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HEGEMONIC TRADE POLICIES OF THE US AND THEIR EFFECTS ON TURKEY

Year 2022, Issue: 30, 90 - 110, 30.06.2022

Abstract

Hegemony describes the dominance of a country or a person over others and Hegemonic Stability Theory is derived from this notion. According to this theory, a hegemon country is necessary to obtain and maintain a globally open and stable economy. The USA has become the hegemon power of the world after the World War II. Trade policies are the main tools that a hegemon power uses to create pressure on the others. The USA used this tool also on Turkey by imposing arms embargo after the Cyprus Peace Operation in 1974. Donald Trump elected as the president in 2017 and he started a global trade war by increasing the tariffs. However, the numbers show that the USA continues to import from Turkey increasingly even though the high tariffs have been imposed since 2018.

In this study, the cointegration relationship between the total value of Turkey’s exports to the USA and the average weighted rate of most favored nation tariffs (MFN) applied to Turkey by the USA are analyzed for 1991 – 2019 period. The results revealed that there is no cointegration relationship between the Turkey’s exports to the USA and the MFN tariffs imposed to Turkey by the USA.

References

  • “ABD Menşeli Bazı Ürünlerin İthalatında Ek Mali Yükümlülük”, (2018). T.C. Resmi Gazete, (30462 – Mükerrer, 25 Haziran 2018)
  • Adamson, F. (2001). Democratization and the Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy: Turkey in the 1974. Cyprus Crisis. Political Science Quarterly, 116(2), 277-303.
  • Akhtar, S.I. (2021). US – Turkey Trade Relations. Congressional Research Service, Erişim adresi: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/IF10961.pdf
  • Anadolu Ajansı, (2019). ABD'nin GTS hamlesi tartışmalara yol açtı. Erişim adresi: https://is.gd/LHKUvb
  • Anesi, V., & Facchini, G. (2019). Coercive trade policy. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 11(3), 225-56.
  • Antonio, G. (1997). Hapishane Defterleri. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Berthou, A. ve Stumpner, S. (2020). Quantifying the impact of the US-China trade war on exports. In Forum for Research in Emprical International Trade.
  • Bates, T. (1975). Gramsci and the Theory of Hegemony. Journal of the History of Ideas, 36(2), 351-366.
  • Bozkurt, H. (2007). Zaman Serileri Analizi, 1. Baskı, Ankara: Ekin Kitapevi.
  • Brumage, J. (2015). The Turkish Arms Embargo – Part I. Robert C. Byrd Center for Congressional History and Education, Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/P9UOsj
  • Carbaugh, B., ve Ghosh, K. (2019). Economic Sanctions and North Korea. The American Economist, 64(1), 131–141.
  • Destradi, S. (2010). Regional powers and their strategies: Empire, hegemony, and leadership. Review of International Studies, 36(4), 903-930.
  • Dominguez K.M.E. (1993). The Role of International Organizations in the Bretton Woods System. in Bordo, M.D. and Eichengreen, B. (Ed.), A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform, (357- 404). University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
  • Durmaz, M. (2014). The US Arms Embargo of 1975-1978 and Its Effects on the Development of the Turkish Defense Industry, (Lisansüstü tezi, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey). Erişim adresi: http://hdl.handle.net/10945/43905
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gutiérrez, E. ve Machuca, C.M. (2021). The Effect of Tariffs on Spanish Good Exports. Banco De Espana, Documentos de Trabajo. N.º 2121, Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/ScWEtl
  • Handley, K., Kamal, F. ve Monarch, R. (2020). Rising import tariffs, falling export growth: When modern supply chains meet old-style protectionism (No. w26611). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Irwin, D. (1995). The GATT in Historical Perspective. The American Economic Review, 85(2), 323-328.
  • Isakova, A., Koczan, Z., & Plekhanov, A. (2016). How much do tariffs matter? Evidence from the customs union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 19(2), 166-184.
  • Jenkins, H. P. ve Katıcıoğlu, S. (2010). “The Bounds Test Approach for Cointegration and Causality between Financial Development, International Trade and Economic Growth: The Case of Cyprus”, Applied Economics, Vol. 42(13), s. 1699 – 1707.
  • Katzenstein, P. (1977). Introduction: Domestic and International Forces and Strategies of Foreign Economic Policy. International Organization, 31(4), 587-606.
  • Katzman, K. (2021). Iran Sanctions. Congressional Research Service, Erişim Adresi: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS20871.pdf
