Yeni Asur Kraliyet Ailesinde Giyim

Abstract

Bu çalışmada çivi yazılı belgeler, arkeolojik buluntular ve sanat eserlerindeki betimlemeler incelenerek, Asur kraliyet ailesinin giyim tarzı ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlamda görsellerden kadın ve erkek giysilerinin şekilleri tespit edilmiştir. Betimlemelerde, kadın ve erkek kıyafetlerinin çok benzediği görülmektedir. Elbiseler genellikle bir iç entarisi ve onun dışına giyilen cüppe, kaftan tarzı bir giysi olmak üzere iki kattan oluşmaktadır. Bu giysilerin kumaş türleri, çivi yazılı belgelerin vermiş olduğu bilgiler ile arkeolojik kazılarda ortaya çıkarılan kumaşların analizinden belirlenmiştir. İncelemeler sonucunda kumaşların genellikle yün ve ketenden üretildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu kumaşlara dokuma esnasında ya da sonrasında desenler işlenmiştir. Kraliyet mezarlarından çıkan kumaşların üzerine iplik, boncuk ve altın gibi değerli madenlerle işleme yapılmıştır. Hem erkek hem de kadın elbiselerinde saçak süslemesi yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu saçaklar elbiselerin etek ucu ve yaka kısımlarına eklenmiştir. Arkeolojik buluntulardan, elbiselere eklenen saçakların altın ve ketenden yapıldığı ortaya konulmuştur. Görseller ile arkeolojik buluntulardan kral, kraliçe ve veliaht prenslerin başlıkları tespit edilebilmektedir. Nitekim görsellerde, kral ile veliaht prensler farklı başlıklar takmış olarak görülür. Kazılarda da kraliçelere ait muhteşem işçilikli taçlar bulunmuştur. Ayakkabılar incelendiğinde ise tercih edilen ayakkabı türü genellikle sandalettir.

Keywords

• Asur
• Kraliyet
• Elbise
• Kumaş
• Ayakkabı

Supporting Institution

Destekleyen kurum yoktur.

Ethical Statement

Çalışmada etik beyana gerek yoktur.

Clothing in the Neo-Assyrian Royal Family

Abstract

In this study, the depictions in the cuneiform written documents, archaeological finds and artwork were examined and the dressing style of the Assyrian royal family was tried to be set forth. In this context, the shapes of the visuals of men and women's clothes were determined. In descriptions, it is seen that women and men’s clothes are very similar. The dresses often consist of two-fold; an internal robe and a tabard, caftan style garment, which wear on of it. The fabric types of these clothes were determined from the cuneiform documents and analysis of the fabrics revealed during archaeological excavations. As a result of the investigations, it is understood that the fabrics are generally produced from woolen and linen. Patterns were processed during or after weaving. The fabrics coming out of the royal tombs were processed with precious metals such as yarn, beads and gold. The fringe adornment is prevalently used in both male and female dresses. These fringes were added to the collar parts and the hemline of the dresses. From the archaeological finds it has been showed that the eaves added to the dresses are made of gold and linen. The headgears of the king, queen and crown princes can be identified from visuals and archaeological finds. As a matter of fact, in the visuals, the king and crown princes are seen as wearing different headgears. Also in the excavations found stupendous craftsmanship crowns which are belongs to queens. When the shoes are examined, of choice type is usually sandals.

Keywords

• Assyrian
• Royalty
• Dress
• Fabric
• Shoes

Supporting Institution

There is no sporting organization

Ethical Statement

No ethical statement is required for this study.

References

1. Albenda, P. (2005). Ornamental wall painting in the art of the Assyrian Empire. Leiden: Brill.
2. Ataç, M.A. (2006). Visual formula and meaning in Neo-Assyrian relief sculpture. The Art Bulletin, 88(1), 69-101.
3. Brinkman, J.A., Civil, M., Gelb, I.J., Oppenheim, A.L. ve Reiner, E. (1980). The Assyrian dictionary Volume 11-CAD (N1). Chicago: The Oriental Institute.
4. Brinkman, J.A., Civil, M., Gelb, I.J., Oppenheim, A.L. ve Reiner, E. (1980). The Assyrian dictionary Volume 11-CAD (N2). Chicago: The Oriental Institute.
5. Brinkman, J.A., Civil, M., Gelb, I.J., Oppenheim, A.L. ve Reiner, E. (1992). The Assyrian dictionary Volume 17-CAD (Ş3). Chicago: The Oriental Institute.
6. Civil, M., Gelb, I.J., Oppenheim, A.L. ve Reiner, E. (1977). The Assyrian dictionary Volume 10-CAD (M1). Chicago: The Oriental Institute.
7. Crowfoot, E. (1995). Textiles from recent excavations at Nimrud. Iraq, 57, 113-118.
8. Dalley, S. (1991). Ancient Assyrian textiles and the origins of carpet design. Iran, 29, 117-135.

