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Uygur Bozkır İmparatorluğunun Çöküşüne Manihaizm mi Neden Oldu?

Year 2024, Issue: 30, 181 - 196, 21.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.1500980

Abstract

Mezopotamya’da doğan ve kısa süre sonra bu topraklardan sürgün edilen dini inanç Manihaizm’le Eski Uygurlar 8. yüzyıl ortalarında Bögü Kağan’ın hükmü sırasında tanışmışlardır. Kağan’ın Eski Türk âdetlerine oldukça yabancı olan bu yeni inanç sistemini neden kabul ettiği sorusu ise çeşitli teoriler ortaya atılsa da uzun süre yanıtsız kalmıştır. Hatta bu inancın ilkelerinin, Eski Türklerin beslenme ve yaşam düzenine aykırı olması Bögü Kağan’ın kararının nedenini anlaşılmaz kılmıştır. Diğer yandan, son yıllarda yapılan çeşitli çalışmalar bu kararın daha çok ekonomik gerekçelerle alındığına işaret etmektedir. 8-9. yüzyıllarda İç Moğolistan’da yaşanan kurak mevsimler, Uygurların güçlü müttefikler bulmasını mecbur kılmış görünmektedir. Manihaizm’de misyonerlik ve tüccarlık genellikle birbiriyle çok yakın ilişkili olduğundan bu dini, ticaretten tamamen ayırmak mümkün değildir. Manihaizm dini aracılığıyla Eski Uygurlar, Orta Asya’nın zengin tüccarları Soğdlarla doğrudan temas kurabilmişler, ekonomilerini ve ordularını güçlendirmişlerdir. Bununla birlikte, devlet içindeki yöneticilerin birbirleriyle yaşadıkları aralıksız çekişmeler ve büyük boyların isyanlarının Uygur Bozkır Kağanlığını çöküşe sürükleyen gerçek nedenler olarak öne çıktığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Manihaizm’in Orta Asya’daki durumu, din ve ticaret ilişkisi ile Eski Uygurların son yıllarında yaşanan çatışmalar ve şiddetli kuraklık üzerinde durularak tarihi çok katmanlı değerlendirmenin gerekliliği tartışılmıştır.

