Kadın İşgücüne Katılımında Artışın Belirleyicileri: Kuşak Etkisinin Ayrıştırılması

Abstract

Türkiye’de kadınların işgücüne katılım oranı uluslararası standartlara göre oldukça düşük olmakla birlikte son yıllarda önemli bir artış göstermiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı söz konusu artışın kaynaklarının araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmanın odağında doğum yılı kuşağının işgücüne katılım üzerindeki etkisinin ayrıştırılması yer almaktadır. Kuşak etkileri, sosyal normlardaki değişimin işgücüne katılım üzerindeki gözlemlenemeyen etkileri temsil etmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Çalışma sonuçları, son dönemde gözlenen işgücüne katılım oranındaki artışta kuşak etkilerinin önemli belirleyici bir faktör olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Eğitim düzeyindeki iyileşme, emeklilik yaşının yükselmesi ve doğurganlığın azalması işgücüne katılımı artıran diğer önemli faktörlerdir. Öte yandan, çocuk sahibi olmanın işgücüne katılım üzerindeki olumsuz etkisinde zaman içinde bir azalma görülmemektedir.

Keywords

• Kadın işgücüne katılımı, kuşak etkisi

Determinants of Rise in Female Labor Force Participation: Identifying Cohort Effects

Abstract

Female labor force participation rate in Turkey is quite but rapidly increasing. This study analyzes the determinants of this rise. The study focuses on the birth cohort effects on female labor force participation. Cohort effects represent the unobserved effects of changes in societal values on female labor force participation. The study finds cohort effect as the main determinant of recent rise in female labor participation. Improvements in educational attainment, increased retirement age and decline in fertility are other important factors. On the other hand, there is no decrease in the negative effect of having children on female labor force participation

Keywords

• Female labor force participation, cohort effects

References

1. Alcan D. and Can R. (2018). Sosyal Güvenlik Sistemindeki Dönüşümün İşgücü Arzı Üzerinde Uzun Dönemli Etkileri. T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı Çalışma Tebliği 2018/1.
2. Antecol, H. (2000). An examination of cross-country differences in the gender gap in labor force participation rates. Labour Economics, 7(4), 409-426.
3. Antecol, H. (2003). Why is there cross-country variation in female labor force participation rates? The role of male attitudes toward family and sex roles (No. 03, 03). Working paper series/Claremont McKenna College.
4. Apps, P. (1991). Tax reform, population ageing and the changing labour supply behaviour of married women. Journal of Population Economics, 4(3), 201- 216.
5. Ashenfelter, O. (1980). Unemployment as disequilibrium in a model of aggregate labor supply. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 547-564.
6. Atasoy, B. S. (2017). Female Labour Force Participation in Turkey: The Role of Traditionalism. The European Journal of Development Research, 29(4), 675-706.
7. Başlevent, C., & Onaran, Ö. (2003). Are married women in Turkey more likely to become added or discouraged workers?. Labour, 17(3), 439-458.
8. Brines, J. (1994). Economic dependency, gender, and the division of labor at home. American Journal of Sociology, 100(3), 652-688.

