MC1R KÜRK RENGİ GENİNE DAYALI OLARAK ANADOLU’DA YABAN DOMUZU (SUS SCROFA) VE EVCİL DOMUZ (SUS SCROFA DOMESTICA) ARASINDAKİ TARİHSEL MELEZLEŞMENİN ÖN DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Öz

İntrogresif hibridizasyon, küresel biyoçeşitliliğe yönelik başlıca tehditlerden biri olup doğada farklı taksonomik birimlerin temsilcileri arasında geniş bir hayvan türü yelpazesinde meydana gelmektedir. Evcil domuz (Sus scrofa domestica) günümüzde Anadolu’da bulunmamaktadır; ancak Anadolu, yaban domuzlarında (Sus scrofa) eski evcilleştirme sinyallerinin gözlenmesinin beklendiği bir bölge olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Tarih öncesi dönem boyunca S. scrofa’nın önemli evcilleştirme merkezlerinden biri olarak kabul edilen ve çeşitli tarihsel dönemlerde evcil domuz yetiştiriciliğine ev sahipliği yapan Anadolu’nun, yerel yaban domuzu popülasyonlarının fenotipleri ve genetik varyantları üzerinde etkiler bırakmış olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Anadolu yaban domuzlarında potansiyel evcil domuz introgresyonunun varlığını araştırmak amacıyla, Anadolu’nun farklı bölgelerinden örneklenen 20 bireyin Melanokortin 1 Reseptör (MC1R) geni polimorfizmi incelenmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, tüm bireylerin hem Avrupa hem de Asya kökenli yaban domuzları için karakteristik olan E⁺ aleli açısından homozigot olduğunu ve hiçbir bireyde evcil domuz introgresyonunu gösteren alellerin bulunmadığını ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular, örneklenen Anadolu yaban domuzlarında evcil domuz introgresyonunun mevcut olmadığını göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, Anadolu yaban domuzu örneklerinin daha büyük bir örneklemi üzerinde, MC1R genine ek olarak, mikrosatelitler veya genom çapında tek nükleotid polimorfizmleri (SNP'ler) gibi çok lokuslu belirteçler kullanılarak evcil domuz introgresyonunun olası varlığı araştırılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sus scrofa
• Sus scrofa domestica
• Melanacortin Resöptör 1 (MC1R) geni
• introgresif hibritleşme
• Anadolu

A Preliminary Evaluation of Historical Hybridization Between Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) and Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domestica) in Anatolia Based on the Mc1r Coat Colour Gene

Öz

Introgressive hybridization is recognized as a major threat to global biodiversity, occurring in nature among a wide range of animal species representing different taxonomic units. Although the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is no longer present in Anatolia, the region is considered a potential source of ancient domestication signals in wild boars (Sus scrofa). Anatolia has prehistorically been regarded as one of the important centers of pig domestication and has hosted pig husbandry during various historical periods, which may have influenced the phenotypes and genetic variants of local wild boar populations. In this study, the polymorphism of the Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) gene was examined in 20 wild boar individuals sampled from different regions of Anatolia in order to investigate the presence of potential domestic pig introgression in Anatolian wild boars. The analysis results revealed that all individuals were homozygous for the E⁺ allele, which is characteristic of wild boars of both European and Asian origin, and that no individuals had alleles indicating domestic pig introgression. These findings indicate the absence of domestic pig introgression in the sampled Anatolian wild boars. Nevertheless, a larger sample of Anatolian wild boar should be investigated for the possible presence of domestic pig introgression using multilocus markers such as microsatellites or genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in addition to the MC1R gene.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sus scrofa
• Sus scrofa domestica
• Melanacortin Receptor 1 (MC1R) gene
• introgressive hybridization
• Anatolia

Kaynakça

1. Adavoudi, R., & Pilot, M. (2021). “Consequences of hybridization in mammals: A systematic review”. Genes, 13(1): 50.
2. Anderson, D., Negishi, Y., Toma, R., Nagata, J., Tamate, H., & Kaneko, S. (2020). “Robust microsatellite markers for hybrid analysis between domesticated pigs and wild boar: Markers for pig and wild boar hybridization”. Genetic Resources, 1(2): 29-41.
3. Böheim, D., Knauer, F., Stefanović, M., Zink, R., Kübber-Heiss, A., Posautz, A., ... & Suchentrunk, F. (2023a). “Signals of pig ancestry in wild boar, Sus scrofa, from eastern Austria: Current hybridisation or incomplete gene pool differentiation and historical introgressions?” Diversity, 15(6): 790.
4. Böheim, D., Veličković, N., Djan, M., Stefanović, M., Žikić, D., & Suchentrunk, F. (2023b). “Pig-typical gene pool characteristics in wild boars from Vojvodina, Serbia: A study of genetic diversity, differentiation, assignment, and admixture”. Contemporary Agriculture, 72(4): 207-215.
5. Demirbaş, Y., Özkan Koca, A., Pamukoğlu, N., Sert, H., & Suchentrunk, F. (2016). “Mitochondrial DNA control region variability of wild boar Sus scrofa with various external phenotypes in Turkey”. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 40: 957-971.
6. Demirbaş, Y., Soysal, H., Koca, A. Ö., Stefanović, M., & Suchentrunk, F. (2025). “Mitochondrial phylogeography of wild boars, Sus scrofa, from Asia Minor: endemic lineages, natural immigration, historical anthropogenic translocations, and possible introgression of domestic pigs”. Animals, 15(13): 1828.
7. Dzialuk, A., Zastempowska, E., Skórzewski, R., Twarużek, M., & Grajewski, J. (2018). “High domestic pig contribution to the local gene pool of free-living European wild boar: a case study in Poland”. Mammal Research, 63(1): 65–71.
8. Fang, M., Larson, G., Ribeiro, H.S., Li, N., & Andersson, L. (2009). “Contrasting mode of evolution at a coat color locus in wild and domestic pigs”. PLoS Genetics, 5: e1000341.