References

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  • Bang, W., & Gabain, A. (1929). Türkische Turfan-Texte II. Manichaica. Berlin: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften in kommission bei Walter de Gruyter U. Co.
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  • BeDuhn, J. D. (2000). The Manichaean Body. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University.
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  • Clark, L. V. (2000). The Conversion of Bügü Khan to Manichaeism. R. E. Emmerick, W. Sundermann, & P. Zieme (Ed.) içinde, Studia Manichaica. IV. Internationaler Kongress zum Manichäismus (s. 83-123). Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
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  • Clark, L. V. (2013). Uygur Manichaean texts: Volume II: Liturgical Texts. Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Dandamayev, M. A. (1993). Cyrus II The Great. Encyclopaedia Iranica, 4, 516-521.
  • de la Vaissière, É. (2005). Sogdian Traders (3. b.). (D. Sinor, N. Di Cosmo, Dü, & J. Ward, Çev.) Leiden: Brill.
  • Di Cosmo, N., Hessl, A., Leland, C., Byambasuren, O., Tian, H., Nachin, B., . . . Cook, E. (2018). Environmental stress and steppe nomads: Rethinking the history of the Uyghur Empire (744-840) with Paleoclimate data. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 48(4), s. 439-463. doi:10.1162/JINH_a_01194
  • Drompp, M. R. (2005). Late-Tang Foreign Relations: The Uyghur Crisis. V. H. Mair, N. Shatzman Steinhardt, & P. R. Goldin (Ed.) içinde, Hawai’i Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Drompp, M. R. (2005). Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire, A Documentary History. Leiden: Brill.
  • Foltz, R. C. (2010). Religions of the silk road: Premodern patterns of globalization (2 b.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gardner, I. (1995). The Kephalaia of the Teacher: The Edited Coptic Manichaean Texts in Translation with Commentary (1 b.). Leiden: Brill.
  • Kósa, G. (2011). Image, The Sea of Fire As a Chinese Manichaean Metaphor: Source Materials for Mapping an Unnoticed. Asia Major, 24(2), s. 1-52.
  • Lieu, S. N. (1980). Nestorians and Manichaeans on the South China Coast. Vigiliae Christianae, 34(1), s. 71-88. doi:10.2307/1582860
  • Lieu, S. N. (2009). Medieval Manichaean and Nestorian Remains in the Zayton (Quanzhou) of Marco Polo. J. D. Beduhn (Dü.) içinde, New Light on Manichaeism Papers from the Sixth International Congress on Manichaeism (s. 181-199). Leiden: Brill.
  • Mackerras, C. (1969). Sino-Uighur Diplomatic and Trade Contacts (744 to 840). Central Asiatic Journal, 13(3), s. 215-240.
  • Mackerras, C. (1972). The Uighur Empire According to the T’ang Dynastic Histories A Study in Sino-Uighur Relations 744-840. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
  • Mackerras, C. (1994). The Uighurs. D. Sinor (Dü.) içinde, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (2 b., s. 317-342). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McLaughlin, R. (2016). The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books Ltd.
  • Minorsky, V. F. (1948). Tamim ibn Baḥr’s Journey to the Uyghurs. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 12(2), s. 275-305. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00080228
  • Moriyasu, T. (2015). New developments in the history of east Uighur manichaeism. Open Theology, 1(1), s. 316-333. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2015-0016 adresinden alındı
  • Moriyasu, T., & Yoshida, Y. (2019). New Edition of the Chinese Version of the Karabalgasun Inscription (カラバルガスン碑文漢文版の新校訂と訳註). Studies on the Inner Asian Languages (内陸アジア言語の研究), 34, s. 1-59.
  • Özbay, B. (2019). Huastuanift Manihaist Uygurların Tövbe Duası (2 b.). Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • Özbay, B. (2023). The Basic Sentence Structure of the Manichaean Confession Book Xwāstvānīft in Sogdian and Old Uyghur. J. Kornfilt, G. Sakhatova, & M. Suleymanov (Ed.) içinde, Exploring the Diversity of Turkic Languages: Studies in Morphology, Syntax and Language Contact (s. 55-82). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Pan, Y. (1990). Sui-Tang foreign policy: four case studies. Vancouver: University of British Columbia.
  • Qian, S. (1993). Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II (2 b.). (B. Watson, Çev.) Hong Kong-New York: The Research Centre for Translation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong ve Columbia University Press.
  • Reeves, J. C. (2011). Prolegomena to a History of Islamicate Manichaeism. Oakville: Equinox Publishing Ltd.
  • Sims-Williams, N., & Durkin-Meisterernst, D. (2022). Dictionary of Manichaean Texts. Vol. III: Texts from Central Asia and China Part 2: Dictionary of Manichaean Sogdian and Bactria (2 b.). Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Sundermann, W. (1985). Ein manichäisch-soghdisches Parabelbuch. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
  • Teigen, H. F. (2021). The Manichaean Church in Kellis. (J. D. BeDuhn, D. M. Burns, & J. van Oort, Dü) Leiden: Brill.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Convention. (2021, 07 25). Quanzhou: Emporium of the World in Song-Yuan China. 12 20, 2023 tarihinde alındı
  • Wang, X. (2008). A New Study on Mouyu Qaghan’s Conversion to Manichaeism. H. Chen, & X. Rong (Ed.) içinde, Great Journeys across the Pamir Mountains A Festschrift in Honor of Zhang Guangda on his Eighty-fifth Birthday (s. 111-127). Leiden: Brill.
  • Wiesehöfer, J. (2001). Ancient Persia (2 b.). (A. Azodi, Çev.) London: I. B. Tauris.
  • Yoshida, Y. (2023). Bögü Qaghan, Zieme, Clark, and Moriyasu: On some aspects of the early phase of the Uighur Manichaeism. E. Morano, S. N. Lieu, & N. A. Pedersen (Ed.) içinde, Manichaica Taurinensia (s. 395-403). Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Zieme, P. (2009). [有関摩尼教開教回鶻的一件新史料] Youguan Monijiao kaijiao Huihu de yijian xin shiliao [On a New Uighur Source on the Propagation of Manichaeism]. Dunhuangxue jikan(3), 2009, 1-7. (D. Wang, Çev.)
Year 2024, Issue: 30, 181 - 196, 21.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.1500980