9. Bussmann, M. (2009). The effect of trade openness on women’s welfare and work life. World Development, 37(6), 1027-1038.
10. Cameron, L. A., Malcolm Dowling, J., & Worswick, C. (2001). Education and labor market participation of women in Asia: Evidence from five countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 49(3), 459-477.
11. Coleman, M. T., & Pencavel, J. (1993). Trends in market work behavior of women since 1940. ILR Review, 46(4), 653-676.
12. Contreras, D., & Plaza, G. (2010). Cultural factors in women's labor force participation in Chile. Feminist Economics, 16(2), 27-46.
13. Dayıoğlu, M. (2000). Labor Market Participation of Women in Turkey. İçinde: F. Acar and Güneş-Ayata (derleyenler) Gender and Identity Construction: Women of Central Asia, Caucasus and Turkey. Hollanda: ES Brill.
14. Dayıoğlu, M., & Kırdar, M. G. (2010). Determinants of and trends in labor force participation of women in Turkey, Dünya Bankası.
15. Dedeoğlu, S. (2009). Eşitlik mi Ayrımcılık mı? Türkiye’de Sosyal Devlet, Cinsiyet Eşitliği Politikaları ve Kadın İstihdamı. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2(21), 41-54.
16. Del Boca, D., Pasqua, S., & Pronzato, C. (2008). Motherhood and market work decisions in institutional context: a European perspective. Oxford Economic Papers, 61(suppl_1), 147-i171.
17. Dildar, Y. (2015). Patriarchal norms, religion, and female labor supply: Evidence from Turkey. World Development, 76, 40-61.
18. Dünya Bankası (2012). World Development Report: Gender Equality and Development.
19. Dünya Bankası (2014). Turkey’s Transitions: Integration, Inclusion and Institutions.
20. Dünya Bankası (2015). Supply and Demand for Child Care Services in Turkey: A Mixed Methods Study.
21. Euwals, R., Knoef, M., & Van Vuuren, D. (2011). The trend in female labour force participation: what can be expected for the future?. Empirical Economics, 40(3), 729-753.
22. Fallick, B., & Pingle, J. F. (2007). A cohort-based model of labor force participation.Finance and economics discussion series, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Washington D.C.
23. Fernandez, R. (2013). Cultural change as learning: The evolution of female labor force participation over a century. American Economic Review, 103(1), 472-500.
24. Fitzenberger, B., Schnabel, R., & Wunderlich, G. (2004). The gender gap in labor market participation and employment: A cohort analysis for West Germany. Journal of population economics, 17(1), 83-116.
25. Fogli, A., & Veldkamp, L. (2011). Nature or nurture? Learning and the geography of female labor force participation. Econometrica, 79(4), 1103-1138.
26. Goldin, C. (1994). The U-shaped female labor force function in economic development and economic history (No. w4707). National Bureau of Economic Research.
27. Goldin, C. (2006). The quiet revolution that transformed women's employment, education, and family. American economic review, 96(2), 1-21.
28. Gündüz-Hoşgör, A., & Smits, J. (2008). Variation in labor market participation of married women in Turkey. Women'ssStudies international forum, 31(2), 104-117).
29. Güner, D., & Uysal, G. (2014). Culture, Religiosity and Female Labor Supply. IZA Discussion Paper No:8132.
30. Hotz, V. J., & Miller, R. A. (1988). An empirical analysis of life cycle fertility and female labor supply. Econometrica, 91-118.
31. Joshi, H. E., Layard, R., & Owen, S. J. (1985). Why are more women working in Britain? Journal of labor economics, 3(1, Part 2), S147-S176.
32. Karaoğlan, D., & Ökten, C. (2015). Labor-Force Participation of Married Women in Turkey: A Study of the Added-Worker Effect and the Discouraged-Worker Effect. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 51(1), 274-290.
33. Kasnakoğlu, Z., & Dayıoğlu, M. (1997). Female labor force participation and earnings differentials between genders in Turkey. Economic dimensions of gender inequality: A global perspective, 95-117.
34. Katz, E. (1996). Intra-Household Economics: Neo-Classical Synthesis or Institutionalist Challenge? Paper prepared for the Kenneth Parsons Institutional Economics Lecture, Madison, Wisconsin.
35. Kılıç, D., & Öztürk, S. (2014). Türkiye’de Kadınların işgücüne katılımı önündeki engeller ve çözüm yolları: bir ampirik uygulama. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 47(1), 107-130.
36. Kızılgöl, Ö. A. (2012). Kadınların işgücüne katılımının belirleyicileri: Ekonometrik bir analiz. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 13(1), 88-101.
37. Knudsen, K., & Wærness, K. (2001). National context, individual characteristics and attitudes on mothers' employment: A comparative analysis of Great Britain, Sweden and Norway. Acta Sociologica, 44(1), 67-79.
38. Özkaplan, N. (2009). Duygusal Emek ve Kadın İşi/Erkek İşi. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2(21), 15-23.
39. Öztürk, S. & Coşar, K. (2017). İşgücüne Katılmama Kararında Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Rolü. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(2), 527-543.
40. Schmid, G. (2010). Non-Standard Employment and Labour Force Participation: A Comparative View of the Recent Development in Europe. IZA Discussion Paper No:5087.
41. Schultz, T. P. (1990). Testing the neoclassical model of family labor supply and fertility. Journal of Human resources, 599-634.
42. Tansel, A. (2002). Economic development and female labor force participation in Turkey: Time-series evidence and cross-section estimates, ERC Working Paper in Economics, Middle East Technical University.