ORAL TOOTH HEALTH IN PREGNANCY AND NEWBORN CHILDREN

Abstract

Many physiological changes are observed in the hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity during pregnancy. During pregnancy, appropriate preventive treatments, dentistry prophylaxis, all dental treatment procedures applied with local anesthesia are safe in every trimester, but the most suitable period is second trimester. Protecting and improving the oral and dental health of the mother during pregnancy is important both for her own health and for the health and development of the newborn baby. Cariogenic bacteria transmitted from the oral cavity of the mother with dental caries can be carried to the mouth of her baby and can significantly increase the prevalence of caries in children. The purpose of this review is to provide current information on how to maintain oral and dental health during pregnancy and reduce the transmission of Streptococcus Mutans from mother to baby.

Keywords

• Pregnancy
• Dental treatment
• Streptococus mutans

HAMİLELİKTE VE YENİ DOĞAN ÇOCUKLARDA AĞIZ DİŞ SAĞLIĞI

Abstract

Hamilelik esnasında ağız boşluğundaki sert ve yumuşak dokularda fizyolojik birçok değişiklik görülmektedir. Hamilelik sırasında uygun koruyucu tedaviler, diş hekimliği profilaksileri, lokal anestezi yapılarak uygulanan tüm diş tedavisi işlemleri her trimesterde güvenlidir, ancak en uygun dönem ikinci trimesterdir. Hamilelik döneminde annenin ağız ve diş sağlığının korunması ve iyileştirilmesi hem kendi sağlığı hemde yeni doğan bebeğin sağlığı ve gelişimde önem taşımaktadır. Diş çürüğü olan annenin ağız boşluğundan iletilen kariyojenik bakteriler bebeğinin ağzına taşınarak çocukta çürük prevalansını önemli derecede artırabilir. Bu derlemenin amacı, hamilelik döneminde ağız ve diş sağlığının korumak ve anneden bebeğe Streptococcus Mutans geçisini azalmak için yapılması gereken güncel bilgileri vermektir.

Keywords

• Hamilelik
• Dental tedavi
• Streptococcus Mutans

References

1. 1. Paul, S. Maternal Oral Health. Dent Clin North Am. 2001;45:469-478.
2. 2. Thumar S, Bagda K. Dental Considerations in Pregnancy. Natl J Integr Res Med. 2015;6(1):93-97.
3. 3. Hilgers KK, Douglass J, Mathieu GP. Adolescent pregnancy: a review of dental treatment guidelines. Pediatr Dent. 2003;25(5):459-467.
4. 4. Morgan MA, Cragan JD, Goldenberg RL, Rasmussen SA, Schulkin J. Management of prescription and nonprescription drug use during pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23(8):813-819.
5. 5. Polyzos NP, Polyzos IP, Mauri D, Tzioras S, Tsappi M, Cortinovis I, Casazza G. Effect of periodontal disease treatment during pregnancy on preterm birth incidence: a meta analysis of randomized trials. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009;200(3):225-232.
6. 6. Minozzi F, Chipaila N, Unfer V, Minozzi M. Odontostomatological approach to the pregnant patient. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2008;12(6):397-409.
7. 7. Guideline on Perinatal and Infant Oral Health Care. Pediatr Dent. 2016;38(5):54-58.
8. 8. Schroth RJ, Lavelle C, Tate R, Bruce S, Billings RJ, Moffatt ME. Prenatal vitamin D and dental caries in infants. Pediatrics. 2014;133(5):1277-1284.

