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GÜNEY KAHRAMANMARAŞ’IN HOLOSEN DÖNEM PALEOİKLİMİ: MAKROFİZİKSEL İKLİM MODELİ ÖN SONUÇLARI

Year 2025, Issue: 38, 433 - 454, 28.02.2025
https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1604474

Abstract

Kahramanmaraş, coğrafi olarak Anadolu ile Mezopotamya arasındaki konumu dolayısıyla jeostratejik bir role sahiptir. Bölgenin stratigrafik olarak Geç Neolitik Dönem'ini yansıtan Domuztepe yerleşiminin varlığı dolayısıyla araştırma bölgesi Kahramanmaraş’ın güney düzlükleri olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Erken Holosen ve Orta Holosen’in başlarına tekabül eden Neolitik Çağ’daki iklimsel değişikliklerin bölgeye, dolayısıyla bölge sakinlerine etkilerini ele almaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda yöntem olarak Makrofiziksel İklim Modeli (MİM) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bölgesi özelinde yapılan jeolojik ve arkeolojik araştırmalar incelenmiş ve iklim modeli verileriyle karşılaştırılarak araştırma bölgesinin paleoiklim rekonstrüksiyonu yapılmıştır. MİM sonuçlarına göre Genç Dryas’ın başlangıcıyla birlikte soğuk iklim koşulları bölgeye hâkim olmuştur. Erken Holosen’in başlarında Preboreal Salınım (11.4 ka) ve 11.1 ka iklim olaylarının etkisiyle soğuk bir dönem yaşanmıştır. Devamında ise ısınma dönemi başlamış ve 10.3 ka iklim olayı gözlenmemiştir. Öte yandan 9.4 ka ve 8.2 ka iklim olaylarının bölgede yaşanmış olabileceği üzerinde durulmakla birlikte bölgede yapılacak disiplinler arası araştırmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Sonuç olarak yağış ve sıcaklık değerlerine göre Erken Holosen’den Orta Holosen’in başlarına kadar belirgin olarak artan kuraklık Domuztepe sakinlerinin yaşam biçimlerini etkilemiştir. Bu araştırma bölgedeki iklim değişiklerini ve etkilerini paleoiklim modeli kullanarak ortaya koyan ilk araştırma özelliği taşımaktadır. Model sonuçlarının vekil verilerle yüksek oranda tutarlı olması yönüyle gelecek bölge araştırmaları için kılavuz niteliğinde olacaktır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma Koç Üniversitesi Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü (AKMED) tarafından desteklenmektedir (Proje No: KU AKMED 2024/T.1131).

