EBÛ HANÎFE’NİN SORULARI

Year 2020, Volume: 56 Issue: 4, 1349 - 1404, 20.12.2020

Sohaıl Hanıf

Abstract

Bu makale, Ebû Hanîfe’nin (ö. 150/767) İslâm hukukunun gelişimine katkısını ‘hukukî soru’ veya ‘mesele’ çalışmasıyla değerlendirmektedir. İlk bölüm, Ebû Hanîfe’nin sorularının doğasını ve kabulünü göstermek için anekdot niteliğinde açıklamalar sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, Ebû Hanîfe’nin sorularının öğrencilerinin, özellikle Muhammed bin Hasan eş-Şeybânî’nin (ö. 189/805) yazıları aracılığıyla yayılmasını da incelemektedir. İkinci bölüm, abdest alırken mestlerin (deri çorapların) mesh edilmesi konusunu ele alan hukukî soruların gelişimine yönelik araştırmaları (1) İslâm’ın ilk iki buçuk yüzyılındaki hukuki soruların gelişimini, (2) hukuk okullarının en önemli ikinci ve üçüncü yüzyıl metinlerinde ele aldığı soruların niteliğini ve (3) hukuk okullarının klasik dönem hukuk derlemelerinde temel okul doktrinini oluşturan soruları değerlendirerek sunmaktadır. Makale, Ebû Hanîfe’nin sorularının, hukukun çeşitli konularını ele alan yapılandırılmış hukukî soruların geliştirilmesinde en açık nedensel etkiye sahip olduğu sonucuna varırken, rakip hukuk çevrelerinin sadece Ebû Hanîfe’nin sorularını taklit etmekle kalmayıp, daha ziyade kendi yasal proje anlayışlarını yansıtan sorular geliştirdiğini vurgulamaktadır.

Keywords

Ebû Hanîfe, eş-Şeybânî, Mesele, el-Asl, el-Ümm

THE QUESTIONS OF ABŪ HANĪFA

Abstract

This article assesses the contribution of Abū Ḥanīfa (d. 150/767) to the development of Islamic law through a study of the ‘legal question’, or masʾala. The first section presents anecdotal accounts to illustrate the nature and reception of Abū Ḥanīfa’s questions. It also studies the spread of Abū Ḥanīfa’s questions through the writings of his students, particularly Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Shaybānī (d. 189/805). The second section presents investigations into the development of legal questions addressing the topic of wiping over khuffs (leather socks) in ritual ablutions, assessing (1) the development of legal questions in the first two-and-a-half centuries of Islam, (2) the nature of questions addressed by key second- and third-century texts of the legal schools, and (3) the questions that constituted core school doctrine in classical-era mukhtaṣars (legal digests) of the schools of law. The article concludes that Abū Ḥanīfa’s questions had the clearest causative effect on the development of structured legal questions addressing the various topics of law, while highlighting that competing juristic circles did not merely mimic Abū Ḥanīfa’s questions, but, rather, developed questions that reflected their own conceptions of the legal project.

