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THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN TURKEY: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 169 - 186, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.809011

Abstract

There is an extensive literature that examines the movements of factors of production such as labor and capital. Behind the concept of migration, partly formed by international labor movements, there are social, cultural, and political reasons as well as economic reasons. The economic migration is defined as migration resulting from the difference in economic conditions between countries, and these differences are one of the main reasons for migration. For this reason, there are many studies in the literature that examine the relationship between migration and various economic variables such as national income, income distribution, foreign trade, etc.
The main purpose of this study is to examine the effect of inward foreign direct investment on outward immigration in Turkey. This study includes the panel data of selected 23 developed and developing countries over the period 1993-2013. In the literature, the relationship between migration flows and foreign direct investment is analyzed generally using the gravity model. For this reason, the variables in the models are determined by the augmented gravity model. The data set includes bilateral foreign direct investment and immigrants’ stock. Empirical findings indicate that the linkage effect is valid for Turkish economy. More precisely, Turkey’s inward foreign direct investment increases out-migration to investment source countries. In addition, it has been determined that there is an inverse relationship between Turkey's national income and out-migration and also there is a direct relationship between incomes and schooling rates of countries that are sources of foreign direct investment and migration to these countries. Finally, there is also evidence that the population, the cost of living and the distance from Turkey of investment source countries reduces migration to these countries

References

  • Aroca, P. & Maloney, W. F. (2005). Migration, trade, and foreign direct investment in Mexico. World Bank Economic Review, 19(3), 449-472. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhi017.
  • Buch, C. M., Kleinert, J. & Toubal, F. (2006). Where enterprises lead, people follow? Links between migration and FDI in Germany. European Economic Review, 50(8), 2017–2036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2005.11.002.
  • Choi, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20, 249–272.
  • D'Agosto, E., Solferino, N., & Tria, G. (2013). Does FDI affect migration flows? The role of human capital. Migration Letters, 10(3), 359–368.
  • De Simone, G. & Manchin, M. (2012). Outward migration and inward FDI: Factor mobility between Eastern and Western Europe. Review of International Economics, 20, 600–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2012.01041.x.
  • Demirtaş, G. & Çakırca, Ş. Y. (2019). Uluslararası göçün dış ticaret üzerine etkisi: Türkiye için ampirik bir analiz. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 28(2), 141-163.
  • Docquier, F. & Lodigiani, E. (2010). Skilled migration and business networks. Open Economies Review, 21(4), 565–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-008-9102-8.
  • El Yaman, S., Kugler, M. & Rapoport, H. (2007). Migrations et investissements directs étrangers dans l’espace européen (UE-15). Revue Économique, 58 (3), 725–733.
  • Flatters, F. (1972). Commodity price equilization: A note on factor mobility and trade, American Economic Review, 62 (3), 473–476.
  • Foad, H. (2012). FDI and immigration: A regional analysis. Annals of Regional Science, 49(1), 237–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-011-0438-4.
  • Gheasi, M., Nijkamp, P. & Rietveld, P. (2013). Migration and foreign direct investment: education matters, Annals of Regional Science, 51(1), 73–87.
  • Javorcik, B. S., Özden, Ç., Spatareanu, M., & Neagu, C. (2011). Migrant networks and foreign direct investment. Journal of Development Economics, 94(2), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.012.
  • Jayet, H. & Marchal, L. (2016). Migration and FDI: Reconciling the standard trade theory with empirical evidence, Kiel Working Paper, No. 2039, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW), Kiel.
  • Karagöz, K. (2011). Göç-Ticaret ilişkisi: Panel çekim modeli. Sosyoekonomi, Özel Sayı, 2011-MI, 55-68.
  • Kugler, M. & Rapoport, H. (2007). International labor and capital flows: Complements or substitutes? Economics Letters, 94(2), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.06.023.
  • Lewer, J. J. & Van den Berg, H. (2008). A gravity model of immigration. Economics letters, 99(1), 164-167.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F. & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1-24.
  • Maddala, G. S. & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631-652.
  • Mundell, R. A. (1957). International trade and factor mobility. American Economic Review, 47(3), 321–335.
  • Ohlin, B. G. (1933). Interregional and international trade. Harvard University Press.
  • Phyo E.E., Goto H. & Kakinaka M. (2019). International migration, foreign direct investment, and development stage in developing economies. Review of Development Economics, 23, 940–956. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12577
  • Roca, J., Padilla, E., Farré, M. & Galletto, V. (2001). Economic growth and atmospheric pollution in Spain: discussing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Ecological Economics, 39(1), 85-99.
  • Sanderson, M. R. & Kentor, J. (2008). Foreign direct investment and international migration: A cross‐national analysis of less‐developed countries, 1985-2000. International Sociology, 23(4), 514–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580908090726.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the world economy: Suggestions for an international economic policy. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
  • UNCTAD (2019). World Investment Report 2019: Special Economic Zones, UN, New York, https://doi.org/10.18356/8a8d05f9-en.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). International Migration Report 2013.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). International Migration 2019: Wall Chart (ST/ESA/SER/A/431).
  • Wang, M., Wong, M. C. S. & Granato, J. (2013). The effect of foreign direct investment on international migration: Does education matter? World Economy, 36(5), 537–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12047.
  • Wong, K.-Y. (2006). Are international capital movement and international labor migration substitutes under national externality? R. J. Langhammer & F. Foders (Der.), Labor Mobility and the World Economy içinde (ss. 111-139). Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer
  • Xu, X. & Sylwester, K. (2016). The effects of foreign direct investment on emigration: the roles of FDI source country, education, and gender. Economic Modelling, 55, 401-409.

