Research Article

The Reality of Magic considering Islam’s Primary Sources

Volume: 7 Number: 2 December 31, 2024
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The Reality of Magic considering Islam’s Primary Sources

Abstract

The term "magic," often corresponding to the Turkish word büyü, derives from the Arabic siḥr, which linguistically encompasses meanings such as alteration, deception, trickery, and concealment. As a technical term, it is defined as employing deception or hidden causes to transform something's nature or achieving extraordinary results through specific words or actions. Magic, whose origins date back thousands of years BCE, has been practiced under various names across different regions of the world, yet with the shared purpose of manipulation and influence. Its application often involves intentions such as personal gain, inducing confusion, deception, mesmerizing onlookers, or exerting influence over individuals. Methods include sleight of hand, optical illusions, hypnosis, telepathy, or the use of specific materials with properties. Magic (siḥr) is an overarching concept referred to as büyü. It has been classified into numerous categories, yet the diversity of its practices and materials has rendered a comprehensive taxonomy nearly impossible. When analyzing the Qur'anic verses where magic is mentioned, the forms of magic can generally be grouped into three categories: (1) magic performed with the aid of celestial forces, often termed talismanic magic; (2) magic achieved using materials or by inducing illusions; and (3) magic involving actions such as knot-tying or recitations over objects. The magic described in the Qur'an is portrayed as lacking true reality and is instead associated with claims made by those who profess belief in magic or by practitioners who commercialized the craft. Practitioners of magic claim to have contact with jinn and devils, asserting that they can manipulate these beings. To achieve their magical outcomes, they are said to commit shirk (associating partners with Allah), worship devils or celestial bodies, and seek their assistance. In contemporary society, common forms of magic are generally categorized as active-passive or white-black magic and include practices such as ruqya (incantations), aza’im (invocations), astrology, illusionary tricks (tahyil), and sleight of hand (sha'baza). During the time of the Prophet Ibrahim's mission, belief in magic was widespread in regions such as Babylon, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia. The most notable practices of that period included illusionary tricks and sleight of hand. Similarly, magic was prevalent among the Israelites prior to Islam, as well as among pre-Islamic Turks, where shamans (kam) -believed to be in contact with deities, spirits, and jinn- engaged in practices such as foretelling the unseen, healing the sick, and using enchanted stones to summon wind or rain. Among such rituals were the use of molten lead for healing, exorcisms, and protective talismans against the evil eye. All divine religions have taken a firm stance against magicians and sorcerers, condemning magic as shirk and declaring its practitioners as disbelievers. The justification lies in magic's capacity to present falsehood as truth and truth as falsehood, thereby deceiving and misleading people. Magic and sorcery invariably involve a concealed motive, appearing superficially alluring but ultimately grounded in deceit and malice, regardless of their form or application. The Qur'anic narratives about magic, concentrated particularly in Surahs Al-Baqarah, Al-A’raf, Yunus, Ash-Shu’ara, and Taha, primarily recount events from the time of Prophet Musa. A comprehensive analysis of these verses reveals that the Qur'an consistently refers to magic as an act of illusion, fabrication, deception, or visual misrepresentation. For instance, the magicians serving Pharaoh exemplify how magic is devoid of inherent reality, as their subservience to Pharaoh's threats underscores their inability to perform genuine miracles. Furthermore, interpretations attributing the teaching of magic to two angels or humans in Babylon, as mentioned in Surah Al-Baqarah (2:102), have been identified as distortions stemming from Judaic influences, with the verse explicitly refuting such unfounded claims. This article endeavors to conduct an analytical study centered on the content, influence, and reality of the concept of magic, drawing upon Qur'anic verses and prophetic traditions (ahadith). It examines the historical and societal trajectory of this belief, questioning its compatibility with Islam's primary sources. The findings emphasize that Islam unequivocally rejects superstitions, innovations, and false beliefs that undermine Allah's singular sovereignty and the principle of monotheism (tawhid), as established in both the Qur'an and the Sunnah.

Keywords

Magic , Reality , Tawhid , Kalam , Source of information

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ISNAD
Atılgan, Yusuf Kenan. “İslam’ın Temel Kaynakları Işığında Sihrin Hakikati”. Din ve Bilim - Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi İslami İlimler Fakültesi Dergisi 7/2 (December 1, 2024): 297-314. https://doi.org/10.47145/dinbil.1577239.