  • Köse, Z, Meral, G . (2019). Türkiye-Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Arası Endüstri İçi Ticaret Ve Döviz Kuru İlişkisi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19 (38) , 184-201.
  • Kindleberger C.P. (1973). The World in Depression, 1929 – 1933. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Lindsay, J. (1986). Trade Sanctions As Policy Instruments: A Re-Examination. International Studies Quarterly, 30(2), 153-173.
  • Norrlöf, C. (2020). Is COVID-19 the end of US hegemony? Public bads, leadership failures and monetary hegemony. International Affairs, 96(5), 1281-1303.
  • Özden, A., Seheri, Ö. ve Ersan, Ö. (2020). Demir Çelik Sektörü. A&T Bank Ekonomik Araştırmalar Departmanı. Erişim adresi: https://is.gd/xd4jCn
  • Özen, Ç. (2005). Neogramşiyan Hegemonya Yaklaşımı Çerçevesinde Güç ve Global Finans: Pax Britannica′daki Büyük Dönüşüm. International Relations, 2(8), 3-31.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Pigman, G. (1997). Hegemony and Trade Liberalization Policy: Britain and the Brussels Sugar Convention of 1902. Review of International Studies, 23(2), 185-210.
  • Prys, M. (2009). Regional hegemon or regional bystander: South Africa's Zimbabwe policy 2000–2005. Politikon, 36(2), 193-218.
  • Reuters, (2019). U.S. terminates Turkey's preferential trade agreement,reduces tariffs on steel. Erişim adresi: https://is.gd/ho4iWm
  • Sachse, V.E. (1989). Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Examination. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  • Salotti, S., Rocchi, P., Rueda-Cantuche, J.M. ve Arto I. (2019). Macroeconomic effects of US tariff on steel and aluminium: who would pay the bill? JRC Working Papers, JRC112036, Joint Research Centre (Seville site)
  • Savcı, M. (2021). Türkiye’nin Kıbrıs Politikasında Amerikan Etkisi: Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı Örneği. Harp Tarihi Dergisi, 3, 1-42.
  • Sevüktekin, M. ve Çınar M. (2014). Ekonometrik Zaman Serileri Analizi. 4. Baskı, Bursa: Dora Basım – Yayım.
  • Sullivan, M.P. (2021). Cuba: U.S. Policy Overview. Congressional Research Service, Erişim Adresi: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10045.pdf
  • Tankersley, J., Swanson, A. ve Phillips, M. (2018). Trump Hits Turkey When It’s Down, Doubling Tariffs, The New York Times, Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/MTehFA
  • Tarnoff, C. (2018). The Marshall Plan: Design, Accomplishment and Significance. Congressional Research Service, Erişim adresi: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45079.pdf
  • The Carter Center (2020). U.S. and European Sanctions on Syria. Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/4TlxFs
  • TurkStat, (2020). Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri, Aralık 2019. Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/JVURfI
  • TurkStat, (2021), İstatistik Veri Portalı – Dış Ticaret. Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/q928g1
  • UN Comtrade (2021). UN Comtrade Database. Erişim Adresi: https://comtrade.un.org/data
  • USTR (2006). ABD’nin Genelleştirilmiş Tercihler Sistemi (GTS) Programı ve Türkiye. Erişim Adresi: https://ustr.gov/archive/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/GSP/ GSP_in_Use_Country_Specific_Information/Turkey/asset_upload_file814_14844.pdf
  • Webb, M., & Krasner, S. (1989). Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Empirical Assessment. Review of International Studies, 15(2), 183-198.
  • Woolcock, J. (1985). Politics, Ideology and Hegemony in Gramsci's Theory. Social and Economic Studies, 34(3), 199-210.
  • Yazid, N.M. (2015). The Theory Of Hegemonic Stability, Hegemonic Power And International Political Economic Stability. Global Journal of Political Science and Administration, 3(6), 67-79

ABD’NİN HEGEMONYACI TİCARET POLİTİKALARI VE TÜRKİYE ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Year 2022, Issue: 30, 90 - 110, 30.06.2022

Abstract

Hegemonya bir ülkenin ya da kişinin diğerleri üzerinde üstünlüğü tanımlar ve Hegemonyacı İstikrarı Teorisi de bu kavramdan türetilmiştir. Söz konusu teoriye göre küresel olarak açık ve istikrarlı bir ekonominin sağlanması ve devamlılığının korunması için hegemon bir ülkenin varlığı gereklidir. ABD 2. Dünya Savaşı’ndan itibaren dünyanın hegemon gücü haline gelmiştir. Ticaret politikaları da hegemon gücün diğerleri üzerinde baskı kurmak için kullandığı temel politikalardan biridir. ABD, bu aracı Türkiye üzerinde, 1974’deki Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtından sonra silah ambargosu uygulayarak kullanmıştır. 2017’de Donald Trump, başkan seçildikten sonra tarifeleri yükselterek küresel bir ticaret savaşı başlatmıştır. Ancak, rakamların da gösterdiği üzere, yükselen tarifelere rağmen ABD, Türkiye’den artan miktarlarda ithalat yapmaya devam etmektedir.

