Essays on Prehistorical and Historical Developments: Essays Presented in Honour of Beatrice de Cardi, Brepols, 221-32.
  • Retsö, J. (2003). The Arabs in Antiquity. London – Ney York: RoutledgeCurzon.
  • RIMA 3: Grayson, A. K. (1996). Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC. II (858—745 B.C.). (The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods 3), Toronto.
  • RINAP 1: Tadmor, H. & Yamada, S. (2011). The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglat-pileser III (744–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726–722 BC), Kings of Assyria. (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 1), Winona Lake.
  • RINAP 3/1: Grayson A. K. & Novotny, J. (2012). The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681 BC). Part 1. (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/1), Winona Lake.
  • RINAP 3/2: Grayson A. K. & Novotny, J. (2014). The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704-681 BC). Part 2 (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/2). Winona Lake.
  • RINAP 4: Leichty, E. (2011). The Royal Inscriptions of Asarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC). (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period), Winona Lake, Indiana, Eisenbrauns.
  • RINAP 5/1: Novotny, J. and Jeffers, J., (2018). The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668-631 BC), Assur-etal-ilani (630-627 BC), and Sin-sarra-iskun (626-612 BC), Kings of Assyria. Part I, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns, (The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 5/1) Bu çalışmada yer alan belgelere proje web sayfası olan http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/rinap/rinap5/corpus/ adrersinden ulaşılmıştır.
  • Rice, M. (1994). The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf c. 5000–323 BC (Experience of Archaeology). London – New York: Routledge.
  • SAA 1: Parpola, S. (1987). The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part I: Letters from Assyria and the West. Helsinki.
  • SAA 2: Parpola, S. & Watanabe, K. (1988). Neo-Assyrian Treaties and Loyalty Oaths. Helsinki.
  • SAA 6: Kwasman, T. (1991). Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part I: Dated and Datable Texts. Helsinki.
  • SAA 7: Fales, F. M. & Postgate, J. N. (1992). Imperial Administrative Records, Part I: Palace Administration. Helsinki.
  • SAA 11: Fales, F. M. & Postgate, J. N. (1995). Imperial Administrative Records, Part II: Provincial and Military Administration. Helsinki.
  • SAA 15: Fuchs, A. & Parpola, S. (2001). The Correspondence of Sargon II, Part III: Letters from Babylonia and the Eastern Provinces. Helsinki.
  • SAA 16: Luukko, M. & Van Buylaere, G. (2002). The Political Correspondence of Esarhaddon. Helsinki.
  • SAA 18: Reynolds, F. (2003). The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon and Letters to Asurbanipal and Sîn-šarru-iškun from Northern and Central Babylonia. Helsinki.
  • SAA 19: Luukko, M. (2012). The Correspondence of Tiglat-pileser III and Sargon II from Kalḫu. Helsinki.
  • SAA 21 Parpola, S. (2018). The Correspondence of Assurbanipal, Part I: Letters from Assyria, Babylonia and Vassal States. Helsinki.
  • SAAS 2: Millard, A. (1994). The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire 910-612 BC. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
  • SAAS 4: Cole, S. W. (1996). Nippur in Late Assyrian Times c. 755–612 BC. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.
  • Saggs, H.W.F. (2001). The Nimrud Letters. 1952, CTN 5 (Cuneiform Texts from Nimrud 5). London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq.
  • Sánchez, F. R. (2015). Nabatu: the Nabataeans through their inscriptions. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 21-22.
  • Smith, S. (1921). The First Campaign of Sennacherib, King of Assyria, B.C. 705-681. The Assyrian Text Edited with Transliteration, Translation and Notes, London.
  • Tadmor, H. (1958). The Campaigns of Sargon II of Assur: A Chronological-Historical Study. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 12, No. 3, 77–100.
  • Yıldız, H. D. (1991). Arap. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 3. DİA, , İstanbul: TDV Yayıyları, 272-276.
  • Zadok, R. (1981). Arabians in Mesopotamia during the Late Assyrian, Chaldean, Achaemenian and Hellenistic Periods Chiefly According to the Cuneiform Sources. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 131, 42–84.
  • Zamazalová, S. (2011). Before the Assyrian Conquest in 671 B.C.E.: Relations between Egypt, Kush and Assyria. in J. Mynářová (ed.), Egypt and the Near East - the Crossroads: Proceedings of an International Conference on the Relations of Egypt and the Near East in the Bronze Age, (Prague, Sept. 1-3, 2010), 297-328.
  • Zayadine, F. (2007). The Spice Trade from South Arabia and India to Nabataea and Palestine. in K. D. Politis (ed.) The World of the Nabataeans, Stutrgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 201-215.
Toplam 91 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Koray Toptaş 0000-0003-0897-3918

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Toptaş, K. (2020). ASUR KAYNAKLARINDA ARAPLAR VE ARAP KRALLIKLARI. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(3), 889-934. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.746837

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