The Impact of IL-1β on Periodontal Diseases: A Molecular and Clinical Evaluation

Abstract

Periodontal diseases are complex inflammatory conditions that arise from interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and the host immune system. In this process, IL-1β represents one of the key pro-inflammatory cytokines that plays a critical role in the initiation, maintenance, and progression of the inflammatory response and tissue destruction. Activated through the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1β contributes substantially to connective tissue degradation and alveolar bone loss by increasing vascular permeability, enhancing neutrophil migration, and stimulating the production of MMPs, PGE2, and RANKL-mediated bone resorption. Elevated IL-1β levels in the saliva and gingival crevicular fluid of individuals with periodontitis indicate a direct association between this cytokine and disease severity. In addition, polymorphisms within the IL-1 gene cluster are recognized as important genetic determinants influencing individual susceptibility to periodontal disease. In light of these findings, the aim of this review is to comprehensively elucidate the biological characteristics of IL-1β, its regulatory functions in inflammatory processes, and its role in the onset and progression of periodontal diseases.

Keywords

• Inflammation
• Interleukin-1 beta
• Periodontal diseases

IL-1β’nin Periodontal Hastalıklardaki Etkisi: Moleküler ve Klinik Bir Değerlendirme

Abstract

Periodontal hastalıklar, patojenler ile konak bağışıklık sistemi arasındaki etkileşimler sonucunda gelişen kompleks inflamatuvar hastalıklardır. Bu süreçte interlökin-1 beta (IL-1β), inflamatuar yanıtın başlaması, sürdürülmesi ve doku yıkımının ilerlemesinde kritik bir rol oynayan başlıca proinflamatuvar sitokinlerden biridir. NLRP3 inflamazomu tarafından aktive edilen IL-1β; vasküler permeabilitenin artması, nötrofil göçünün hızlanması, MMP ve PGE2 üretiminin artması ve RANKL aracılı kemik rezorpsiyonunun uyarılması gibi mekanizmalarla periodontal dokularda hem bağ dokusu yıkımı hem de alveoler kemik kaybını önemli ölçüde arttırmaktadır. Periodontitisli bireylerde tükürük ve dişeti oluğu sıvısında IL-1β seviyelerinin yükselmiş olması, bu sitokinin hastalığın şiddetiyle doğrudan ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca interlökin-1 (IL-1) gen bölgesindeki polimorfizmler, bireylerin periodontal hastalığa yatkınlığını etkileyen önemli genetik belirleyiciler arasındadır. Tüm bu bulgular ışığında bu derlemenin amacı, IL-1β’nin biyolojik özelliklerini, inflamatuar süreçlerdeki düzenleyici etkilerini ve periodontal hastalıkların gelişimi ile ilerlemesinde oynadığı rolü kapsamlı bir şekilde ortaya koymaktır.

Keywords

• İnflamasyon
• İnterlökin-1 beta
• Periodontal hastalıklar

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