Abstract

References

  • Asmussen, J. P. (1989). Ammō, Mār. Encyclopaedia Iranica, I, 979.
  • Bang, W., & Gabain, A. (1929). Türkische Turfan-Texte II. Manichaica. Berlin: Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften in kommission bei Walter de Gruyter U. Co.
  • Barfield, T. J. (1989). The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
  • BeDuhn, J. D. (2000). The Manichaean Body. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University.
  • Brose, M. C. (2017, 06). The Medieval Uyghurs of the 8th through 14th Centuries The Medieval Uyghurs of the 8th through 14th Centuries. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History, 1-20. (D. Ludden, Dü.) New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.232
  • Chavannes, É. É., & Pelliot, P. (1911-1913). Un traité manichéen retrouvé en Chine. Journal Asiatique(1, 2), s. 499-617; 99-394.
  • Clark, L. V. (2000). The Conversion of Bügü Khan to Manichaeism. R. E. Emmerick, W. Sundermann, & P. Zieme (Ed.) içinde, Studia Manichaica. IV. Internationaler Kongress zum Manichäismus (s. 83-123). Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
  • Clark, L. V. (2009). Manichaeism Among The Uygurs: The Uygur Khan Of The Bokug Clan. J. D. BeDuhn (Dü.) içinde, New Light on Manichaeism Papers from the Sixth International Congress on Manichaeism (s. 61-71). Leiden: Brill.
  • Clark, L. V. (2013). Uygur Manichaean texts: Volume II: Liturgical Texts. Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Dandamayev, M. A. (1993). Cyrus II The Great. Encyclopaedia Iranica, 4, 516-521.
  • de la Vaissière, É. (2005). Sogdian Traders (3. b.). (D. Sinor, N. Di Cosmo, Dü, & J. Ward, Çev.) Leiden: Brill.
  • Di Cosmo, N., Hessl, A., Leland, C., Byambasuren, O., Tian, H., Nachin, B., . . . Cook, E. (2018). Environmental stress and steppe nomads: Rethinking the history of the Uyghur Empire (744-840) with Paleoclimate data. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 48(4), s. 439-463. doi:10.1162/JINH_a_01194
  • Drompp, M. R. (2005). Late-Tang Foreign Relations: The Uyghur Crisis. V. H. Mair, N. Shatzman Steinhardt, & P. R. Goldin (Ed.) içinde, Hawai’i Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Drompp, M. R. (2005). Tang China and the Collapse of the Uighur Empire, A Documentary History. Leiden: Brill.
  • Foltz, R. C. (2010). Religions of the silk road: Premodern patterns of globalization (2 b.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gardner, I. (1995). The Kephalaia of the Teacher: The Edited Coptic Manichaean Texts in Translation with Commentary (1 b.). Leiden: Brill.
  • Kósa, G. (2011). Image, The Sea of Fire As a Chinese Manichaean Metaphor: Source Materials for Mapping an Unnoticed. Asia Major, 24(2), s. 1-52.
  • Lieu, S. N. (1980). Nestorians and Manichaeans on the South China Coast. Vigiliae Christianae, 34(1), s. 71-88. doi:10.2307/1582860
  • Lieu, S. N. (2009). Medieval Manichaean and Nestorian Remains in the Zayton (Quanzhou) of Marco Polo. J. D. Beduhn (Dü.) içinde, New Light on Manichaeism Papers from the Sixth International Congress on Manichaeism (s. 181-199). Leiden: Brill.
  • Mackerras, C. (1969). Sino-Uighur Diplomatic and Trade Contacts (744 to 840). Central Asiatic Journal, 13(3), s. 215-240.
  • Mackerras, C. (1972). The Uighur Empire According to the T’ang Dynastic Histories A Study in Sino-Uighur Relations 744-840. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
  • Mackerras, C. (1994). The Uighurs. D. Sinor (Dü.) içinde, The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia (2 b., s. 317-342). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • McLaughlin, R. (2016). The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books Ltd.