TÜRKİYE’DE DOĞRUDAN YABANCI SERMAYE YATIRIMLARININ ULUSLARARASI GÖÇ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Year 2021, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 169 - 186, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.809011

Abstract

İş gücü ve sermaye gibi üretim faktörü hareketlerinin incelendiği geniş bir literatür bulunmaktadır. Bir bölümünü uluslararası iş gücü hareketlerinin oluşturduğu göç kavramının arkasında sosyal, kültürel, siyasal sebepler olduğu gibi ekonomik nedenler de bulunmaktadır. Ekonomik göç kavramı, ülkeler arasındaki ekonomik koşulların farklılığından kaynaklanan göç olarak nitelendirilmektedir ve bu farklılıklar göç hareketlerinin temel sebeplerinin başında gelmektedir. Bu nedenle literatürde göç ile milli gelir, gelir dağılımı, dış ticaret vb. gibi çeşitli ekonomik büyüklükler arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çok sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı ise gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerden Türkiye’ye gelen doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ile bu ülkelere giden Türkiyeli göçmen sayısı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir.
Çalışmada kullanılan veri seti Türkiye’ye doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımı gerçekleştiren ve Türkiye’den göç alan gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan seçilmiş 23 ülkenin 1993-2013 aralığındaki yıllık değerlerini içermektedir. Çalışmada panel veri yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Literatürde göç akımları ve doğrudan yabancı yatırım arasındaki ilişki çekim denklemi kullanılarak analiz edilmektedir. Bu sebeple modellerde yer alan değişkenler, genişletilmiş çekim modeline göre belirlenmiştir. Veri setinde ikili doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımı ve göçmen sayısı değerleri yer almaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular Türkiye ekonomisinde bağlantı etkisi teorisinin geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bir başka deyişle Türkiye’de doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları, yatırımın kaynağı olan ülkelere göçü arttırmaktadır. Bununla birlikte Türkiye milli geliri ile dışa göç arasında ters yönlü ilişki olduğu, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımının kaynağı olan ülkelerin gelirleri ve okullaşma oranları ile bu ülkelere olan göç arasında doğru yönlü ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır. Buna ilave olarak sermaye kaynağı ülkelerin nüfuslarının, hayat pahalılığının ve Türkiye ile arasındaki mesafelerinin bu ülkelere olan göçü azalttığına dair bulgular da elde edilmiştir.