9. Frantz, L.A., Haile, J., Lin, A.T., Scheu, A., Geörg, C., Benecke, N., Alexander, M., Linderholm, A., Mullin, V.E.,Daly, K.G., & Battista, V.M. (2019). “Ancient pigs reveal a near-complete genomic turnover following their introduction to Europe”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(35): 17231-17238.
10. Gallozzi, F. (2024). “First documented observation of differential dorsoventral coat colouration in wild boar Sus scrofa (Artyodactyla: Suidae) in Italy”. Natural History Sciences, 11(1): 71–72.
11. Gong, Y., Zhang, H.Y., Yuan, Y., He, Y., Zhang, W., Han, Y., ... & E, G.X. (2022). “Genome-wide selection sweep between wild and local pigs from Europe for the investigation of the hereditary characteristics of domestication in Sus scrofa”. Animals, 12(8): 1037.
12. Gongora, J., Peltoniemi, O. A. T., Tammen, I., Raadsma, H., & Moran, C. (2003). “Analyses of possible domestic pig contribution in two populations of Finnish farmed wild boar”. Acta Agric Scand (A), 53(4): 161-165.
13. Iacolina, L., Pertoldi, C., Amills, M., Kusza, S., Megens, H.J., Balteanu, V.A., Bakan, J., Cubric-Curik, V., Oja, R., Saarma, U., & Scandura, M. (2018). “Hotspots of recent hybridization between pigs and wild boars in Europe”. Scientific Reports, 8: 17372.
14. Kijas, J.M.H., Wales, R., Törnsten, A., Chardon, P., Moller, M., & Andersson, L. (1998). “Melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) mutations and coat color in pigs”. Genetics, 150: 1177–1185.
15. Koseniuk, A., Smołucha, G., Natonek-Wiśniewska, M., Radko, A., & Rubiś, D. (2021). “Differentiating pigs from wild boars based on NR6A1 and MC1R gene polymorphisms”. Animals, 11(7): 2123.
16. Lorenzini, R., Fanelli, R., Tancredi, F., Siclari, A., & Garofalo, L. (2020). “Matching STR and SNP genotyping to discriminate between wild boar, domestic pigs and their recent hybrids for forensic purposes”. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 3188.
17. Mary, N., Iannuccelli, N., Petit, G., Bonnet, N., Pinton, A., Barasc, H., Faure, A., Calgaro, A., Grosbois, V., Servin, B., & Ducos, A. (2022). “Genome‐wide analysis of hybridization in wild boar populations reveals adaptive introgression from domestic pig”. Evolutionary Applications, 15(7): 1115-1128.
18. Nikolov, I. S., Stoeckle, B.C., Markov, G., & Kuehn, R. (2017). “Substantial hybridisation between wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) and East Balkan pigs (Sus scrofa f. domestica) in natural environment as a result of semi-wild rearing in Bulgaria”. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 62(1): 1-8.
19. Pittiglio, C., Khomenko, S., & Beltran-Alcrudo, D. (2018). “Wild boar mapping using population-density statistics: From polygons to high resolution raster maps”. PloS one, 13(5): e0193295.
20. Schleimer, A., Richart, L., Drygala, F., Casabianca, F., Maestrini, O., Weigand, H., Schwart, C., Mittelbronn, M., &Frantz, A.C. (2022). “Introgressive hybridisation between domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) and endemic Corsican wild boars (S. s. meridionalis): effects of human-mediated interventions”. Heredity, 128: 279–290.
21. Soysal, H. (2025). “Doğu Anadolu’daki Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758'in (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla) Mitokondriyal DNA Filogenisi”. Doktora Tezi. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kırıkkale, Türkiye.
22. Thymer, J.M., & Simberloff, D. (1996). “Extinction by hybridization”. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 27: 83-109.