INSTITUTIONAL THEORY AND INSTITUTIONAL ENTREPRENEUR

Abstract

By the end of 1980s, institutional theory had generally focused on macro dynamic actions, organizational field, myth, adaptation and isomorphism; and paid less attention to institutional entrepreneurs. In other words, studies related to institutional theory generally claimed that actions and behaviours of actors are determined by institutions; so the actors wouldn’t have too much influence on institutions. P. Selznick, who was accepted as the first representative of the theory by many theorists, emphasized the influence of the actor with the concept of institutional leader in maintaining, gaining the legitimacy and protecting the values of institution. After 1980, studies lead to the resurgence of P. Selznick and examined the influence of institutional entrepreneurs on the institution. The aim of this article is to examine the relationship between institutional entrepreneur and the themes such as institutional change, building institutions, maintaining institutions and institutional logic. In order to achieve this aim, relevant preliminary studies on the subject of the institutional theory are examined. Existing studies generally show that actors have influence on the above mentioned themes, however they also point out that the environment should be taken into consideration that restricts and authorises the institutional entrepreneurs. 

Keywords

• Institution,Institutional Entrepreneur

KURUMSAL KURAM VE KURUMSAL GİRİŞİMCİ

Abstract

1980’li yılların sonuna kadar kurumsal kuram genel olarak, makro dinamik eylemlere, örgütsel alan, mit, uyum ve izomorfizm gibi konulara odaklanmış; kurumsal girişimciyi fazla dikkate almamıştır. Bir diğer anlamda, kurumsal kuram ile alakalı çalışmalar, genel olarak aktörlerin eylem ve davranışlarının, kurumlar tarafından belirlendiğini dolayısıyla aktörlerin kurumlar üzerinde etkisinin çok fazla olamayacağını ileri sürmüştür. 1980 sonrası yapılan çalışmalar eski kurumsal kuramın temsilcilerinden P. Selznick’in yeniden gündeme gelmesine yol açmış, yapılan çalışmalar, kurumsal girişimcilerin kurum üzerindeki etkisini araştırmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı da kurumsal değişim, kurumların oluşması, muhafaza edilmesi ve kurumsal mantık gibi konularla kurumsal girişimci arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Yapılan araştırmalar genel olarak aktörlerin bu unsurlar üzerinde etkisi olduğunu göstermiş, ancak kurumsal girişimciyi sınırlandıran ve yetkilendiren çevrenin de dikkate alınması gerektiğini belirtmişlerdir.

Keywords

• Kurum,Kurumsal Girişimci,Kurumsal Kuram

References

1. Bacharach S. B. & Mundell, B. L. (1993). Organizational Politics in Schools- Micro, Macro and Logics of Action. Educational Administration Quarterly, 29, 423- 452.
2. Barley, R. B. & Tolbert, B. S. (1997). Institutionalization and Structuration: Studying the Links between Action and Institution. Organization Studies, 18(1), 93- 117.
3. Battilana, J. (2006). Agency and Institutions: The Enabling Role of Individuals’ Social Position, Organization, 13(5), 653- 676.
4. Beckert, J. (2010). Institutional Isomorphism Revisited: Convergence and Divergence in Institutional Change. Sociological Theory, 28(2), 150- 166.
5. Bourdieu, P (1990). The Logic of Practice. Cambridge, MA: Harward University Press.
6. Bourdieu, P. (1995). The Social Space and Genesis of Groups. Theory and Society, 14, 723- 744.
7. Brint, S. & Karabel, J. (1991). Institutional Origins and Transformations: The Case of American Community Colleges. W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio (Ed), The new Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (p. 239– 310). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8. Chen, H. (2013). The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Management (Proceeding Book). A Review of Institutional Theory and Entrepreneurship (p. 719- 727). China, 2013. New York: Springer.