Bu çalışmada, ABD’nin Türkiye’ye uyguladığı tarifelerin etkilerinin tespit edilebilmesi amacı ile Türkiye’nin ABD’ye yaptığı ihracatın toplam değeri ile ABD’nin Türkiye’ye en çok kayırılan ülke kapsamında uyguladığı gümrük vergilerinin ağırlıklı ortalaması arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. 1991 – 2019 yıllarını kapsayan veriler kullanılarak yapılan çalışma, Türkiye’nin ABD’ye yaptığı toplam ihracat ile ABD’nin uyguladığı gümrük vergileri arasında herhangi bir nedensellik ilişkisi olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır.

References

  • “ABD Menşeli Bazı Ürünlerin İthalatında Ek Mali Yükümlülük”, (2018). T.C. Resmi Gazete, (30462 – Mükerrer, 25 Haziran 2018)
  • Adamson, F. (2001). Democratization and the Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy: Turkey in the 1974. Cyprus Crisis. Political Science Quarterly, 116(2), 277-303.
  • Akhtar, S.I. (2021). US – Turkey Trade Relations. Congressional Research Service, Erişim adresi: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/IF10961.pdf
  • Anadolu Ajansı, (2019). ABD'nin GTS hamlesi tartışmalara yol açtı. Erişim adresi: https://is.gd/LHKUvb
  • Anesi, V., & Facchini, G. (2019). Coercive trade policy. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 11(3), 225-56.
  • Antonio, G. (1997). Hapishane Defterleri. İstanbul: Belge Yayınları.
  • Berthou, A. ve Stumpner, S. (2020). Quantifying the impact of the US-China trade war on exports. In Forum for Research in Emprical International Trade.
  • Bates, T. (1975). Gramsci and the Theory of Hegemony. Journal of the History of Ideas, 36(2), 351-366.
  • Bozkurt, H. (2007). Zaman Serileri Analizi, 1. Baskı, Ankara: Ekin Kitapevi.
  • Brumage, J. (2015). The Turkish Arms Embargo – Part I. Robert C. Byrd Center for Congressional History and Education, Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/P9UOsj
  • Carbaugh, B., ve Ghosh, K. (2019). Economic Sanctions and North Korea. The American Economist, 64(1), 131–141.
  • Destradi, S. (2010). Regional powers and their strategies: Empire, hegemony, and leadership. Review of International Studies, 36(4), 903-930.
  • Dominguez K.M.E. (1993). The Role of International Organizations in the Bretton Woods System. in Bordo, M.D. and Eichengreen, B. (Ed.), A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform, (357- 404). University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
  • Durmaz, M. (2014). The US Arms Embargo of 1975-1978 and Its Effects on the Development of the Turkish Defense Industry, (Lisansüstü tezi, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey). Erişim adresi: http://hdl.handle.net/10945/43905
  • Gilpin, R. (1981). War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gutiérrez, E. ve Machuca, C.M. (2021). The Effect of Tariffs on Spanish Good Exports. Banco De Espana, Documentos de Trabajo. N.º 2121, Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/ScWEtl
  • Handley, K., Kamal, F. ve Monarch, R. (2020). Rising import tariffs, falling export growth: When modern supply chains meet old-style protectionism (No. w26611). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Irwin, D. (1995). The GATT in Historical Perspective. The American Economic Review, 85(2), 323-328.
  • Isakova, A., Koczan, Z., & Plekhanov, A. (2016). How much do tariffs matter? Evidence from the customs union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 19(2), 166-184.
  • Jenkins, H. P. ve Katıcıoğlu, S. (2010). “The Bounds Test Approach for Cointegration and Causality between Financial Development, International Trade and Economic Growth: The Case of Cyprus”, Applied Economics, Vol. 42(13), s. 1699 – 1707.
  • Katzenstein, P. (1977). Introduction: Domestic and International Forces and Strategies of Foreign Economic Policy. International Organization, 31(4), 587-606.
  • Katzman, K. (2021). Iran Sanctions. Congressional Research Service, Erişim Adresi: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RS20871.pdf
  • Köse, Z, Meral, G . (2019). Türkiye-Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Arası Endüstri İçi Ticaret Ve Döviz Kuru İlişkisi. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19 (38) , 184-201.