9. 9. Lai PY, Kim Seow W, Tudehope DI, Rogers Y. Enamel hypoplasia and dental caries in very-low birthweight children: a case-controlled, longitudinal study. Pediatric Dentistry. 1997;19:42-49.
10. 10. Mecdi M, Hotun NŞ. Gebelikte Ağız ve Diş Sağlığı. Süreli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi. 2015;24(4):41-46.
11. 11. American Academy Pediatric Dentistry. Oral Health Care for the Pregnant Adolescent. 2016;40(6):18-19.
12. 12. Kelly D, O'Dowd T, Reulbach U. Use of folic acid supplements and risk of cleft lip and palate in infants: a population-based cohort study. Br J Gen Pract. 2012;62(600):466-472.
13. 13. Division of Birth Defects, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016.
14. 14. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention. Preventing Smoking and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Before, During, and After Pregnancy. 2016.
15. 15. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2020 Topics and objectives: Tobacco use. Washington, D.C. 2016.
16. 16. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention. 1994.
17. 17. Foundation, C. D. A. Oral health during pregnancy and early childhood: Evidence based guidelines for health professionals. 2016.
18. 18. Moore PA. Selecting drugs for the pregnant dental patient. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129(9):1281-1286.
19. 19. Administration, U.S. F.a.D. Labeling and prescription drug advertising: Content and format for labeling for human prescription drugs. In F. Regist, 1979;44:434-46.
20. 20. The Organization of Teratology Information Services. Mother To Baby. Medications and more during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Ask the Experts. 2016.
21. 21. Hughes D. Oral health during pregnancy and early childhood. Policy February 2010.
22. 22. Jain D, Agrawal N, Gautam A, Jain S. Dental Health Care in Pregnancy: A Survey And Literature Review. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2016;15(6):91-95.
23. 23. Steinberg BJ. Women's oral health issues. J Dent Educ. 1999;63(3):271-275.
24. 24. Bishai R, Koren G. Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy Motherisk Hospital for Children, Vol. State of the Art 2000. Mother risk Program (5-9), 2000.
25. 25. Buerlein J, Peabody H, Santoro K. Improving access to perinatal oral health care: Strategies and considerations for health plans. Improving access to perinatal oral health care: Strategies and considerations for health plans. 2016.
26. 26. Kandan PM, Menaga V, Kumar RR. Oral health in pregnancy (guidelines to gynaecologists, general physicians & oral health care providers). J Pak Med Assoc. 2011;61(10):1009-1014.
27. 27. Vergnes JN, Kaminski M, Lelong N, Musset AM, Sixou M, Nabet C. Frequency and risk indicators of tooth decay among pregnant women in France: a cross-sectional analysis. 2012;7(5):33296.
28. 28. Association, A.D. Pregnancy: Patient version, frequently asked questions. 2012.
29. 29. Jain D, Agrawal N, Gautam A, Jain S. Dental Health Care in Pregnancy: A Survey And Literature Review. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences. 2016;15(6):91-95.
30. 30. McGaw T. Periodontal disease and preterm delivery of low-birth-weight infants. J Can Dent Assoc. 2002;68(3):165-169.
31. 31. Demir Y, Demir S, Aktepe F. Cutaneous lobular capillary hemangioma induced by pregnancy. J Cutan Pathol. 2004;31(1):77-80.
32. 32. White Paper: FDA Update/Review of Potential Adverse Health Risks Associated with Exposure to Mercury in Dental Amalgam. 2009.
33. 33. Whittle KW, Whittle JG, Sarll DW. Amalgam fillings during pregnancy. Br Dent J. 1998;185(10):500.
34. 34. Castellanos JL, Diaz LM, Gay O. Management of patients with systemic diseases Medicine in dentistry (2 ed.). Mexico: El Manual Moderno. 2002.
35. 35. Oral Health Care During Pregnancy Expert Workgroup. Oral health care during pregnancy: a national consensus statement—summary of an expert workgroup meeting. Washington, DC: National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center. 2012.
36. 36. Feibus KB. FDA’s Proposed Rule for Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling:Improving maternal child health through informed medicine use. J Med Toxicol. 2008;4:284-288.
37. 37. Kumar J, Samelson R. Oral health care during pregnancy and early childhood: practice guidelines. Paper presented at the New York State Department of Health. New York, US. 2006.
38. 38. American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs, Dental radiographic examinations: Recommendation for patient selection and limiting radiation exposure. ADA Positions, Policies and Statements.
39. 39. Association, A.D. Oral Health Topics: X-rays, Patient Version. 2011.
40. 40. Measurements, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement. Radiation protection in dentistry. (145). Bethesda: NRCP Publications. 2003.
