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Serum Growth Arrest Specific Protein 6 (Gas-6) Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia

Year 2016, Volume: 43 Issue: 1, 93 - 98, 01.03.2016

Abstract

Objective: We have investigated serum growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS-6) levels from patients with schizophrenia divided into acute phase remission phases as well as control group.
Methods: This study was conducted in Psychiatry Department of Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty. The patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia after regular psychiatric examination according to DSM-IV criteria (n=22) as well as control subjects were included in the study. Schizophrenia patients with acute phase and remission phase were evaluated by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Clinical global Impression Scale (CGI-S). The serum GAS-6 levels of schizophrenia patients during acute phase and remission phase were compared with the serum GAS-6 levels of healthy controls. Serum GAS-6 levels were measured by commercial ELISA kits.
Results: No difference was found in serum GAS-6 levels among the three groups; schizophrenia with acute phase, schizophrenia with remission phase, and controls. There were no correlations between serum GAS-6 levels and PANSS and CGI scores.
Conclusion: To reach a definitive data and better interpretation about the relationship between GAS-6 and schizophrenia, future studies with larger groups of patients with schizophrenia subdivided by drug naïve and treated with antipsychotics/other treatment modalities and controls are needed.
Key words: GAS-6, schizophrenia, acute phase, remission

References

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  • nitrik oksit. Dicle Med J 2009;1:67-74.
  • Kaya MC, Güneş M, Bulut M, et al. Parmağını ampüte eden bir psikoz olgusu. Dicle Med J 2013;40:109-112.
  • Khandaker GM, Cousins L, Deakin J, et al. Inflammation and
  • immunity in schizophrenia: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2:258–270.
  • Müller N, Weidinger E, Leitner B, et al. The role of inflammation in schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2015;9:1-9
  • Gareeva AE, Traks T, Koks S, et al. The role of neurotropins and neuroxins genes in the risk of paranoid schizophrenia in Russian and Tatars. Genetika 2015;51:799–811.
  • Benros ME, Nielsen PR, Nordentoft M, et al. Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for schizophrenia: A 30-year population-based register study. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:1303–1310.
  • Prieto AL, Weber JL, Tracy S, et al. GAS-6, a ligand for the receptor protein-tyrosine kinase Tyro-3, is widely expressed in the central nervous system. Brain Res 1999;816:646–661.
  • Hsiao FC, Lin YF, Hsieh PS, et al. Circulating growth arrestspecific
  • protein is associated with adiposity, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance among overweight and obese adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:267–274.
  • Wu KS, Hung YJ, Lee CH, et al. The involvement of GAS-6 signaling in the development of obesity and associated inflammation. Int J Endocrinol 2015;2015:1–7.
  • Ji R, Meng L, Li Q, et al. TAM receptor deficiency affects adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Metab Brain Dis 2015;30:633–644.
  • Ji R, Meng L, Jiang X, et al. TAM receptors support neural stem cell survival, proliferation and neuronal differentiation. PLoS One. 2014;9:1-16.
  • Ji R, Tian S, Lu HJ, et al. TAM receptors affect adult brain
  • neurogenesis by negative regulation of microglial cell activation.
  • J Immunol. 2013;191:6165–6177.
  • Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1987;13:261–276.
  • Kostakoğlu E, Batur S, Tiryaki A, et al. Reliability and validity
  • of the Turkish version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Turkish J Psychol 1999;14:23–34.
  • Guy W. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology
  • (028 Clinical Global Impressions [CGI]) Rockville, MD: National Institutes of Health. 1976;218–22.
  • Giangola MD, Yang WL, Rajayer S, et al. Growth arrestspecific
  • protein 6 (GAS-6) protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2015;199:572-579.
  • Sunbul M, Cagman Z, Gerin F, et al. Growth arrest-specific 6 and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with psoriasis. Cardiovasc Ther 2015;33:56–61.
  • Erek TA, Bingol OO, Karaca Z, et al. Association of plasma
  • growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS-6) concentrations with albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Ren Fail 2014;36:737–742.
  • Hurtado B, de Frutos PG. GAS-6 in systemic inflammatory
  • diseases: with and without infection. Crit Care 2010;14:1003.
  • Lutgens E, Tjwa M, De Frutos PG, et al. Genetic loss of GAS-6 induces plaque stability in experimental atherosclerosis. J Pathol 2008;216:55–63.
  • Akitake-Kawano R, Seno H, Nakatsuji M, et al. Inhibitory role of GAS-6 in intestinal tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2013;34:1567–1574.
  • Allen KM, Fung SJ, Shannon Weickert C. Cell proliferation is reduced in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry 2015;25:1-8.
  • Dadheech G, Mishra S, Gautam S, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant deficit in schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry 2008;50:16–20.
  • Bergink V, Gibney SM, Drexhage H. Autoimmunity, inflammation,
  • and psychosis: A search for peripheral markers. Biol Psychiatry 2014;75:324–331.
  • Müller N, Riedel M, Schwarz MJ, et al. Clinical effects of COX-2 inhibitors on cognition in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005;255:149–151.
  • Tsiperson V, Li X, Schwartz GJ, et al. GAS-6 enhances repair following cuprizone-induced demyelination. PLoS One 2010;5:1–9.
  • Muraki K, Tanigaki K. Neuronal migration abnormalities and its possible implications for schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2015;9:1-10.
  • Augustine K, Rossi RM, Van G, et al. Noninsulin-dependent
  • diabetes mellitus occurs in mice ectopically expressing the human Axl tyrosine kinase receptor. J Cell Physiol 1999;181:433–447.
  • Scroyen I, Frederix L, Lijnen HR. Axl deficiency does not affect adipogenesis or adipose tissue development. Obesity 2012;20:1168–1173.
  • Balogh I, Hafizi S, Stenhoff J, et al. Analysis of GAS-6 in human platelets and plasma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1280–1286.
Year 2016, Volume: 43 Issue: 1, 93 - 98, 01.03.2016