Supporting Institution

AKMED

Project Number

KU AKMED 2024/T.1131

References

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  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G., & Brüning, M. L. (2019). Architecture and social continuity at Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad III, Syria. Ina dmarri u qan tuppi-Par la bêche et le stylet, 101-110.
  • Alley, R. B., Mayewski, P. A., Sowers, T., Stuiver, M., Taylor, K. C., & Clark, P. U. (1997). Holocene climatic instability: A prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology, 25(6), 483-486.
  • Arbuckle, B. S. (2019). Zooarchaeology at Epipaleolithic Direkli Cave, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Anadolu Prehistorya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5, 1-14.
  • Arıkan, B., Restelli, F. B., & Masi, A. (2016). Comparative modeling of Bronze Age land use in the Malatya Plain (Turkey). Quaternary Science Reviews, 136, 122-133.
  • Atalay, İ. (1982). Türkiye jeomorfolojisine giriş. Ege Üniversitesi Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Atalay, I. (1999). Land use in the karstic lands in the Mediterranean region. International Journal of Speleology, 28(1), 8.
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  • Björck, S., Kromer, B., Johnsen, S., Bennike, O., Hammarlund, D., Lemdahl, G., ... & Spurk, M. (1996). Synchronized terrestrial atmospheric deglacial records around the North Atlantic. Science, 274(5290), 1155-1160.
  • Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P., DeMenocal, P., ... & Bonani, G. (1997). A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates.science, 278(5341), 1257-1266.
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  • Deniz, A., Toros, H., & Incecik, S. (2011). Spatial variations of climate indices in Turkey. International Journal of climatology, 31(3), 394-403.
  • Erek, C. M. (2008). Levant-İç Anadolu arasındaki prehistorik bağlantılarda Amik-Maraş çöküntü alanının önemi (yeni buluntular ışığında Amik-Maraş çöküntü alanının Levant-İç Anadolu arasındaki prehistorik bağlantılara katkıları). Olba, (16), 1-22.
  • Fontugne, M., Kuzucuoǧlu, C., Karabiyikoǧlu, M., Hatte, C., & Pastre, J. F. (1999). From Pleniglacial to Holocene: a 14C chronostratigraphy of environmental changes in the Konya Plain, Turkey. Quaternary Science Reviews, 18(4-5), 573-591.
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  • Göktürk, O. M., Fleitmann, D., Badertscher, S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Leuenberger, M., ... & Kramers, J. (2011). Climate on the southern Black Sea coast during the Holocene: implications from the Sofular Cave record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30(19-20), 2433-2445.
  • Huot, J. L. (1992). The first farmers at Oueili. The Biblical Archaeologist, 55(4), 188-195.
  • Kansa, S.W., Kennedy, A., Campbell, S., & Carter, E. (2009). Resource exploitation at Late Neolithic Domuztepe: faunal and botanical evidence. Current Anthropology, 50(6), 897-914.
  • Karig, D. E., & Kozlu, H. (1990). Late Palaeogene-Neogene evolution of the triple junction region near Maraş, south-central Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 147(6), 1023-1034.
  • Koçaklı, K., Arıkan, B., Dardeniz, G., & Kolbüken, M. (2024). A comprehensive assessment of the landscape, environment, natural resources, and the changes in social organization between the Chalcolithic and the early iron age (ca. 6000–2600 cal. BP) at Delice Valley, North-Central Anatolia (Türkiye). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 55, 104491.
  • Kolbüken, M., & Arıkan, B. (2024). The paleoclimate of the Gediz Graben (Western Türkiye) and archaeological settlement patterns during the Holocene. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 53, 104414.
  • Korkmaz, H. (2000). Kahramanmaraş Havzası’nın Jeomorfolojisi. (YÖK Tez Merkezi, Yayımlanmamış DR Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Kökten, K. (1958). Tarsus-Antalya arası sahil şeriti üzerinde ve Antalya bölgesinde yapılan tarihöncesi araştırmaları. Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, (11), 10-19.
  • Magny, M., Vannière, B., de Beaulieu, J. L., Bégeot, C., Heiri, O., Millet, L., ... & Walter-Simonnet, A. V. (2007). Early-Holocene climatic oscillations recorded by lake-level fluctuations in west-central Europe and in central Italy. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(15-16), 1951-1964.
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  • Ruter, A., Arzt, J., Vavrus, S., Bryson, R. A., & Kutzbach, J. E. (2004). Climate and environment of the subtropical and tropical Americas (NH) in the mid-Holocene: comparison of observations with climate model simulations.Quaternary Science Reviews, 23(5-6), 663-679.
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PALEOCLIMATE OF THE SOUTHERN KAHRAMANMARAŞ DURING THE HOLOCENE PERIOD: MACROPHYSICAL CLIMATE MODEL PRELIMINARY RESULTS

Year 2025, Issue: 38, 433 - 454, 28.02.2025
https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1604474

Abstract

Kahramanmaraş has a geostrategic role due to its geographical location between Anatolia and Mesopotamia. Due to the presence of the Domuztepe settlement, which stratigraphically reflects the Late Neolithic period of the region, the south plains of the Kahramanmaraş were chosen as the research area. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of climatic changes on the region and its inhabitants during the Neolithic Age which correspond to Early Holocene and begining of the Middle Holocene. For this purpose, the Macrophysical Climate Model (MCM) was used as a method. Geological and archaeological researches were analyzed and compared with the climate model data to reconstruct the paleoclimate of the research area. According to the MCM results, cold climatic conditions dominated the region with the beginning of the Younger Dryas. In the Early Holocene, a cold period was occured due to the Preboreal Oscillation (11.4 ka) and 11.1 ka climate events. Afterwards, a warming period started and 10.3 ka climate events were not observed. On the other hand, although it is emphasized that 9.4 ka and 8.2 ka climate events may have occurred in the region, there is a need for future interdisciplinary researches in the region. Consequently, according to the precipitation and temperature values, the drought became distinctive from the Early Holocene to the beginning of the Middle Holocene had a significant impact on lifestyles of the inhabitants of Domuztepe. This research is the first study to reveal the climate changes and their effects in the region using a paleoclimate model. As the model results are highly consistent with the proxy data of the region, it will serve as a guide for future research in the region.