9. Colomy, P. (1998). Neofunctionalism and Neoinstitutionalism: Human Agency and Interest in Institutional Change. Sociological Forum, 13(2), 265–300.
10. Czarniawska, B. (2006). Emerging Institutions: Pyramids or Anthills? Erişim: 10.02.2015, http://www.researchgate.net/publication/5093064_Emerging_Institutions_Pyramids_or_Anthills.
11. Dacin, T. N., Goodstein J. & Scott, W. R. (2002). Institutional Theory and Institutional Change. The Academy of Management Journal, 45(1), 43- 56.
12. DiMaggio, P. J. (1988). Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory. L. G. Zucker (Ed.). Institutional Patterns and Organizations: Culture and Environment (p. 3- 22). Cambridge: MA: Bellinger.
13. DiMaggio, P. J. ve Powell, W. W. (1991). Introduction. W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio (Ed.). The new Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (p. 1- 38). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14. Dorado, S. (2005). Institutional Entrepreneurship, Partaking, and Convening. Organization Studies, 26(3), 385-414.
15. Fligstein, N. (1997). Social Skill and Institutional Theory. American Behavioral Scientist. 40, 397- 405.
16. Friedland, R. & Alford, R. R. (1991). Bringing Society back in: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional contradictions. W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio (Ed.). The new Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (p. 232–266). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
17. Galaskiewicz, J. 1991. Making Corporate actors Accountable: Institution-building in Minneapolis. W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio (Ed.). The new Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (p. 239– 310). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
18. Garud, R. , Jain, S. & Kumaraswamy, A. (2002). Institutional Entrepreneurship in the Sponsorship of Common Technological Standards: The Case of Sun Microsystems and Java. Academy of Management Journal, 45 (1), 196- 214.
19. Gawer, A. & Phillips, N. (2013). Institutional Work as Logics Shift: The Case of Intel’s Transformation to Platform Leader. Organization Studies, 34 (8), 1035- 1071.
20. Gorges, M. J. (2001). New Institutionalist Explanations for Institutional Change: A note for Caution. Politics, 21(2), 137- 145.
21. Greenwood, R. & Hinnings C. R. (1988). Design Archetypes, Tracks and the Dynamics of Strategic Change. Organization Studies, 9, 293-316.
22. Greenwood, R. & Hinnings C. R. (1993). Understanding Strategic Change: The Contribution of Archetypes. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 1052- 1081.
23. Greenwood, R., Oliver, C., Sahlin, K. & Suddaby, R. (2008), The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism (int), London: Sage Publications.
24. Hargadon, A. & Douglas, Y. (2001). When Innovations Meet Institutitons: Edison and the Design of the Electric Light. Administartive Science Quarterly, 46 (3), 476- 501.
25. Henisz, W. J. & Zelner B. A. (2005). Legitimacy, Interest Group Pressures and Change in Emergent Instıtutions: The Case of Foreign Investors and host Countru Governments. Academy of Management Review, 30, 361-382.
26. Hwang, P & Powell W. W. (2005). Institutions and Entrepreneurship. Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research. pp. 179-210. Kluwer Publishers.
27. Jennings, P. D. & Greenwood, R. (2003). Constructing the Iron Cage: Institutional Theory and Enactment. R. Westwood and S. R. Clegg (Ed.). Debating Organization: Point-Counterpoint in Organization Studies (p. 195-207). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
28. Keohane, R. (2002). Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World. London and Newyork: Routledge Press.
29. Klein, P. G, Mahoney, J. T. , McGahan, A. M., & Pitelis, C. N. (2010). Toward a Theory of Public Entrepreneurship. European Management Review, 7, 1- 15.
30. Kraatz, M. S. (2009). Leadership as institutional work: a bridge to the other side. In T. B. Lawrence & R. Suddaby & B. Leca (Eds.), Institutional Work: Actors and Agency in Institutional Studies of Organizations: 59-91. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
31. Lawrence, T. B. & Suddaby, R. (2006). Institutions and Institutional Work. S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. B. Lawrence and W. R. Nord (Ed.). Handbook of Organization Studies (p. 215–254). London: Sage Publications.
32. Lawrence, T. B., Suddaby, R. & Leca, B. (2009). Instutional Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.
33. Leblebici, H. , Salancik, G. R. , Copay, A., & King, T. (1991). Institutional Change and Transformation of Interorganizational Fields. An Organizational History of the US Radio Broadcasting Industry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 333- 363
34. Leca, B. & Naccache, P. (2006). A Critical Realist Approach to Institutional Entrepreneurship. Organization, 13(5), 627- 651.
35. Leca, B., Battilana, J. & Boxenbaum, E. (2008). Agency and Institutions: A Review of Institutional Entreprenership. Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 08 096. Erişim: 10.03.2015, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.461.6523&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
36. Lounsbury, M. (2002). Institutional transformation and status mobility: The professionalization of the field of finance. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 255–266.