  • Minorsky, V. F. (1948). Tamim ibn Baḥr’s Journey to the Uyghurs. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 12(2), s. 275-305. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00080228
  • Moriyasu, T. (2015). New developments in the history of east Uighur manichaeism. Open Theology, 1(1), s. 316-333. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2015-0016 adresinden alındı
  • Moriyasu, T., & Yoshida, Y. (2019). New Edition of the Chinese Version of the Karabalgasun Inscription (カラバルガスン碑文漢文版の新校訂と訳註). Studies on the Inner Asian Languages (内陸アジア言語の研究), 34, s. 1-59.
  • Özbay, B. (2019). Huastuanift Manihaist Uygurların Tövbe Duası (2 b.). Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • Özbay, B. (2023). The Basic Sentence Structure of the Manichaean Confession Book Xwāstvānīft in Sogdian and Old Uyghur. J. Kornfilt, G. Sakhatova, & M. Suleymanov (Ed.) içinde, Exploring the Diversity of Turkic Languages: Studies in Morphology, Syntax and Language Contact (s. 55-82). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Pan, Y. (1990). Sui-Tang foreign policy: four case studies. Vancouver: University of British Columbia.
  • Qian, S. (1993). Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty II (2 b.). (B. Watson, Çev.) Hong Kong-New York: The Research Centre for Translation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong ve Columbia University Press.
  • Reeves, J. C. (2011). Prolegomena to a History of Islamicate Manichaeism. Oakville: Equinox Publishing Ltd.
  • Sims-Williams, N., & Durkin-Meisterernst, D. (2022). Dictionary of Manichaean Texts. Vol. III: Texts from Central Asia and China Part 2: Dictionary of Manichaean Sogdian and Bactria (2 b.). Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Sundermann, W. (1985). Ein manichäisch-soghdisches Parabelbuch. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
  • Teigen, H. F. (2021). The Manichaean Church in Kellis. (J. D. BeDuhn, D. M. Burns, & J. van Oort, Dü) Leiden: Brill.
  • UNESCO World Heritage Convention. (2021, 07 25). Quanzhou: Emporium of the World in Song-Yuan China. 12 20, 2023 tarihinde alındı
  • Wang, X. (2008). A New Study on Mouyu Qaghan’s Conversion to Manichaeism. H. Chen, & X. Rong (Ed.) içinde, Great Journeys across the Pamir Mountains A Festschrift in Honor of Zhang Guangda on his Eighty-fifth Birthday (s. 111-127). Leiden: Brill.
  • Wiesehöfer, J. (2001). Ancient Persia (2 b.). (A. Azodi, Çev.) London: I. B. Tauris.
  • Yoshida, Y. (2023). Bögü Qaghan, Zieme, Clark, and Moriyasu: On some aspects of the early phase of the Uighur Manichaeism. E. Morano, S. N. Lieu, & N. A. Pedersen (Ed.) içinde, Manichaica Taurinensia (s. 395-403). Turnhout: Brepols.
  • Zieme, P. (2009). [有関摩尼教開教回鶻的一件新史料] Youguan Monijiao kaijiao Huihu de yijian xin shiliao [On a New Uighur Source on the Propagation of Manichaeism]. Dunhuangxue jikan(3), 2009, 1-7. (D. Wang, Çev.)
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Old Turkic Language (Orhon, Uyghur, Karahan)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Betul Ozbay 0000-0003-1513-0994

Publication Date October 21, 2024
Submission Date June 13, 2024
Acceptance Date September 22, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 30

Cite

APA Ozbay, B. (2024). Uygur Bozkır İmparatorluğunun Çöküşüne Manihaizm mi Neden Oldu?. Dil Ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları(30), 181-196. https://doi.org/10.30767/diledeara.1500980

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