Project Number

KU AKMED 2024/T.1131

References

  • Akıncı, A. C., & Ünlügenç, U. C. (2023). 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremleri: sahadan jeolojik veriler, değerlendirme ve Adana için etkileri. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 38(2), 553-569.
  • Akkermans, P. M. M. G., & Brüning, M. L. (2019). Architecture and social continuity at Neolithic Tell Sabi Abyad III, Syria. Ina dmarri u qan tuppi-Par la bêche et le stylet, 101-110.
  • Alley, R. B., Mayewski, P. A., Sowers, T., Stuiver, M., Taylor, K. C., & Clark, P. U. (1997). Holocene climatic instability: A prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago. Geology, 25(6), 483-486.
  • Arbuckle, B. S. (2019). Zooarchaeology at Epipaleolithic Direkli Cave, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Anadolu Prehistorya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5, 1-14.
  • Arıkan, B., Restelli, F. B., & Masi, A. (2016). Comparative modeling of Bronze Age land use in the Malatya Plain (Turkey). Quaternary Science Reviews, 136, 122-133.
  • Atalay, İ. (1982). Türkiye jeomorfolojisine giriş. Ege Üniversitesi Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Fakültesi Yayınları.
  • Atalay, I. (1999). Land use in the karstic lands in the Mediterranean region. International Journal of Speleology, 28(1), 8.
  • Barber, D. C., Dyke, A., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Jennings, A. E., Andrews, J. T., Kerwin, M. W., ... & Gagnon, J. M. (1999). Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes.Nature, 400(6742), 344-348.
  • Bar-Matthews, M., Ayalon, A., Kaufman, A., & Wasserburg, G. J. (1999). The Eastern Mediterranean paleoclimate as a reflection of regional events: Soreq cave, Israel. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 166(1-2), 85-95.
  • Baysal, E. L., & Erek, C. M. (2018). Material movement in the Near Eastern Epipalaeolithic: Implications of the shell and stone beads of Direkli Cave, Turkey. Journal of Field Archaeology, 43(8), 591-603.
  • Björck, S., Kromer, B., Johnsen, S., Bennike, O., Hammarlund, D., Lemdahl, G., ... & Spurk, M. (1996). Synchronized terrestrial atmospheric deglacial records around the North Atlantic. Science, 274(5290), 1155-1160.
  • Bond, G., Showers, W., Cheseby, M., Lotti, R., Almasi, P., DeMenocal, P., ... & Bonani, G. (1997). A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates.science, 278(5341), 1257-1266.
  • Boomer, I. & Gearey, B. 2010: The occurrence of a new species of Gomphocythere (Ostracoda, Limnocytheridae) in the Holocene of SE Turkey: the northernmost record for the genus. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 29, 115–118.
  • Bryson, R. U., & Bryson, R. A. (1998). Application of a global volcanicity time-series on high-resolution paleoclimatic modeling of the eastern Mediterranean. In Water, Environment and Society in Times of Climatic Change: Contributions from an International Workshop within the framework of International Hydrological Program (IHP) UNESCO, held at Ben-Gurion University, Sede Boker, Israel from 7–12 July 1996 (pp. 1-19). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
  • Bryson R.A. and DeWall K.M. (2007). An introduction to archaeoclimatology. Macrophysical Climate Model, in R.A. Bryson and K.M. DeWall (eds) A Paleoclimatology Workbook: High Resolution, Sitespecific Macrophysical Climate Modeling. Mammoth, (pp. 3-11). Hot Springs.
  • Campbell, S., Carter, E., Healey, E., Anderson, S., Kennedy, A., & Whitcher, S.(1999). Emerging complexity on the Kahramanmaraş plain, Turkey: the Domuztepe project, 1995-1997. American Journal of Archaeology, 103(3), 395-418.
  • Carlson, A.E., 2013. The Younger Dryas Climate Event. In: Elias, S.A., Mock, C.J. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science Second Edition. Elsevier, (pp. 126–134), Amsterdam.
  • Carter, E. (1994). Report on the Kahramanmaraş archaeological survey project from 24/9/1992 to 11/11/1993. XII. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 12, 331-143.
  • Cosun, F. (2008). Kahramanmaraş ilinde iklim değişikliği trend analizi, (YÖK Tez Merkezi, Yayımlanmamış YL Tezi). Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Coğrafya Anabilim Dalı, Kahramanmaraş.
  • Deniz, A., Toros, H., & Incecik, S. (2011). Spatial variations of climate indices in Turkey. International Journal of climatology, 31(3), 394-403.
  • Erek, C. M. (2008). Levant-İç Anadolu arasındaki prehistorik bağlantılarda Amik-Maraş çöküntü alanının önemi (yeni buluntular ışığında Amik-Maraş çöküntü alanının Levant-İç Anadolu arasındaki prehistorik bağlantılara katkıları). Olba, (16), 1-22.