9. Deitrich, M. (2003). The Babylonian correspondence of Sargon and Sennacherib (SAA 17). Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.
10. Dick, M.B. (2006). The Neo-Assyrian royal lion hunt and yahweh’s answer to job. Journal of Biblical Literature, 125(2), 243-270.
11. Gansell, A.R. (2018). Dressing the Neo-Assyrian queen in identity and ideology: elements and ensembles from the royal tombs at Nimrud. American Journal of Archaeology, 122(1), 65-100.
12. Gaspa, S. (2017). Garments, parts of garments, and textile techniques in the Assyrian terminology: the Neo- Assyrian textile lexicon in the 1st-millennium BC linguistic context. S. Gaspa, C. Michel, M.-L. Nosch (Ed.) Textile Terminologies from the Orient to the Mediterranean and Europe, 1000 BC to 1000 AD içinde (ss. 47-90). Nebraska: Zea Books.
13. Gaspa, S. (2024). Assyrian imperial elites and textile culture of the 1st millennium BC: shaping power visions through textiles. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, 11(2), 241–324.
14. Good, İ. (2001). Archaeological textiles: a review of current research. Annual Review of Anthropology, 30, 209-226.
15. Grayson, A.K. (1991). Assyrian rulers of the early first millennium BC I (1114-859 BC)-RIMA II. Canada: University of Toronto Press.
16. Grayson, A.K. (1996). Assyrian rulers of the early first millennium BC II (858-745 BC)-RIMA II. Canada: University of Toronto Press.
17. Guralnick, E. (2004). Neo-Assyrian patterned fabrics. Iraq, 66, 221-232.
18. Hussein, M.M. (2016). Nimrud the queens’ tombs. Baghdad: The Oriental Institute.
19. Joannès, F. (2010). Textile terminology in the Neo-Babylonian documentation. C. Michel, M.-L. Nosch (Ed.) Textile Terminologies, in the Ancient Near East And Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC içinde (ss. 400-409). Oxford: Oxford Books.
20. King, M.E. (1978). Analytical methods and prehistoric textiles. American Antiquity, 43(1), 89-96.
21. Kiriş, E.Ö. (2022). Tekstil/dokuma. L. G. Gökçek, E. Yıldırım, O. Pekşen (Ed) Eski Mezopotamya’nın Kültür Tarihi içinde (ss. 305-340). İstanbul: Değişim Yayınları.
22. Kubba, S.A.A. (2006). Mesopotamian furniture, John and Erica Hedges.
23. Lassen, A.W. (2010). Tools, procedures and professions: A review of the Akkadian textile terminology. C. Michel, M.-L. Nosch (Ed.) Textile Terminologies, in the Ancient Near East And Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC içinde (ss. 272-283). Oxford: Oxford Books.
24. Mandacı, E. (2017). Arkeolojik bulgular ve çivi yazılı kaynaklar ışığında Eski̇ Mezopotamya’da giyim kültürü. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 41(2), 55-79.
25. Melville, S.C. (2004). Neo-Assyrian royal women and male identity: status as a social tool. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 124(1), 37-57.
26. Oppenheim, A.L. (1967). Essay on overland trade in the first millennium B.C. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 21, 236-254.
27. Paley, S.M. (1977). The texts, the palace, and the reliefs of Ashurnasirpal II. American Journal of Archaeology, 81(4), 533-543.
28. Parker, B.J. (2011). The construction and performance of kingship in the Neo-Assyrian empire. Journal of Anthropological Research, 67(3), 357-386.
29. Parpola, S. (1987). The correspondence of Sargon II, Part I: Letters from Assyria and the West (SAA 1). Helsinli: Helsinki University Press.
30. Parpola, S. (2023). Assyrian-English-Assyrian dıctionary cuneiform edition. Pennsylvania: Penn State University.
31. Saggs, H.W.F. (1959). The Nimrud letters, 1952: Part V. Iraq, 21(2), 158-179.
32. Sevin, V. (2014). Assur resim sanatı. Türk Tarih Kurumu.
33. Spurrier, T.L. (2017). Finding Hama. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 76(1), 149- 174.
34. Villard, P. (2020). Les textiles néo-assyriens et leurs couleurs. C. Michel, M.-L. Nosch (Ed.) Textile Terminologies, in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean from the Third to the First Millennia BC içinde (ss. 388-399). Oxford: Oxford Books.
35. von Soden, W. (1958–1981). Akkadisches Handwörterbuch. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
36. Yıldırım, N. (2016). Çiviyazılı kaynaklara göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya ve Amik Ovası’nın tarihsel süreci. Belleten, 80(289), 701-718.
37. Yıldız, N. (1993). Eski Çağ’da deri kullanımı ve teknolojisi. Marmara Üniversitesi.