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ABŪ HANĪFA AND THE LEGAL LOGIC OF 2ND/8TH CENTURY IRAQ

Year 2020, Volume: 56 Issue: 4, 1405 - 1424, 20.12.2020

Abstract

This article explores how Abū Ḥanīfa balanced the two concepts of qiyās (analogy) and istiḥsān (juristic preference) to fashion a legal logic that esteemed analogical consistency while simultaneously recognizing its dangers and occasionally departing from it. It first argues that Iraqi legal logic was defined by an ambitious view of qiyās best termed analogical structuralism. It then argues that Iraqis also recognized the limitations of qiyās, particularly in its potential to conflict with a hadith/sunna or to lead to absurd results. In these cases, Iraqis made exceptions to qiyās, calling those exceptions istiḥsān. I show how Abū Ḥanīfa similarly struck this balance and how he espoused a surprisingly subjective conception of istiḥsān, one from which even his students retreated. Overall, this paper hopes to show how Abū Ḥanīfa represents a unique inflection point in the development of Islamic legal logic just before the rise of the Shafii paradigm.

References

  • Wakīʿ, Akhbār al-Quḍāt, ed. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Muṣṭafā al-Marāghī, 3 vols. (Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Tijāriyya al-Kubrā, 1947).
  • Zafar Ishaq Ansari, “The Early Development of Islamic Fiqh in Kufa with Special Reference to the Works of Abū Yūsuf and al-Shaybānī” (PhD diss., McGill University, 1966).
  • Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964).
  • Ahmed El Shamsy, The Canonization of Islamic Law (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
  • Sohail Hanif, “A Tale of Two Kufans: Abū Yūsuf’s Ikhtilāf Abī Ḥanīfa wa-Ibn Abī Laylā and Schacht’s Ancient Schools” Islamic Law and Society 25, no. 3 (2018).
  • Muḥammad al-Shaybānī, al-Aṣl, ed. Mehmet Boynukalın, 13 vols. (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012).
  • Mālik b. Anas, Muwaṭṭaʾ al-Imām Mālik, ed. Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī (Beirut: Dār Ihyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1985).
  • Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar, Ḥadīth ʿAlī b. Ḥajar al-Saʿdī ʿan Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar al-Madanī, ed. ʿUmar b. Rufūd b. Rafīd al-Satafyānī (Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1998).
  • ʿAbd Allāh Ibn Wahb, al-Jāmiʿ, ed. Rifʿat Fawzī ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Bāsiṭ Mazīd (Mansoura: Dār al-Wafāʾ, 2005).
  • Abd Allāh Ibn Wahb, Muwaṭṭaʾ ʿAbd Allāh Ibn Wahb, ed. Hishām Ismāʿīl al-Ṣaynī (Dammam: Dār Ibn al-Jawzī, 1999).
  • ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Ṣanʿānī, al-Muṣannaf, 9 vols. (Cairo: Dār al- Taʾṣīl, 2015).
  • Al-Dhahabī, Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ, ed. Shuʿayb Arnāʾūṭ and Ḥusayn al-Asad, 30 vols. (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1982), 5:38-49.
  • Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Qudūrī, Mukhtaṣar al-Qudūrī, ed. Kāmil Muḥammad Muḥammad ʿUwayḍa (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1997).
  • Al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, Tārīkh Baghdād, ed. Bashshār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf, 17 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī).
  • Al-Dhahabī, Manāqib al-Imām Abū Ḥanīfa wa-Ṣāḥibayhi, ed. Muḥammad Zāhid al-Kawtharī and Abū al-Wafāʼ al-Afghānī (Hyderabad: Lajnat Iḥyāʾ al-Maʿārif al-Nuʿmāniyya, 1408/1987-8).
  • Al-Shāfiʿī, al-Umm, ed. Rifʿat Fawzī ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, 11 vols. (Mansoura: Dār al-Wafāʾ, 2001).
  • Al-Shāfiʿī, The Epistle on Legal Theory, trans. Joseph E. Lowry, Library of Arabic Literature (New York: New York University Press, 2013).
  • ʿAbd Allāh al-Dārimī, Sunan al-Dārimī, ed. Ḥusayn Asad, 4 vols. (Riyadh: Dār al-Mughnī, 2000).
  • Al-Shāṭibī, al-Muwāfaqāt, ed. Abū ʿUbayda Mashhūr b. Ḥasan ʾĀl Salmān, 7 vols. (Cairo: Dār Ibn ʿAffān, 1997).
  • Ibn Abī Shayba, al-Kitāb al-Muṣannaf fī al-Aḥādīth wa-l-Āthār, Ed. Kamāl Yūsuf al-Hūt, 7 vols. (Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1409/1988-9).
  • Ibn al-Muqaffaʾ, “Risāla fī al-Ṣaḥāba,” in Rasāʾil al-Bulaghāʾ, Ed. Muḥammad Kurd ʿAlī (Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya al-Kubrā, 1913).
  • Charles Pellat, Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ: “Conseilleur” du calife (Paris: Maisonneuve, 1976).
  • Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī, Kitāb al-Lumaʿ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh: Traité de theorie légale Musulmane, trans. Éric Chaumont (Berkeley: Robbins Collection, 1999).
  • Ibn Qutayba, Taʾwīl Mukhtalif al-Ḥadīth (Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1999).
  • Al-Shāfiʿī, al-Risāla, ed. Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir (Beirut: al-Maktaba al-ʿIlmiyya, 1938).
  • Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī, al-Tabṣira fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh, ed. Muḥammad Ḥasan Hīto (Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1983).
  • Taqī al-Dīn al-Subkī and Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī, al-Ibhāj fī Sharḥ al-Minhāj, ed. Aḥmad Jamāl al-Zamzamī and Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Jabbār Ṣaghīrī, 7 vols. (Dubai: Dār al-Buḥūth li-l-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyya wa-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 2004).
  • Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī, al-Mustaṣfā, ed. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Salām ʿAbd al-Shāfī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1993).
  • Hassaan Shahawy, “How Subjectivity Became Wrong: Early Hanafism and the Scandal of Istiḥsān in the Formative Period of Islamic Law (750 – 1000 CE)” (DPhil diss., University of Oxford, 2020).

