Research Article
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Postpartum Depresyon Görülme Sıklığı ve İlişkili Faktörlerin Araştırılması

Year 2022, Volume: 36 Issue: 3, 287 - 295, 27.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.18614/deutip.1194640

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, doğumdan 6-8 hafta sonra kliniğimize başvuran annelerin Edinburgh doğum sonrası depresyon ölçeği kullanılarak doğum sonrası depresyon oranlarını ve bazı sosyodemografik ve obstetrik faktörlerin doğum sonrası depresyona etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır.

Materyal-metod: Bu kesitsel çalışmaya 6-8 hafta önce doğum yapan ve rutin kontrol için kadın doğum veya pediatri kliniklerine başvuran 318 kadın dahil edildi. Postpartum depresyon için potansiyel bir risk faktörü olabileceği düşünülen bazı sosyodemografik ve obstetrik veriler kaydedildi ve her hastaya Edinburgh postpartum depresyon ölçeği uygulandı.

Bulgular:104 hastaya (%32.7) doğum sonrası depresyon tanısı kondu. Anne ve eşinin eğitim düzeyi ve geliri düşük olanlarda, depresyon öyküsü olanlarda, evlilikten memnuniyetsizlik yaşayanlarda, sigara içenlerde, doğum sayısı ve kürtajda artış olanlarda, planlanmamış gebeliklerde, gebelikte bulantı ve kusma olanlarda, 36 haftadan önce doğum yapanlarda ve hastanede yatış süresinin uzaması, bebeğin küvöz ihtiyacının olması, yetersiz destek ve emzirme eksikliği durumunda postpartum depresyon oranları anlamlı olarak daha yüksekti.

Sonuç: Bazı sosyodemografik ve obstetrik durumlar ile doğum sonrası depresyon arasında anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Risk gruplarının belirlenmesi ve erken önlemler, pandemi sırasında hastalığın yüksek prevalansını azaltabilir.

References

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  • [2] Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Mortensen PB. New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study. JAMA. 2006 Dec 6;296(21):2582-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.21.2582.
  • [3] O'Hara MW, McCabe JE. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:379-407. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612.
  • [4] Evins GG, Theofrastous JP, Galvin SL. Postpartum depression: a comparison of screening and routine clinical evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 May;182(5):1080-2. doi: 10.1067/mob.2000.105409.
  • [5] Clare CA, Yeh J. Postpartum depression in special populations: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2012 May;67(5):313-23. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e318259cb52.
  • [6] McGarry J, Kim H, Sheng X, Egger M, Baksh L. Postpartum depression and help-seeking behavior. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;54(1):50-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2008.07.003.
  • [7] Verkerk GJ, Denollet J, Van Heck GL, Van Son MJ, Pop VJ. Patient preference for counselling predicts postpartum depression: a prospective 1-year follow up study in high-risk women. J Affect Disord. 2004 Nov 15;83(1):43-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.04.011.
  • [8] Inandi T, Elci OC, Ozturk A, Egri M, Polat A, Sahin TK. Risk factors for depression in postnatal first year, in eastern Turkey. Int J Epidemiol. 2002 Dec;31(6):1201-7. doi: 10.1093/ije/31.6.1201.
  • [9] Studd JW. A guide to the treatment of depression in women by estrogens. Climacteric. 2011 Dec;14(6):637-42. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2011.609285.
  • [10] Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;150:782-6. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.
  • [11] Smith-Nielsen J, Matthey S, Lange T, Væver MS. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale against both DSM-5 and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for depression. BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Dec 20;18(1):393. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1965-7.
  • [12] Engindeniz AN, Küey L, Kültür S. Turkish version of the Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale. Reliability and validity study. Spring Symposiums I book. Psychiatric Organization of Turkey, Ankara. 1996
  • [13] Ozbaşaran F, Coban A, Kucuk M. Prevalence and risk factors concerning postpartum depression among women within early postnatal periods in Turkey. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011 Mar;283(3):483-90. doi: 10.1007/s00404-010-1402-8.
  • [14] Leahy-Warren P, McCarthy G. Postnatal depression: prevalence, mothers' perspectives, and treatments. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2007 Apr;21(2):91-100. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2006.10.006.
  • [15] Villegas L, McKay K, Dennis CL, Ross LE. Postpartum depression among rural women from developed and developing countries: a systematic review. J Rural Health. 2011 Summer;27(3):278-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2010.00339.x.
  • [16] Özcan NK, Boyacıoğlu NE, Dinç H. Postpartum Depression Prevalence and Risk Factors in Turkey: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2017 Aug;31(4):420-428. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2017.04.006.
  • [17] Silverman ME, Reichenberg A, Savitz DA, Cnattingius S, Lichtenstein P, Hultman CM, Larsson H, Sandin S. The risk factors for postpartum depression: A population-based study. Depress Anxiety. 2017 Feb;34(2):178-187. doi: 10.1002/da.22597.
  • [18] Bloch M, Daly RC, Rubinow DR. Endocrine factors in the etiology of postpartum depression. Compr Psychiatry. 2003 May-Jun;44(3):234-46. doi: 10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00034-8.
  • [19] Ghaedrahmati M, Kazemi A, Kheirabadi G, Ebrahimi A, Bahrami M. Postpartum depression risk factors: A narrative review. J Educ Health Promot. 2017 Aug 9;6:60. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_9_16.
  • [20] Silva R, Jansen K, Souza L, Quevedo L, Barbosa L, Moraes I, Horta B, Pinheiro R. Sociodemographic risk factors of perinatal depression: a cohort study in the public health care system. Braz J Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;34(2):143-8. doi: 10.1590/s1516-44462012000200005.
  • [21] Goyal K, Purbiya P, Lal SN, Kaur J, Anthwal P, Puliyel JM. Correlation of Infant Gender with Postpartum Maternal and Paternal Depression and Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates. Breastfeed Med. 2017 Jun;12:279-282. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2017.0024.
  • [22] Fisher J, Cabral de Mello M, Patel V, Rahman A, Tran T, Holton S, Holmes W. Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2012 Feb 1;90(2):139G-149G. doi: 10.2471/BLT.11.091850.
  • [23] deCastro F, Hinojosa-Ayala N, Hernandez-Prado B. Risk and protective factors associated with postnatal depression in Mexican adolescents. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 Dec;32(4):210-7. doi: 10.3109/0167482X.2011.626543.
  • [24] Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE. Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004 Jul-Aug;26(4):289-95. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.02.006.
  • [25] Myers S, Johns SE. Male infants and birth complications are associated with increased incidence of postnatal depression. Soc Sci Med. 2019 Jan;220:56-64. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.008.