Keywords

Abū Ḥanīfa, al-Shaybānī, Masʾala, al-Aṣl, al-Umm

References

• ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Masāʾil al-Imām Aḥmad riwāyat ibnihi ʿAbd Allāh. Edited by Zuhayr al-Shāwīsh. Beirut: Al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1981.
• ʿAbd al-Razzāq. Al-Muṣannaf. 11 vols. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1982.
• Abū Dāwūd al-Sijistānī. Masāʾil al-Imām Aḥmad riwāyat Abī Dāwūd al-Sijistānī. Edited by Abū Muʿādh Ṭāriq ibn ʿAwḍ Allāh ibn Muḥammad. Cairo: Maktabat Ibn Taymiyya, 1999.
• Al-Baghdādī. Hadiyyat al-ʿārifīn. 2 vols. Istanbul: Wakālat al-Maʿārif al-Jalīla, 1951.
• Brockopp, Jonathan. “Early Islamic Jurisprudence in Egypt: Two Scholars and Their Mukhtasars.” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 30:2 (1998): 167-82.
• Brunschvig, Robert. “Polémiques médiévales autour du rite de Mālik,” al-Andalus, 15 (1950): 377-45.
• Burton, John. “Rewriting the Timetable of Early Islam.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 115:3 (1995): 453–62.
• Calder, Norman. Studies in Early Muslim Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.
• Al-Dārimī. Musnad al-Dārimī al-maʿrūf bi-Sunan al-Dārimī. Edited by Ḥusayn Salīm Asad al-Dārānī. 4 vols. Riyadh: Dār al-Mughnī, 2000.
• Al-Dhahabī, Tārīkh al-Islām. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām al-Tadmurī. 52 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1993.
• --------. Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, ed. Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ, 25 vols. (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1985).
• Dutton, Yasin. “ʿAmal v. Ḥadīth in Islamic Law: The Case of sadl alyadayn (Holding One’s Hands by One’s Sides) When Doing the Prayer.” Islamic Law and Society, 3:1 (1996): 13-40.
• --------. The Origins of Islamic Law: The Qur’an, the Muwaṭṭāʾ and Medinan ʿAmal. Curzon Press, 1999.
• Fadel, Mohammed. “‘Istiḥsān is Nine-Tenths of the Law’: The Puzzling Relationship of Uṣūl to Furūʿ.” Pages 161-76 in Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Edited by Bernard Weiss. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
• Hallaq, Wael. “Considerations on the Function and Character of Sunnī Legal Theory” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 104.4 (1984): 679-89.
• --------. “On Dating Malik’s Muwatta.” UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, 1 (2001): 47-65.
• --------. “Was al-Shāfiʿī the Master Architect of Islamic Jurisprudence?” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 25.4 (1993): 587-605.
• Al-Ḥaṭṭāb, Mawāhib al-Jalīl sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Khalīl, 6 vols. (Beirut: Dāral-Fikr, 1992), 1:318.
• Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr. Jāmiʿ bayān al-ʿilm wa-faḍlihi. Edited by Abū al-Ashbāl al-Zuhayrī. 2 vols. Riyadh: Dār Ibn al-Jawzī, 1994.
• Ibn Abī al-ʿAwwām. Faḍāʾil Abī Ḥanīfa wa-akhbāruhu wa-manāqibuhu. Edited by Laṭīf al-Raḥmān al-Bahrāʾijī al-Qāsimī. Makkah: al-Maktaba al-Imdādiyya, 2010.
• Ibn ʿĀbidīn, Radd al-muḥtār ʿalā al-Durr al-mukhtār, 6 vols. Beirut: Dāral-Fikr, 1992.
• Ibn Abī Shayba. Al-Muṣannaf. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAwwāma. 26 vols. Beirut: Dār Qurṭuba, 2006.
• Ibn Abī al-Wafāʾ. Al-Jawāhir al-muḍiyya. 2 vols. Hyderabad: Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-Niẓāmiyya, n.d.
• Ibn ʿAsākir. Tārīkh Dimashq. Edited by ʿAmr ibn Gharāma. 80 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1995.
• Ibn Mākūlā. Al-Ikmāl fī rafʿ al-irtiyāb ʿan al-muʾtalif wa-al-mukhtalif fī al-asmāʾ wa-al-kunā wa-al-ansāb. 7 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1990.
• Ibn al-Mundhir. Al-Awsaṭ fī al-sunan wa-al-ijmāʿ wa-al-ikhtilāf. Edited by Ṣaghīr ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Ḥanīf. 6 vols. Riyadh: Dār Ṭayba, 1985.
• Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī, ʿUmdat al-fiqh, ed. Aḥmad Muḥammad ʿAzūz (Beirut: Al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya, 2004), 16.
• Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Hāniʾ. Masāʾil al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal riwāyat Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Hāniʾ al-Naysābūrī. Edited by Zuhayr al-Shāwīsh. Beirut & Damascus: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1400/1979-80.
• ʿIyāḍ al-Yaḥṣubī. Tartīb al-madārik wa-taqrīb al-masālik. Edited by ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Ṣaḥrāwī et al. 8 vols. Moḥammedia, Morocco: Maṭbaʿat Faḍāla, 1981.
• Jackson, Sherman. “Fiction and Formalism: Toward a Functional Analysis of Uṣūl al-Fiqh.” Pages 177-201 in Studies in Islamic Legal Theory. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
• Al-Jaṣṣāṣ. Mukhtaṣar Ikhtilāf al-ʿulamāʾ. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Nadhīr Aḥmad. 5 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾir al-Islāmiyya, 2007.
• Kātib Çelebī. Kashf al-ẓunūn ʿan asāmī al-kutub wa-l-funūn. Edited by Şerefettin Yaltkaya and Kilisli Rifat Bilge. 2 vols. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al- Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.; repr. Istanbul, 1941-1943.
• Al-Kawtharī, Muḥammad Zāhid. Bulūgh al-amānī fī sīrat al-Imām Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Shaybānī. Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Azhariyya, 1998.