41. 41. Raber-Durlacher JE, van Steenbergen TJ, Van der Velden U, de Graaff J, Abraham-Inpijn L. Experimental gingivitis during pregnancy and post-partum:clinical, endocrinological, and microbiological aspects. J Clin Periodontol. 1994;21(8):549-558.
42. 42. Boggess KA, Urlaub DM, Massey KE, Moos MK, Matheson MB, Lorenz C. Oral hygiene practices and dental service utilization among pregnant women. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141(5):553-561.
43. 43. American Academy Pediatric Dentistry. Perinatal and Infant Oral Health Care. 2016;40(6):18-19.
44. 44. Services, U.S. Department of Health and Human. Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville: National Institutes of Health. 2000.
45. 45. Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Dental caries (tooth decay) in children (Age 2 to 11). 2014.
46. 46. Drury TF, Horowitz AM, Ismail AI, Maertens MP, Rozier RG, Selwitz RH. Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes. J Public Health Dent. 1999;59(3):192-197.
47. 47. Edelstein B, Chinn C. Update on disparities in oral health and access to dental care for America’s children. Acad Pediatr. 2009;9(6):415-419.
48. 48. Mobley C, Marshall TA, Milgrom P, Coldwell SE. The contribution of dietary factors to dental caries and disparities in caries. Acad Pediatr. 2009;9(6):410-414. 49. American Academy Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on interim therapeutic restorations (ITR). Pediatric Dentisty. 2016;38:50-51.
49. 50. Li Y, Caufield PW, Dasanayake AP, Wiener HW, Vermund SH. Mode of delivery and other maternal factors influence the acquisition of Streptococcus mutans in infants. J Dent Res. 2005;84(9):806-811.
50. 51. Berkowitz RJ, Jordan HV, White G. The early establishment of Streptococcus mutans in the mouths of infants. Arch Oral Biol. 1975;20(3):171-174.
51. 52. Ge Y, Caufield PW, Fisch GS, Li Y. Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis colonization correlated with caries experience in children. Caries Res. 2008;42(6):444-448.
52. 53. Loesche WJ. Microbial adhesion and plaque. In: Dental Caries: A Treatable Infection. 1993;81-116.
53. 54. Seale NS, Glickman GN. Contemporary perspectives on vital pulp therapy: views from the endodontists and pediatric dentists. J Endod. 2008;34(7):57-61.
54. 55. Stiles HM, Meyers R, Brunnelle JA, Wittig AB. Occurrence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis in the oral cavity and feces of young children. Microbial Aspects of Dental Caries. 1976;187.
55. 56. Wan AK, Seow WK, Purdie DM, Bird PS, Walsh LJ, Tudehope DI. A longitudinal study of Streptococcus mutans colonization in infants after tooth eruption. J Dent Res. 2003;82(7):504-508.
56. 57. Brambilla E, Felloni A, Gagliani M, Malerba A, García-Godoy F, Strohmenger L. Caries prevention during pregnancy: Results of a 30-month study. J Am Dent Assoc. 1998;129(7):871-877.
57. 58. Cengiz SB. The pregnant patient: considerations for dental management and drug use. Quintessence Int. 2007;38(3):133-142.
58. 59. Silk H, Douglass AB, Douglass JM, Silk L. Oral health during pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77(8):1139-1144.
59. 60. Wan AK, Seow WK, Purdie DM, Bird PS, Walsh LJ, Tudehope DI. Oral colonization of Streptococcus mutans in six-month-old predentate infants. J Dent Res.2001;80(12):2060-2065.
60. 61. Edwardsson S, Mejare B. Streptococcus milleri (Guthof) and Streptococcus mutans in the mouths of infants before and after tooth eruption. Arch Oral Biol. 1978;23(9):811-814.
61. 62. Milgrom P, Riedy CA, Weinstein P, Tanner AC, Manibusan L, Bruss J. Dental caries and its relationship to bacterial infection, hypoplasia, diet, and oral hygiene in 6- to 36-month-old children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000;28(4):295-306.
62. 63. Caufield PW, Cutter GR, Dasanayake AP: Initial acquisition of mutans streptococci by infants: Evidence for a discrete window of infectivity. J Dent Res. 1993;72:37–45.
63. 64. Trahan L. Xylitol: A review of its action on mutans streptococci and dental plaque its clinical significance. Int Dent J. 1995;45:77–92.
64. 65. Söderling E, Isokangas P, Pienihakkien K, Tenovuo J, Alanen. Influence of maternal xylitol consumption on mother-child transmission of mutans streptococci:6-year follow-up. Caries Res. 2001;35(3):173-7.
65. 66. Özer L, Bilgin Z, Özalp N, Sarı Ş. Ankara ilinde 5-11 yaş grubu okul çocuklarında çürük prevalansının değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi. 2003;30:133-139.
66. 67. Alamoudi NM, Hanno AG, Sabbagh HJ, Masoud MI, Almushayt AS, El Derwi DA. Impact of maternal xylitol consumption on mutans streptococci, plaque and caries levels in children. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry. 2012;37(2):163-166.
67. 68. Meyer K, Khorshidi-Böhm M, Geurtsen W, Günay H. An early oral health care program starting during pregnancy—a long-term study—phase V. Clinical Oral Investigation. 2014;18(3):863–872.