Abstract
Objective: Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal and causes dysfunction in hematopoietic, cardiovascular, renal and hepatic systems. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of lead exposure on serum vitamin B12 and folate levels.
Methods: 944 patients who were referred to Ankara Occupational Disease Hospital between 2010 and 2014 for periodic examination and whose whole blood lead, serum vitamin B12 and folate levels were assessed are included in this study. 432 patients with whole blood lead levels over 10 μg/dL are defined as exposed group and 512 patients with lead levels below 10μg/dL are considered as control group. Vitamin B12 and folate levels were compared between two groups. Correlation analysis was also performed.
Results: In the lead exposed group the median folate level was 6.3 ng/mL (3.60-17.46) and median vitamin B12 level was 310 pg/mL (180-854) where as folate level was 6.8 (3.60-19.67) ng/mL and median vitamin B12 level was 324 pg/mL (190-833) in the control group. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p value: <0.001 for folate and 0.015 for vitamin B12). Lead levels correlated negatively with folate levels (r=-0.105; p=0.001). There was no correlation between lead and vitamin B12 (r=-0.061, p=0.062).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that serum folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were negatively associated with lead exposure. It may be important to keep sufficient levels of these micronutrients to prevent possible harmful effects of Pb exposure regarding hyperhomocysteinemia.
Key words: Lead exposure, vitamin B12, folate
Keywords
References
- Onunkwor B, Dosumu O, Odukoya OO, et al. Biomarkers of lead exposure in petrol station attendants and auto-mechanics in Abeokuta, Nigeria: effect of 2-week ascorbic acid supplementation. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2004;17:169-176.
- Flora G, Gupta D, Tiwari A. Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates Interdiscip Toxicol 2012;5:47-58.
- Karita K, Yano E, Dakeishi M, et al. Benchmark dose of lead inducing anemia at the workplace. Risk Anal 2005;25:957-962.
- Diamond GL, Risk assessment of nephrotoxic metals. In: Tarloff, J, Lash L, The Toxicology of the Kidney, 3rd edn. London: CRC Press, 2006: 898–927.
- Solenkova NV, Newman JD, Berger JS, et al. Metalpollutants and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and consequences of exposure. Am Heart J 2014;168:812-822.
- Orisakwe OE, Nwachukwu E, Osadolor HB, et al. Liver and kidney unction tests amongst paint factory workers in Nkpor, Nigeria. Toxicol Ind Health 2007;23:161-165.
- Sanders T, Liu Y, Buchner V, et al. Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. Rev Environ Health 2009;24:15-45.
- Yedjou CG, Tchounwou CK, Haile S, et al. N-acetyl-cysteine protects against DNA damage associated with lead toxicity in HepG2 cells. Ethn Dis. 2010;20:101-103.
- Xu J, Lian LJ, Wu C, et al. Lead induces oxidative stress, DNA damage and alteration of p53, Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in mice. Food Chem oxicol. 2008;46:1488-1494.
- Anyanwu EC, Kanu I. Biochemical impedance on intracellular functions of vitamin B12 in chronic toxigenic mold exposures. ScientificWorldJournal 2007;7:1649-1657.
- Guéant JL, Caillerez-Fofou M, Battaglia-Hsu S, et al. Molecular and cellular effects of vitamin B12 in brain, myocardium and liver through its role as co-factor of methionine synthase. Biochimie. 2013;95:1033-1040.
- Stover PJ. Physiology of folate and vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutr Rev. 2004;62:3-12.
- Yakub M, Iqbal MP. Association of blood lead (Pb) and plasma homocysteine: a cross sectional survey in Karachi, Pakistan. PLoS One. 2010;5:e11706.
- Sirivarasai J, Kaojarern S, Chanprasertyothin S, et al. Environmental
- Lead Exposure, Catalase Gene, and Markers of Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Relation to Hypertension: An Analysis Based on the EGAT Study. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:856319.
- Weaver VM, Kim NS, Jaar BG, et al. Associations of lowlevel urine cadmium with kidney function in lead workers. Occup Environ Med 2011;68:250-256.
- Bledsoe ML, Pinkerton LE, Silver S, et al. Thyroxine and free thyroxine levels in workers occupationally exposed to inorganic lead. Environ Health Insights 2011;5:55-61.
- Krieg EF Jr, Butler MA. Blood lead, serum homocysteine, and neurobehavioral test performance in the third National Health and utrition Examination Survey. Neurotoxicology 2009;30:281-289.
- Minozzo R, Deimling LI, Santos-Mello R.Cytokinesisblocked micronucleus cytome and comet assays in peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers exposed to lead considering folate and vitamin B12 status. Mutat Res 2010;697:24-32.
- Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2002;288:2015-2022.
- Bakulski KM, Park SK, Weisskopf MG, et al. Lead exposure, B vitamins, and plasma homocysteine in men 55 years of age and older: the VA Normative Aging Study. Environ Health Perspect 2014;122:1066-1074.
- Lee YM, Lee MK, Bae SG, et al. Association of homocysteine levels with blood lead levels and micronutrients in the US general population. J Prev Med Public Health 2012;45:387-393.
- Tandon SK, Flora SJ, Singh S. Influence of vitamin B-complex deficiency on lead intoxication in young rats. Indian J Med Res 1984;80:444-448.