• --------. Lamaḥāt al-naẓar fī sīrat al-Imām Zufar. Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Azhariyya, 1368/1949.
• Khalīl ibn Isḥāq al-Jundī. Mukhtaṣar al-ʿAllāma Khalīl. Edited by Aḥmad Jād. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 2005.
• Al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī. Tārīkh Baghdād. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād Maʿrūf. 16 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 2002.
• Al-Laknawī. Al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaghīr maʿa sharḥihi al-Nāfiʿ al-kabīr. Karachi: Idārat al-Qur’ān, 1990.
• Lowry, Joseph. “The Legal Hermeneutics of al-Shāfiʿī and Ibn Qutayba: A Reconsideration.” Islamic Law and Society, 11:1 (2004): 1-41.
• Makdisi, George. “Baghdad, Bologna, and Scholasticism.” Pages 141-57 in Centres of Learning: Learning and Location in Pre-Modern Europe and the Near East. Edited by Jan Willem Drijvers and Alasdair MacDonald. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
• --------. The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981.
• --------. The Rise of Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West, With Special Reference to Scholasticism. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990.
• Mālik b. Anas. Al-Mudawwana al-kubrā. 4 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya, 1994.
• Al-Marwazī. Ikhtilāf al-fuqahāʾ. Edited by Muḥammad Ṭāhir Ḥakīm. Riyadh: Aḍwāʾ al-Salaf, 2000.
• Melchert, Christopher. “Review of Norman Calder, Studies in Early Muslim Jurisprudence.”Journal of Law and Religion 15:1/2 (2000-2001): 363-67.
• Al-Mizzī. Tahdhīb al-Kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl. Edited by Bashshār ʿAwwād. 35 vols. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1980.
• Motzki, Harald. The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh Before the Classical Schools. Translated by Marion Katz. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
• --------. “The Prophet and the Cat: On Dating Malik’s Muwaṭṭaʾ and Legal Traditions.” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 22 (1998): 18-83.
• Muranyi, Miklos. “Die frühe Rechtsliteratur zwischen Quellenanalyse und Fiktion.” Islamic Law and Society, 4:2 (1997): 224-41.
• Al-Nasafī. Kanz al-daqāʾiq. Edited by Sāʾid Bakdāsh. Beirut: Dār al- Bashāʾir al-Islāmiyya, 2011.
• Al-Nawawī. Minhāj al-Ṭālibīn. Edited by ʿAwḍ Qāsim Aḥmad ʿAwḍ. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 2005.
• Al-Nūri, Al-Sayyid Abū al-Muʿātī, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Razzāq ʿĪd, and Maḥmūd Muḥammad Khalīl. Mawsūʿat aqwāl al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal fī rijāl al-ḥadīth wa-ʿilalihi. 4 vols. Cairo:ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1997.
• Sadeghi, Behnam. “The Authenticity of Two 2nd/8th Century Ḥanafī Legal Texts: The Kitāb al-āthār and al-Muwaṭṭaʾ of Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-Shaybānī.” Islamic Law and Society, 17 (2010): 291-319.
• --------. The Logic of Law Making in Islam: Women and Prayer in the Legal Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
• Al-Samʿānī. Al-Ansāb. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Yaḥyā al-Muʿallimī. 13 vols. Hyderabad: Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, 1962.
• Al-Ṣaymarī. Akhbār Abī Ḥanīfa wa-aṣḥābihi. Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1985.
• Schacht, Joseph. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
• --------. The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950.
• Al-Shāfiʿī. Al-Umm. Edited by Rifʿat Fawzī ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib. 11 vols. Mansoura: Dār al-Wafāʾ, 2001.
• Ṣāliḥ ibn Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Masāʾil al-Imām Aḥmad riwāyat ibnihi Abī al-Faḍl Ṣāliḥ. Edited by Faḍl al-Raḥmān Dīn Muḥammad. 2 vols. Delhi: al-Dār al-ʿIlmiyya, 1988.
• El Shamsy, Ahmed. The Canonization of Islamic Law: A Social and Intellectual History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 22-32.
• --------. “Al-Shāfiʿī’s Written Corpus: A Source-Critical Study.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 132:2 (2012): 199-220.
• Al-Shaybānī, Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. Al-Aṣl. Edited by Mehmet Boynukalın. 12 vols. Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012.
• Shihadeh, Ayman. Doubts on Avicenna: A Study and Edition of Sharaf al-Dīn al-Masʿūdī’s Commentary on the Ishārāt. Leiden: Brill, 2016.
• Wymann-Landgraf, Umar Abd-Allah. Mālik and Medina: Islamic Legal Reasoning in the Formative Period. Leiden: Brill, 2013.
• Yahia, Mohyddin. Šāfiʿī et les deux sources de la loi islamique. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2009.
• Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. Muʿjam al-udabāʾ: Irshād al-arīb ilā maʿrifat al-adīb. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. 7 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1993.
• Young, Walter. The Dialectical Forge: Juridical Disputation the Evolution of Islamic Law. Cham: Springer, 2017.
• Zysow, Aron. The Economy of Certainty: An Introduction to the Typology of Islamic Law. Atlanta: Lockwood Press, 2013.