Nanomedicine, microarrays and their applications in clinical microbiology

Abstract

Growing interest in the future medical applications of nanotechnology is leading to the emergence of a new scientific field that called as “nanomedicine”. Nanomedi­cine may be defined as the investigating, treating, recon­structing and controlling human biology and health at the molecular level, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. Microarray technology is a revolutionary tool for elucidating roles of genes in infectious diseases, shifting from traditional methods of research to integrated approaches. This technology has great potential to pro­vide medical diagnosis, monitor treatment and help in the development of new tools for infectious disease preven­tion and/or management. The aim of this paper is to pro­vide an overview of the current application of microarray platforms and nanomedicine in the study of experimental microbiology and the impact of this technology in clinical settings.

Keywords

• Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine, Microchip, DNA microarray.

Nanotıp, mikrodizilimler ve klinik mikrobiyolojide kullanımları

Abstract

Nanoteknolojinin gelecekteki tıbbi uygulamalarına artan ilgi, “nanotıp” olarak adlandırılan yeni bir alanın ortaya çıkmasına öncülük etmiştir. Nanotıp, nano boyutlarda iş­lenmiş alet ve cihazları kullanarak insan biyolojisi ve sağ­lığının moleküler düzeyde incelenmesi, tedavisi, yeniden yapılanması ve kontrolü olarak tanımlanabilir. Mikrodizilim teknolojisi, enfeksiyöz hastalıklarda genlerin rollerini ay­dınlatmada, araştırmaların geleneksel yöntemlerden en­tegre yaklaşıma kaymasına yol açan devrimci bir araçtır. Bu teknoloji tıbbi tanıda, tedavinin izlenmesinde, enfek­siyöz hastalıklardan korunma ve/veya yönetiminde yeni araçlar geliştirilmesinde büyük potansiyele sahiptir. Bu yazı, deneysel mikrobiyolojide mikrodizilim platformunda ve nanotıpda günümüz uygulamalarına ve klinik düzeyde bu teknolojinin etkisine genel bir göz gezdirmek amacını taşımaktadır.

Keywords

• Nanoteknoloji, Nanotıp, Mikroçip, DNA mikrodizilim.

References

1. Jain KK. Nanodiagnostic: Application of nanotechnology in molecular diagnostic. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2003;3:153- 61.
2. Hanai T, Hamada H, Okamoto M. Application of bioinformat- ics for DNA microarray data to bioscience, bioengineering and medical fields. J Biosci Bioengin 2006;101:377-84.
3. Leroy Q, Raoult D. Review of microarray studies for host– intracellular pathogen interactions. J Microbiol Methods 2010;25:81-95.
4. Severino P. Microarrays and infectious diseases: overview and perspectives. Einstein 2005;3:287-9.
5. West JL, Halas NJ. Applications of nanotechnology to bio- technology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2000;11:215-7.
6. Freitas RA. What is nanomedicine? Nanomedicine 2005;1:2-9.
7. Fu L, Cao L, Liu Y et al. Molecular and nanoscale mate- rials and devices in electronics. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2004;111:133–57.
8. Eguı´luz C, Viguera E, Milla´n L et al. Multitissue array review: A chronological description of tissue array tech- niques, applications and procedures. Pathology Res Pract 2006;202:561-8.

9. TÜBİTAK, Vizyon 2023 projesi biyoteknoloji ve gen tek- nolojileri strateji grubu, biyoteknoloji ve gen teknolojileri stratejisi. Ulaşılabileceği adres: http://vizyon2023.tubitak. gov.tr.
10. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nanoteknoloji ve Nanotıp Anabilim Dalı. Ulaşılabileceği adres: http://www.nanott.hacettepe. edu.tr.
11. Gazi Üniversitesi Nanotıp Araştırma Merkezi. Ulaşılabile- ceği adres: http://www.nanomed.gazi.edu.tr.
12. Journal of Nanomedicine. Ulaşılabileceği adres: http:// www.nanomedjournal.com/aims.
13. Drexler KE. Engines of creation:the coming era of nano- technology. New York: Anchor Pres/ Doubleday 1986:99- 129.
14. Ulaşılabileceği adres: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ chemistry/laureates/1996/smalley-autobio.html
15. Infectious Disease Application Note. 2005; Part No.702010 Rev.1. Ulaşılabileceği adres: www.affymetrix.com.
16. Mastrangelo C. DNA analysis systems on a chip. Adv. Sci. Technol 1999;26:465-76.
17. Jones P. DNA on a chip: microsystems for DNA analysis. The Biochemist 1999;21:14-7.
18. Saunders NA, Alexander S, Tatt I. env Gene typing of Hu- man Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 strains on electronic microarrays. J Clin Microbiol 2005;12:1910-6.
19. Dittrich PS, Tachikawa K, Manz A. Micro total analy- sis systems. Latest advancements and trends. Anal Chem 2006;78:3887-908.
20. Tso Liu WT, Liang Zhu. Environmental microbiology- on-a-chip and its future impacts. Trends Biotechnol 2005;23:1-6.
21. Ulaşılabileceği adres: http://www.cfgbiotech.com/microar- ray/images/gene_chip_expression.jpg.
22. Souteyrand E. DNA chips: from elaboration to application. Analusis 1999;27:639-46.
23. Dufva M. Fabrication of high quality microarrays. Biomol Engineer 2005;22:173-84.
24. Bryant PA, Venter D, Robins-Browne R et al. Chips with everything: DNA microarrays in infectious diseases. Lancet Infect Dis 2004;4:100-11.
25. Wilson WJ, Strout CL, DeSantis TZ et al. Sequence-specific identification of 18 pathogenic microorganisms using mi- croarray technology. Mol Cell Probes 16, 2002;119-27.
26. Wolfgang MC, Kulasekara BR, Liang X et al. Conservation of genome content and virulence determinants among clini- cal and environmental isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:8484-9.
27. Mostowy S, Tsolaki AG, Small PM, Behr MA: The in vitro evolution of BCG strains. Vaccine 21, 2003:4270-4.
28. Sougakoff W, Rodrigue M, Truffot-Pernot C et al. Use of a high-density DNA probe array for detecting mutations in- volved in rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tubercu- losis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004;10:289-94.
29. Dunman PM, Mounts W, McAleese F et al. Uses of Staphy- lococcus aureus GeneChips in genotyping and genetic com- position analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42:4275-83.
30. Hess S, Peters J, Bartling G et al. More than just innate im- munity: comparative analysis of Chlamydophila pneumo- niae and Chlamydia trachomatis effects on host-cell gene regulation. Cell Microbiol 2003;5:785-95.
31. Dean M, Carrington M, Winkler C et al. Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study, San Francisco City Cohort, ALIVE Study. Science 1996;273:1856-62.
32. Sapone A, Vaira D, Trespidi S et al. The clinical role of cy- tochrome P450 genotypes in Helicobacter pylori manage- ment. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1010-5.
33. Rouveix B: Antibiotic safety assesment, Int J Antimicrob. Agents 2003;21(3):215-21.
34. Bagge N, Schuster M, Hentzer M et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms exposed to imipenem exhibit changes in global gene expression and beta-lactamase and alginate production. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48:1175- 87.