Abstract
Amaç: Kurşun ağır bir metal olup, hematopoetik sistem, kardiyovasküler sistem, renal ve hepatik sistemde disfonksiyona neden olur. Bu çalışmanın amacı kurşun maruziyetinin vitamin B12 ve folat seviyesine etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Yöntemler: 2010-2014 yılları arasında Ankara Meslek Hastalıkları Hastanesine periyodik muayene amaçlı başvuran tam kan kurşun, serum vitamin B12 ve folat düzeylerine bakılmış 944 kişi çalışmaya dahil edildi. Kurşun seviyesi 10μg/dL’nin üzerinde çıkan 432 kişi kurşun maruz grup, 10μg/dL’nin altında çıkan 512 kişi ise kontrol grubu olarak kullanıldı. Vitamin B12 ve folat düzeyleri iki grup arasında karşılaştırıldı. Ayrıca korelasyon analizi yapıldı. Bulgular: Kurşun maruz grubun median folat seviyesi 6,3 ng/mL (3,60-17,46), median vitamin B12 seviyesi ise 310 pg/mL idi. Kontrol grubunun folat seviyesi 6,8 (3,60-19,67) ng/mL median vitamin B12 seviyesi ise 324 pg/mL idi (p değerleri; folat için <0,001, vitamin B12 için 0,015). Kurşun düzeyi folat seviyesi ile negatif bir korelasyon gösterirken (r=-0.105; p=0.001), kurşun ve vitamin B12 arasında herhangi bir korelasyon yoktu (r=0.061, p=0.062).Sonuç: Bu çalışma folat ve vitamin B12 konsantrasyonu ile kurşun maruziyeti arasında negatif bir ilişki olduğunu gösterdi. Bu durum hiperhomosisteinemi açısından kurşunun olası zararlı etkilerini önlemek için bu vitaminlerin yeterli miktarda alınması açısından önemli olabilir
Keywords
References
- Onunkwor B, Dosumu O, Odukoya OO, et al. Biomarkers of lead exposure in petrol station attendants and auto-mechanics in Abeokuta, Nigeria: effect of 2-week ascorbic acid supplementation. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2004;17:169-176.
- Flora G, Gupta D, Tiwari A. Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates Interdiscip Toxicol 2012;5:47-58.
- Karita K, Yano E, Dakeishi M, et al. Benchmark dose of lead inducing anemia at the workplace. Risk Anal 2005;25:957-962.
- Diamond GL, Risk assessment of nephrotoxic metals. In: Tarloff, J, Lash L, The Toxicology of the Kidney, 3rd edn. London: CRC Press, 2006: 898–927.
- Solenkova NV, Newman JD, Berger JS, et al. Metalpollutants and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and consequences of exposure. Am Heart J 2014;168:812-822.
- Orisakwe OE, Nwachukwu E, Osadolor HB, et al. Liver and kidney unction tests amongst paint factory workers in Nkpor, Nigeria. Toxicol Ind Health 2007;23:161-165.
- Sanders T, Liu Y, Buchner V, et al. Neurotoxic effects and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review. Rev Environ Health 2009;24:15-45.
- Yedjou CG, Tchounwou CK, Haile S, et al. N-acetyl-cysteine protects against DNA damage associated with lead toxicity in HepG2 cells. Ethn Dis. 2010;20:101-103.
- Xu J, Lian LJ, Wu C, et al. Lead induces oxidative stress, DNA damage and alteration of p53, Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in mice. Food Chem oxicol. 2008;46:1488-1494.
- Anyanwu EC, Kanu I. Biochemical impedance on intracellular functions of vitamin B12 in chronic toxigenic mold exposures. ScientificWorldJournal 2007;7:1649-1657.
- Guéant JL, Caillerez-Fofou M, Battaglia-Hsu S, et al. Molecular and cellular effects of vitamin B12 in brain, myocardium and liver through its role as co-factor of methionine synthase. Biochimie. 2013;95:1033-1040.
- Stover PJ. Physiology of folate and vitamin B12 in health and disease. Nutr Rev. 2004;62:3-12.
- Yakub M, Iqbal MP. Association of blood lead (Pb) and plasma homocysteine: a cross sectional survey in Karachi, Pakistan. PLoS One. 2010;5:e11706.
- Sirivarasai J, Kaojarern S, Chanprasertyothin S, et al. Environmental
- Lead Exposure, Catalase Gene, and Markers of Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Relation to Hypertension: An Analysis Based on the EGAT Study. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:856319.
- Weaver VM, Kim NS, Jaar BG, et al. Associations of lowlevel urine cadmium with kidney function in lead workers. Occup Environ Med 2011;68:250-256.
- Bledsoe ML, Pinkerton LE, Silver S, et al. Thyroxine and free thyroxine levels in workers occupationally exposed to inorganic lead. Environ Health Insights 2011;5:55-61.
- Krieg EF Jr, Butler MA. Blood lead, serum homocysteine, and neurobehavioral test performance in the third National Health and utrition Examination Survey. Neurotoxicology 2009;30:281-289.
- Minozzo R, Deimling LI, Santos-Mello R.Cytokinesisblocked micronucleus cytome and comet assays in peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers exposed to lead considering folate and vitamin B12 status. Mutat Res 2010;697:24-32.
- Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. Homocysteine and risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2002;288:2015-2022.
- Bakulski KM, Park SK, Weisskopf MG, et al. Lead exposure, B vitamins, and plasma homocysteine in men 55 years of age and older: the VA Normative Aging Study. Environ Health Perspect 2014;122:1066-1074.
- Lee YM, Lee MK, Bae SG, et al. Association of homocysteine levels with blood lead levels and micronutrients in the US general population. J Prev Med Public Health 2012;45:387-393.
- Tandon SK, Flora SJ, Singh S. Influence of vitamin B-complex deficiency on lead intoxication in young rats. Indian J Med Res 1984;80:444-448.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | October 24, 2015 |
| Submission Date | October 24, 2015 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2015 Volume: 42 Issue: 3 |