References

  • Aroca, P. & Maloney, W. F. (2005). Migration, trade, and foreign direct investment in Mexico. World Bank Economic Review, 19(3), 449-472. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhi017.
  • Buch, C. M., Kleinert, J. & Toubal, F. (2006). Where enterprises lead, people follow? Links between migration and FDI in Germany. European Economic Review, 50(8), 2017–2036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2005.11.002.
  • Choi, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20, 249–272.
  • D'Agosto, E., Solferino, N., & Tria, G. (2013). Does FDI affect migration flows? The role of human capital. Migration Letters, 10(3), 359–368.
  • De Simone, G. & Manchin, M. (2012). Outward migration and inward FDI: Factor mobility between Eastern and Western Europe. Review of International Economics, 20, 600–615. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2012.01041.x.
  • Demirtaş, G. & Çakırca, Ş. Y. (2019). Uluslararası göçün dış ticaret üzerine etkisi: Türkiye için ampirik bir analiz. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 28(2), 141-163.
  • Docquier, F. & Lodigiani, E. (2010). Skilled migration and business networks. Open Economies Review, 21(4), 565–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11079-008-9102-8.
  • El Yaman, S., Kugler, M. & Rapoport, H. (2007). Migrations et investissements directs étrangers dans l’espace européen (UE-15). Revue Économique, 58 (3), 725–733.
  • Flatters, F. (1972). Commodity price equilization: A note on factor mobility and trade, American Economic Review, 62 (3), 473–476.
  • Foad, H. (2012). FDI and immigration: A regional analysis. Annals of Regional Science, 49(1), 237–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-011-0438-4.
  • Gheasi, M., Nijkamp, P. & Rietveld, P. (2013). Migration and foreign direct investment: education matters, Annals of Regional Science, 51(1), 73–87.
  • Javorcik, B. S., Özden, Ç., Spatareanu, M., & Neagu, C. (2011). Migrant networks and foreign direct investment. Journal of Development Economics, 94(2), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.012.
  • Jayet, H. & Marchal, L. (2016). Migration and FDI: Reconciling the standard trade theory with empirical evidence, Kiel Working Paper, No. 2039, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW), Kiel.
  • Karagöz, K. (2011). Göç-Ticaret ilişkisi: Panel çekim modeli. Sosyoekonomi, Özel Sayı, 2011-MI, 55-68.
  • Kugler, M. & Rapoport, H. (2007). International labor and capital flows: Complements or substitutes? Economics Letters, 94(2), 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.06.023.
  • Lewer, J. J. & Van den Berg, H. (2008). A gravity model of immigration. Economics letters, 99(1), 164-167.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F. & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1-24.
  • Maddala, G. S. & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631-652.
  • Mundell, R. A. (1957). International trade and factor mobility. American Economic Review, 47(3), 321–335.
  • Ohlin, B. G. (1933). Interregional and international trade. Harvard University Press.
  • Phyo E.E., Goto H. & Kakinaka M. (2019). International migration, foreign direct investment, and development stage in developing economies. Review of Development Economics, 23, 940–956. https://doi.org/10.1111/rode.12577
  • Roca, J., Padilla, E., Farré, M. & Galletto, V. (2001). Economic growth and atmospheric pollution in Spain: discussing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. Ecological Economics, 39(1), 85-99.
  • Sanderson, M. R. & Kentor, J. (2008). Foreign direct investment and international migration: A cross‐national analysis of less‐developed countries, 1985-2000. International Sociology, 23(4), 514–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580908090726.
  • Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the world economy: Suggestions for an international economic policy. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
  • UNCTAD (2019). World Investment Report 2019: Special Economic Zones, UN, New York, https://doi.org/10.18356/8a8d05f9-en.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2013). International Migration Report 2013.
  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). International Migration 2019: Wall Chart (ST/ESA/SER/A/431).
  • Wang, M., Wong, M. C. S. & Granato, J. (2013). The effect of foreign direct investment on international migration: Does education matter? World Economy, 36(5), 537–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12047.
  • Wong, K.-Y. (2006). Are international capital movement and international labor migration substitutes under national externality? R. J. Langhammer & F. Foders (Der.), Labor Mobility and the World Economy içinde (ss. 111-139). Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer
  • Xu, X. & Sylwester, K. (2016). The effects of foreign direct investment on emigration: the roles of FDI source country, education, and gender. Economic Modelling, 55, 401-409.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Can Karabıyık 0000-0002-7255-7946

Ela Çolpan Nart 0000-0003-4145-911X

Publication Date March 31, 2021
Submission Date October 11, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karabıyık, C., & Çolpan Nart, E. (2021). TÜRKİYE’DE DOĞRUDAN YABANCI SERMAYE YATIRIMLARININ ULUSLARARASI GÖÇ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 23(1), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.809011