EBÛ HANÎFE VE 2./8. YÜZYIL IRAK’INDA HUKUK MANTIĞI

Year 2020, Volume: 56 Issue: 4, 1405 - 1424, 20.12.2020

Abstract

Bu makale, Ebû Hanîfe’nin iki farklı kavram olan kıyas (benzetme) ve istihsanı (hukukî tercih), eşzamanlı olarak, bunların içerdiği riskleri fark edip zaman zaman bu kavramlardan uzaklaşırken analojik tutarlılığa değer veren bir hukukî mantık oluşturmak için nasıl dengelediğini incelemektedir. İlk olarak, Irak hukuk mantığının, benzeşen yapısalcılık olarak adlandırılan iddialı bir kıyas görüşüyle tanımlandığını ileri sürmektedir. Daha sonra Iraklıların, özellikle bir hadis / sünnet ile çelişme veya saçma sonuçlara yol açma olasılığı bakımından, kıyasların sınırlamalarının da farkında olduklarını savunmaktadır. Bu tür durumlarda Iraklılar, kıyaslara istisnalar yaparak bu istisnaları istihsan olarak adlandırmışlardır. Bu çalışmada Ebû Hanîfe’nin benzer şekilde bu dengeyi nasıl sağladığı ve zaman zaman öğrencilerinin bile geri adım attığı şaşırtıcı derecede öznel bir istihsan anlayışını nasıl benimsediği incelenecektir. Genel olarak, bu makale Ebû Hanîfe’nin Şafiî örneğinin yükselişinden hemen önce İslamî hukuk mantığının gelişiminde benzersiz bir dönüm noktasını temsil ettiğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Wakīʿ, Akhbār al-Quḍāt, ed. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Muṣṭafā al-Marāghī, 3 vols. (Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Tijāriyya al-Kubrā, 1947).
  • Zafar Ishaq Ansari, “The Early Development of Islamic Fiqh in Kufa with Special Reference to the Works of Abū Yūsuf and al-Shaybānī” (PhD diss., McGill University, 1966).
  • Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964).
  • Ahmed El Shamsy, The Canonization of Islamic Law (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
  • Sohail Hanif, “A Tale of Two Kufans: Abū Yūsuf’s Ikhtilāf Abī Ḥanīfa wa-Ibn Abī Laylā and Schacht’s Ancient Schools” Islamic Law and Society 25, no. 3 (2018).
  • Muḥammad al-Shaybānī, al-Aṣl, ed. Mehmet Boynukalın, 13 vols. (Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012).
  • Mālik b. Anas, Muwaṭṭaʾ al-Imām Mālik, ed. Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī (Beirut: Dār Ihyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1985).
  • Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar, Ḥadīth ʿAlī b. Ḥajar al-Saʿdī ʿan Ismāʿīl b. Jaʿfar al-Madanī, ed. ʿUmar b. Rufūd b. Rafīd al-Satafyānī (Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1998).
  • ʿAbd Allāh Ibn Wahb, al-Jāmiʿ, ed. Rifʿat Fawzī ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib and ʿAlī ʿAbd al-Bāsiṭ Mazīd (Mansoura: Dār al-Wafāʾ, 2005).
  • Abd Allāh Ibn Wahb, Muwaṭṭaʾ ʿAbd Allāh Ibn Wahb, ed. Hishām Ismāʿīl al-Ṣaynī (Dammam: Dār Ibn al-Jawzī, 1999).
  • ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Ṣanʿānī, al-Muṣannaf, 9 vols. (Cairo: Dār al- Taʾṣīl, 2015).
  • Al-Dhahabī, Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ, ed. Shuʿayb Arnāʾūṭ and Ḥusayn al-Asad, 30 vols. (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1982), 5:38-49.
  • Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Qudūrī, Mukhtaṣar al-Qudūrī, ed. Kāmil Muḥammad Muḥammad ʿUwayḍa (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1997).
  • Al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, Tārīkh Baghdād, ed. Bashshār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf, 17 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī).
  • Al-Dhahabī, Manāqib al-Imām Abū Ḥanīfa wa-Ṣāḥibayhi, ed. Muḥammad Zāhid al-Kawtharī and Abū al-Wafāʼ al-Afghānī (Hyderabad: Lajnat Iḥyāʾ al-Maʿārif al-Nuʿmāniyya, 1408/1987-8).
  • Al-Shāfiʿī, al-Umm, ed. Rifʿat Fawzī ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, 11 vols. (Mansoura: Dār al-Wafāʾ, 2001).
  • Al-Shāfiʿī, The Epistle on Legal Theory, trans. Joseph E. Lowry, Library of Arabic Literature (New York: New York University Press, 2013).
  • ʿAbd Allāh al-Dārimī, Sunan al-Dārimī, ed. Ḥusayn Asad, 4 vols. (Riyadh: Dār al-Mughnī, 2000).
  • Al-Shāṭibī, al-Muwāfaqāt, ed. Abū ʿUbayda Mashhūr b. Ḥasan ʾĀl Salmān, 7 vols. (Cairo: Dār Ibn ʿAffān, 1997).
  • Ibn Abī Shayba, al-Kitāb al-Muṣannaf fī al-Aḥādīth wa-l-Āthār, Ed. Kamāl Yūsuf al-Hūt, 7 vols. (Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1409/1988-9).
  • Ibn al-Muqaffaʾ, “Risāla fī al-Ṣaḥāba,” in Rasāʾil al-Bulaghāʾ, Ed. Muḥammad Kurd ʿAlī (Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya al-Kubrā, 1913).
  • Charles Pellat, Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ: “Conseilleur” du calife (Paris: Maisonneuve, 1976).
  • Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī, Kitāb al-Lumaʿ fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh: Traité de theorie légale Musulmane, trans. Éric Chaumont (Berkeley: Robbins Collection, 1999).
  • Ibn Qutayba, Taʾwīl Mukhtalif al-Ḥadīth (Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1999).
  • Al-Shāfiʿī, al-Risāla, ed. Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir (Beirut: al-Maktaba al-ʿIlmiyya, 1938).
  • Abū Isḥāq al-Shīrāzī, al-Tabṣira fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh, ed. Muḥammad Ḥasan Hīto (Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1983).
  • Taqī al-Dīn al-Subkī and Tāj al-Dīn al-Subkī, al-Ibhāj fī Sharḥ al-Minhāj, ed. Aḥmad Jamāl al-Zamzamī and Nūr al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Jabbār Ṣaghīrī, 7 vols. (Dubai: Dār al-Buḥūth li-l-Dirāsāt al-Islāmiyya wa-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 2004).
  • Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī, al-Mustaṣfā, ed. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Salām ʿAbd al-Shāfī (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1993).
  • Hassaan Shahawy, “How Subjectivity Became Wrong: Early Hanafism and the Scandal of Istiḥsān in the Formative Period of Islamic Law (750 – 1000 CE)” (DPhil diss., University of Oxford, 2020).
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Hassaan Shahawy 0000-0002-0861-0634

Publication Date December 20, 2020
Submission Date October 16, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 56 Issue: 4

Cite

ISNAD Shahawy, Hassaan. “ABŪ HANĪFA AND THE LEGAL LOGIC OF 2ND/8TH CENTURY IRAQ”. Diyanet İlmi Dergi 56/4 (December 2020), 1405-1424. https://doi.org/10.61304/did.811535.