  • Fontugne, M., Kuzucuoǧlu, C., Karabiyikoǧlu, M., Hatte, C., & Pastre, J. F. (1999). From Pleniglacial to Holocene: a 14C chronostratigraphy of environmental changes in the Konya Plain, Turkey. Quaternary Science Reviews, 18(4-5), 573-591.
  • Fletcher, W. J., Goñi, M. F. S., Naughton, F., & Seppä, H. (2023). Introduction to the Holocene climate. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 65–72).
  • Gearey, B. R., Fletcher, A., Fletcher, W. G., Campbell, S., Boomer, I., Keen, D., ... & Tetlow, E. (2011). From site to landscape: Assessing the value of geoarchaeological data in understanding the archaeological record of Domuztepe, Eastern Mediterranean, Turkey. American Journal of Archaeology, 115(3), 465-482.
  • Göktürk, O. M., Fleitmann, D., Badertscher, S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Leuenberger, M., ... & Kramers, J. (2011). Climate on the southern Black Sea coast during the Holocene: implications from the Sofular Cave record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30(19-20), 2433-2445.
  • Huot, J. L. (1992). The first farmers at Oueili. The Biblical Archaeologist, 55(4), 188-195.
  • Kansa, S.W., Kennedy, A., Campbell, S., & Carter, E. (2009). Resource exploitation at Late Neolithic Domuztepe: faunal and botanical evidence. Current Anthropology, 50(6), 897-914.
  • Karig, D. E., & Kozlu, H. (1990). Late Palaeogene-Neogene evolution of the triple junction region near Maraş, south-central Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 147(6), 1023-1034.
  • Koçaklı, K., Arıkan, B., Dardeniz, G., & Kolbüken, M. (2024). A comprehensive assessment of the landscape, environment, natural resources, and the changes in social organization between the Chalcolithic and the early iron age (ca. 6000–2600 cal. BP) at Delice Valley, North-Central Anatolia (Türkiye). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 55, 104491.
  • Kolbüken, M., & Arıkan, B. (2024). The paleoclimate of the Gediz Graben (Western Türkiye) and archaeological settlement patterns during the Holocene. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 53, 104414.
  • Korkmaz, H. (2000). Kahramanmaraş Havzası’nın Jeomorfolojisi. (YÖK Tez Merkezi, Yayımlanmamış DR Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Kökten, K. (1958). Tarsus-Antalya arası sahil şeriti üzerinde ve Antalya bölgesinde yapılan tarihöncesi araştırmaları. Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi, (11), 10-19.
  • Magny, M., Vannière, B., de Beaulieu, J. L., Bégeot, C., Heiri, O., Millet, L., ... & Walter-Simonnet, A. V. (2007). Early-Holocene climatic oscillations recorded by lake-level fluctuations in west-central Europe and in central Italy. Quaternary Science Reviews, 26(15-16), 1951-1964.
  • Oğlakçı, O., Demirkol, C., & Sevimli, U. İ. (2016). Kahramanmaraş (Türkoğlu-Narlı) yakın dolayının jeolojik incelemesi ve tektonik evrimi. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 209-227. Okay, A. I. (2008). Geology of Turkey: a synopsis.Anschnitt, 21, 19-42.
  • Rasmussen, S.O., Bigler, M., Blockley, S.P., Blunier, T., Buchardt, S.L., Clausen, H. B., ... & Winstrup, M. (2014). A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy. Quaternary science reviews, 106, 14-28.
  • Roberts, N., & Rosen, A. (2009). Diversity and complexity in early farming communities of southwest Asia: new insights into the economic and environmental basis of Neolithic Çatalhöyük. Current anthropology, 50(3), 393-402.
  • Riehl, S., Pustovoytov, K. E., Hotchkiss, S., & Bryson, R. A. (2009). Local Holocene environmental indicators in Upper Mesopotamia: pedogenic carbonate record vs.archaeobotanical data and archaeoclimatological models.Quaternary International, 209(1-2), 154-162.
  • Ruter, A., Arzt, J., Vavrus, S., Bryson, R. A., & Kutzbach, J. E. (2004). Climate and environment of the subtropical and tropical Americas (NH) in the mid-Holocene: comparison of observations with climate model simulations.Quaternary Science Reviews, 23(5-6), 663-679.
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There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Archaeological Science, Archaeology of Europe, The Mediterranean and The Levant, Neolithic Age Archeology, Landscaping Archeology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Arman Tekin 0000-0002-5838-2027

Project Number KU AKMED 2024/T.1131
Publication Date February 28, 2025
Submission Date December 19, 2024
Acceptance Date February 6, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 38

Cite

APA Tekin, A. (2025). GÜNEY KAHRAMANMARAŞ’IN HOLOSEN DÖNEM PALEOİKLİMİ: MAKROFİZİKSEL İKLİM MODELİ ÖN SONUÇLARI. Dicle Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(38), 433-454. https://doi.org/10.15182/diclesosbed.1604474

Dicle University
Journal of Social Sciences Institute (DUSBED)