  • Kindleberger C.P. (1973). The World in Depression, 1929 – 1933. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Lindsay, J. (1986). Trade Sanctions As Policy Instruments: A Re-Examination. International Studies Quarterly, 30(2), 153-173.
  • Norrlöf, C. (2020). Is COVID-19 the end of US hegemony? Public bads, leadership failures and monetary hegemony. International Affairs, 96(5), 1281-1303.
  • Özden, A., Seheri, Ö. ve Ersan, Ö. (2020). Demir Çelik Sektörü. A&T Bank Ekonomik Araştırmalar Departmanı. Erişim adresi: https://is.gd/xd4jCn
  • Özen, Ç. (2005). Neogramşiyan Hegemonya Yaklaşımı Çerçevesinde Güç ve Global Finans: Pax Britannica′daki Büyük Dönüşüm. International Relations, 2(8), 3-31.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Pigman, G. (1997). Hegemony and Trade Liberalization Policy: Britain and the Brussels Sugar Convention of 1902. Review of International Studies, 23(2), 185-210.
  • Prys, M. (2009). Regional hegemon or regional bystander: South Africa's Zimbabwe policy 2000–2005. Politikon, 36(2), 193-218.
  • Reuters, (2019). U.S. terminates Turkey's preferential trade agreement,reduces tariffs on steel. Erişim adresi: https://is.gd/ho4iWm
  • Sachse, V.E. (1989). Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Examination. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  • Salotti, S., Rocchi, P., Rueda-Cantuche, J.M. ve Arto I. (2019). Macroeconomic effects of US tariff on steel and aluminium: who would pay the bill? JRC Working Papers, JRC112036, Joint Research Centre (Seville site)
  • Savcı, M. (2021). Türkiye’nin Kıbrıs Politikasında Amerikan Etkisi: Kıbrıs Barış Harekâtı Örneği. Harp Tarihi Dergisi, 3, 1-42.
  • Sevüktekin, M. ve Çınar M. (2014). Ekonometrik Zaman Serileri Analizi. 4. Baskı, Bursa: Dora Basım – Yayım.
  • Sullivan, M.P. (2021). Cuba: U.S. Policy Overview. Congressional Research Service, Erişim Adresi: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10045.pdf
  • Tankersley, J., Swanson, A. ve Phillips, M. (2018). Trump Hits Turkey When It’s Down, Doubling Tariffs, The New York Times, Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/MTehFA
  • Tarnoff, C. (2018). The Marshall Plan: Design, Accomplishment and Significance. Congressional Research Service, Erişim adresi: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45079.pdf
  • The Carter Center (2020). U.S. and European Sanctions on Syria. Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/4TlxFs
  • TurkStat, (2020). Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri, Aralık 2019. Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/JVURfI
  • TurkStat, (2021), İstatistik Veri Portalı – Dış Ticaret. Erişim Adresi: https://is.gd/q928g1
  • UN Comtrade (2021). UN Comtrade Database. Erişim Adresi: https://comtrade.un.org/data
  • USTR (2006). ABD’nin Genelleştirilmiş Tercihler Sistemi (GTS) Programı ve Türkiye. Erişim Adresi: https://ustr.gov/archive/assets/Trade_Development/Preference_Programs/GSP/ GSP_in_Use_Country_Specific_Information/Turkey/asset_upload_file814_14844.pdf
  • Webb, M., & Krasner, S. (1989). Hegemonic Stability Theory: An Empirical Assessment. Review of International Studies, 15(2), 183-198.
  • Woolcock, J. (1985). Politics, Ideology and Hegemony in Gramsci's Theory. Social and Economic Studies, 34(3), 199-210.
  • Yazid, N.M. (2015). The Theory Of Hegemonic Stability, Hegemonic Power And International Political Economic Stability. Global Journal of Political Science and Administration, 3(6), 67-79
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Barış Ülker 0000-0002-6860-8210

Emin Ertürk 0000-0003-2469-4417

Early Pub Date June 30, 2022
Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date December 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 30

Cite

APA Ülker, B., & Ertürk, E. (2022). HEGEMONIC TRADE POLICIES OF THE US AND THEIR EFFECTS ON TURKEY. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(30), 90-110.

Dicle University
Journal of Social Sciences Institute (DUSBED)