Abstract

References

  • Eşsizoğlu A, Yıldırım EA. Ruhsal bozuklukların psikobiyolojisinde
  • nitrik oksit. Dicle Med J 2009;1:67-74.
  • Kaya MC, Güneş M, Bulut M, et al. Parmağını ampüte eden bir psikoz olgusu. Dicle Med J 2013;40:109-112.
  • Khandaker GM, Cousins L, Deakin J, et al. Inflammation and
  • immunity in schizophrenia: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015;2:258–270.
  • Müller N, Weidinger E, Leitner B, et al. The role of inflammation in schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2015;9:1-9
  • Gareeva AE, Traks T, Koks S, et al. The role of neurotropins and neuroxins genes in the risk of paranoid schizophrenia in Russian and Tatars. Genetika 2015;51:799–811.
  • Benros ME, Nielsen PR, Nordentoft M, et al. Autoimmune diseases and severe infections as risk factors for schizophrenia: A 30-year population-based register study. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:1303–1310.
  • Prieto AL, Weber JL, Tracy S, et al. GAS-6, a ligand for the receptor protein-tyrosine kinase Tyro-3, is widely expressed in the central nervous system. Brain Res 1999;816:646–661.
  • Hsiao FC, Lin YF, Hsieh PS, et al. Circulating growth arrestspecific
  • protein is associated with adiposity, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance among overweight and obese adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:267–274.
  • Wu KS, Hung YJ, Lee CH, et al. The involvement of GAS-6 signaling in the development of obesity and associated inflammation. Int J Endocrinol 2015;2015:1–7.
  • Ji R, Meng L, Li Q, et al. TAM receptor deficiency affects adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Metab Brain Dis 2015;30:633–644.
  • Ji R, Meng L, Jiang X, et al. TAM receptors support neural stem cell survival, proliferation and neuronal differentiation. PLoS One. 2014;9:1-16.
  • Ji R, Tian S, Lu HJ, et al. TAM receptors affect adult brain
  • neurogenesis by negative regulation of microglial cell activation.
  • J Immunol. 2013;191:6165–6177.
  • Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1987;13:261–276.
  • Kostakoğlu E, Batur S, Tiryaki A, et al. Reliability and validity
  • of the Turkish version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Turkish J Psychol 1999;14:23–34.
  • Guy W. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology
  • (028 Clinical Global Impressions [CGI]) Rockville, MD: National Institutes of Health. 1976;218–22.
  • Giangola MD, Yang WL, Rajayer S, et al. Growth arrestspecific
  • protein 6 (GAS-6) protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Surg Res 2015;199:572-579.
  • Sunbul M, Cagman Z, Gerin F, et al. Growth arrest-specific 6 and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with psoriasis. Cardiovasc Ther 2015;33:56–61.
  • Erek TA, Bingol OO, Karaca Z, et al. Association of plasma
  • growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS-6) concentrations with albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Ren Fail 2014;36:737–742.
  • Hurtado B, de Frutos PG. GAS-6 in systemic inflammatory
  • diseases: with and without infection. Crit Care 2010;14:1003.
  • Lutgens E, Tjwa M, De Frutos PG, et al. Genetic loss of GAS-6 induces plaque stability in experimental atherosclerosis. J Pathol 2008;216:55–63.
  • Akitake-Kawano R, Seno H, Nakatsuji M, et al. Inhibitory role of GAS-6 in intestinal tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2013;34:1567–1574.
  • Allen KM, Fung SJ, Shannon Weickert C. Cell proliferation is reduced in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Aust New Zeal J Psychiatry 2015;25:1-8.
  • Dadheech G, Mishra S, Gautam S, et al. Evaluation of antioxidant deficit in schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry 2008;50:16–20.
  • Bergink V, Gibney SM, Drexhage H. Autoimmunity, inflammation,
  • and psychosis: A search for peripheral markers. Biol Psychiatry 2014;75:324–331.
  • Müller N, Riedel M, Schwarz MJ, et al. Clinical effects of COX-2 inhibitors on cognition in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005;255:149–151.
  • Tsiperson V, Li X, Schwartz GJ, et al. GAS-6 enhances repair following cuprizone-induced demyelination. PLoS One 2010;5:1–9.
  • Muraki K, Tanigaki K. Neuronal migration abnormalities and its possible implications for schizophrenia. Front Neurosci 2015;9:1-10.
  • Augustine K, Rossi RM, Van G, et al. Noninsulin-dependent
  • diabetes mellitus occurs in mice ectopically expressing the human Axl tyrosine kinase receptor. J Cell Physiol 1999;181:433–447.
  • Scroyen I, Frederix L, Lijnen HR. Axl deficiency does not affect adipogenesis or adipose tissue development. Obesity 2012;20:1168–1173.
  • Balogh I, Hafizi S, Stenhoff J, et al. Analysis of GAS-6 in human platelets and plasma. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:1280–1286.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Fethullah Gerin