Frequency of Postpartum Depression and Investigation of Related Factors

Year 2022, Volume: 36 Issue: 3, 287 - 295, 27.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.18614/deutip.1194640

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the rates of postpartum depression by using Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale among mothers who visited our clinics 6-8 weeks after giving birth, and the effects of some sociodemographic and obstetrical factors on postpartum depression.

Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 318 women who gave birth 6-8 weeks ago and visited obstetrical and gynecology or pediatrics clinics for routine control. Some sociodemographic and obstetrical data which were thought to be a potential risk factor for postpartum depression were recorded and Edinburgh postpartum Depression Scale was conducted for each patient.

Results: 104 patients (32.7%) were diagnosed with postpartum depression. Postpartum depression rates were significantly higher in patients with low education levels and occupations of both mothers and their partners, depression history, dissatisfaction from marriage, smoking, increased number of parity and abortion, unplanned pregnancy, nausea and emesis during pregnancy, birth before 36 week pregnancy, increase in length of hospitalization, baby care in incubator, insufficient support and lack of breastfeeding.

Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between some sociodemographic and obstetrical conditions and postpartum depression. Identification of the risk groups and early precautions can reduce the high prevalence of the disease during the pandemic.

References

  • [1] Hahn-Holbrook J, Cornwell-Hinrichs T, Anaya I. Economic and Health Predictors of National Postpartum Depression Prevalence: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-Regression of 291 Studies from 56 Countries. Front Psychiatry. 2018 Feb 1;8:248. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00248.
  • [2] Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Mortensen PB. New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study. JAMA. 2006 Dec 6;296(21):2582-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.21.2582.
  • [3] O'Hara MW, McCabe JE. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2013;9:379-407. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185612.
  • [4] Evins GG, Theofrastous JP, Galvin SL. Postpartum depression: a comparison of screening and routine clinical evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000 May;182(5):1080-2. doi: 10.1067/mob.2000.105409.
  • [5] Clare CA, Yeh J. Postpartum depression in special populations: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2012 May;67(5):313-23. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e318259cb52.
  • [6] McGarry J, Kim H, Sheng X, Egger M, Baksh L. Postpartum depression and help-seeking behavior. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;54(1):50-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2008.07.003.
  • [7] Verkerk GJ, Denollet J, Van Heck GL, Van Son MJ, Pop VJ. Patient preference for counselling predicts postpartum depression: a prospective 1-year follow up study in high-risk women. J Affect Disord. 2004 Nov 15;83(1):43-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.04.011.
  • [8] Inandi T, Elci OC, Ozturk A, Egri M, Polat A, Sahin TK. Risk factors for depression in postnatal first year, in eastern Turkey. Int J Epidemiol. 2002 Dec;31(6):1201-7. doi: 10.1093/ije/31.6.1201.
  • [9] Studd JW. A guide to the treatment of depression in women by estrogens. Climacteric. 2011 Dec;14(6):637-42. doi: 10.3109/13697137.2011.609285.
  • [10] Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R. Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry. 1987 Jun;150:782-6. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.
  • [11] Smith-Nielsen J, Matthey S, Lange T, Væver MS. Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale against both DSM-5 and ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for depression. BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Dec 20;18(1):393. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1965-7.
  • [12] Engindeniz AN, Küey L, Kültür S. Turkish version of the Edinburg Postpartum Depression Scale. Reliability and validity study. Spring Symposiums I book. Psychiatric Organization of Turkey, Ankara. 1996
  • [13] Ozbaşaran F, Coban A, Kucuk M. Prevalence and risk factors concerning postpartum depression among women within early postnatal periods in Turkey. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011 Mar;283(3):483-90. doi: 10.1007/s00404-010-1402-8.
  • [14] Leahy-Warren P, McCarthy G. Postnatal depression: prevalence, mothers' perspectives, and treatments. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2007 Apr;21(2):91-100. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2006.10.006.
  • [15] Villegas L, McKay K, Dennis CL, Ross LE. Postpartum depression among rural women from developed and developing countries: a systematic review. J Rural Health. 2011 Summer;27(3):278-88. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2010.00339.x.
  • [16] Özcan NK, Boyacıoğlu NE, Dinç H. Postpartum Depression Prevalence and Risk Factors in Turkey: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2017 Aug;31(4):420-428. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2017.04.006.
  • [17] Silverman ME, Reichenberg A, Savitz DA, Cnattingius S, Lichtenstein P, Hultman CM, Larsson H, Sandin S. The risk factors for postpartum depression: A population-based study. Depress Anxiety. 2017 Feb;34(2):178-187. doi: 10.1002/da.22597.
  • [18] Bloch M, Daly RC, Rubinow DR. Endocrine factors in the etiology of postpartum depression. Compr Psychiatry. 2003 May-Jun;44(3):234-46. doi: 10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00034-8.
  • [19] Ghaedrahmati M, Kazemi A, Kheirabadi G, Ebrahimi A, Bahrami M. Postpartum depression risk factors: A narrative review. J Educ Health Promot. 2017 Aug 9;6:60. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_9_16.
  • [20] Silva R, Jansen K, Souza L, Quevedo L, Barbosa L, Moraes I, Horta B, Pinheiro R. Sociodemographic risk factors of perinatal depression: a cohort study in the public health care system. Braz J Psychiatry. 2012 Jun;34(2):143-8. doi: 10.1590/s1516-44462012000200005.
  • [21] Goyal K, Purbiya P, Lal SN, Kaur J, Anthwal P, Puliyel JM. Correlation of Infant Gender with Postpartum Maternal and Paternal Depression and Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates. Breastfeed Med. 2017 Jun;12:279-282. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2017.0024.
  • [22] Fisher J, Cabral de Mello M, Patel V, Rahman A, Tran T, Holton S, Holmes W. Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 2012 Feb 1;90(2):139G-149G. doi: 10.2471/BLT.11.091850.
  • [23] deCastro F, Hinojosa-Ayala N, Hernandez-Prado B. Risk and protective factors associated with postnatal depression in Mexican adolescents. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 Dec;32(4):210-7. doi: 10.3109/0167482X.2011.626543.
  • [24] Robertson E, Grace S, Wallington T, Stewart DE. Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004 Jul-Aug;26(4):289-95. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.02.006.
  • [25] Myers S, Johns SE. Male infants and birth complications are associated with increased incidence of postnatal depression. Soc Sci Med. 2019 Jan;220:56-64. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.10.008.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Soner Gök 0000-0001-8940-1879

Ayhan Atıgan 0000-0002-7257-0593

Berfin Gök 0000-0001-5739-3683

Publication Date January 27, 2023
Submission Date October 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 36 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Gök S, Atıgan A, Gök B. Frequency of Postpartum Depression and Investigation of Related Factors. J DEU Med. 2023;36(3):287-95.