Aybala Toprak This is me

Hayriye Erman This is me

Sadettin Dürüyen This is me

Alper Baş This is me

Publication Date March 1, 2016
Submission Date March 29, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 43 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gerin, F., Toprak, A., Erman, H., Dürüyen, S., et al. (2016). Serum Growth Arrest Specific Protein 6 (Gas-6) Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 43(1), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2016.01.0645
AMA Gerin F, Toprak A, Erman H, Dürüyen S, Baş A. Serum Growth Arrest Specific Protein 6 (Gas-6) Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia. diclemedj. March 2016;43(1):93-98. doi:10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2016.01.0645
Chicago Gerin, Fethullah, Aybala Toprak, Hayriye Erman, Sadettin Dürüyen, and Alper Baş. “Serum Growth Arrest Specific Protein 6 (Gas-6) Levels in Patients With Schizophrenia”. Dicle Tıp Dergisi 43, no. 1 (March 2016): 93-98. https://doi.org/10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2016.01.0645.
EndNote Gerin F, Toprak A, Erman H, Dürüyen S, Baş A (March 1, 2016) Serum Growth Arrest Specific Protein 6 (Gas-6) Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia. Dicle Tıp Dergisi 43 1 93–98.
IEEE F. Gerin, A. Toprak, H. Erman, S. Dürüyen, and A. Baş, “Serum Growth Arrest Specific Protein 6 (Gas-6) Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia”, diclemedj, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 93–98, 2016, doi: 10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2016.01.0645.
ISNAD Gerin, Fethullah et al. “Serum Growth Arrest Specific Protein 6 (Gas-6) Levels in Patients With Schizophrenia”. Dicle Tıp Dergisi 43/1 (March 2016), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2016.01.0645.
JAMA Gerin F, Toprak A, Erman H, Dürüyen S, Baş A. Serum Growth Arrest Specific Protein 6 (Gas-6) Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia. diclemedj. 2016;43:93–98.
MLA Gerin, Fethullah et al. “Serum Growth Arrest Specific Protein 6 (Gas-6) Levels in Patients With Schizophrenia”. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, vol. 43, no. 1, 2016, pp. 93-98, doi:10.5798/diclemedj.0921.2016.01.0645.
Vancouver Gerin F, Toprak A, Erman H, Dürüyen S, Baş A. Serum Growth Arrest Specific Protein 6 (Gas-6) Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia. diclemedj. 2016;43(1):93-8.