37. Maguire, S., Hardy, C. & T. B. Lawrence (2004). Institutional Entrepreneurship in Emerging Fields. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 657-679.
38. McKague, K. (2011). Dynamic Capabilities of Institutional Entrepreneurship. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, 5(1), 11- 28.
39. McPherson, C. M & Sauder, M. (2013). Logics in Action: Managing Institutional Complexity in Drug Court. Administrative Science Quarterly, 58 (2), 165- 196.
40. Meyer, J. (1994). Rationalized Environments. W. R. Scott ve J. Meyer (Ed.). Institutional Environments and Organizations (p. 28-54). CA: Sage.
41. Misangyi , V. F. Weaver, G. R. & Elms, H. (2008). The Interplay among Institutional Logics, Resources, and Institutional Entrepreneurs. The Academy of Management Review, 33(3), 750- 770
42. Moe, T (1990). Political Institutions: The Neglected Side of the Story. Journal of Law, Economics and Organizations, 6, 213- 253.
43. Mouritsen J. & Dechow, N. (2001). Technologies of Managing and the Mobilization of Paths, R. Garud and P. Karnoe (Ed.). Path Dependece and Creation (p. 355- 379), London: Laurence Erlbaum Associations.
44. Oakes, L. S., Townley, B., & Cooper, D. J. Business Planning as Pedagogy: Language and Control in a Changing Institutional Field. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43, 257- 292.
45. Oliver, C. (1991). Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes. The Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145 -179.
46. Oliver, O. (1992). The Antecedents of Deinstitutionalization. Organization Studies, 13(4), 563- 588.
47. Perkmann, M., & Spicer, A. (2008). How are Management Fashions Institutionalized? The role of Institutional Work. Human Relations, 61, 811–844.
48. Rao, H. Monin, P. , and Durand, R. (2003). Institutional Change in Toque Ville: Nouvelle Cuisine as an Identity Movement in French Gastronomy. The American Journal of Sociology, 108, 795- 843.
49. Riaz, S., Buchanan, S. & Bapuji, H. (2011). Institutional Work Amidst the Financial Crisis: Emerging Positions of Elite Actors. Organization, 18(2), 187- 214.
50. Rojas, F. (2010). Power through Institutional Work: Acquiring Academic Authority in the 1968 Third World Strike. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 1263–1280
51. Russel, R. Hanneman, R. & Getz, S. (2000). Processes of Deinstitutionalization and Reinstitutionalization Among Israeli Kibbutzim 1990- 1998. Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Washington, D. C., August 12- 16.
52. Scott W. R. (2008). Approaching adulthood: the maturing of institutional theory. Theory and Society, 37, 427–442.
53. Scott, W. R. (1987). The Adolescence of Institutional Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 32(4), 493-511.
54. Scott, W. R. (1994). Institutions and Organizations. W. R. Scott ve J. Meyer (Ed.). Institutional Environments and Organizations (p. 55-78). CA: Sage Publications.
55. Scott, W. R. (1995). Institutions and Organizations. London: Sage Publications.
56. Selznick, P. (1957). Leadership in Administration. New York: Row, Peterson.
57. Selznick, P. (1996). Institutionalism “Old” and “New”. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(2), 270-277.
58. Seo, M. G. ve Creed, W. E. D. 2002. Institutional Contradictions, Praxis, and Institutional Change: A Dialectical Perspective. The Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 222- 247.
59. Sewell, W. H. (1992). A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency and Transformation. American Journal of Sociology, 98, 1- 29.
60. Sheingate, A. D. (2003). Political Entrepreneurship: Institutional Change and American Economic Development. Studies in Americal Political Development, 17(2), 185-203
61. Slager, R., Gond, J. P., & Moon, J. (2012). Standardization as Institutional Work: The Regulatory Power of a Responsible Investment Standard. Organization Studies, 33, 763–790.
62. Strang D. & Meyer, J. J. (1993). Institutional Conditions for Diffusion. Theory and Society, 22, 487- 511.
63. Suchman, M. C. (1995). Localism and Globalism in Institutional Analysis: The Emergence of Contractual Norms in Venture Finance. W. R. Scott and S. Christensen (Ed.), The Institutional Construction of Organizations (p. 39-63). CA: Sage.
64. Suddaby, R., & Viale, T. (2011). Professionals and Field-level change: Institutional Work and the Professional Project. Current Sociology, 59(4), 423–442.
65. Suddaby, R., Seidl, D. & Kle, J. (2013). Strategy as Practice meets with Neo- Institutional Theory, Strategic Organization, 11(3), 329- 344.
66. Thornton, P. H. (2002). The Rise of the Corporation in a Craft Industry: Conflict and Conformity in Institutional Logics. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 81- 101.
67. Thornton, P. H. (2004). Markets from Culture: Institutional Logics and Organizational Decisiond in Higher Education Publishing. Stanford: CA: Stanford University Press.
68. Thornton, P. H., & Ocasio, W. (1999). Institutional Logics And The Historical Contingency Of Power In Organizations: Executive Succession In The Higher Education Publishing Industry: 1958–1990. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 801–843.
69. Tushman, M. L. & Romanelli (1985). Organizational Evolution: A Metamorphosis Model of Convergence and Reorientation. L. L. Cummings and B. M. Staw (Ed.). Researchs in Organizational Behavior (p. 171-222). Greenwich: IAI Press.
70. Washington, M. , Kimberly, B. B., & Davis J. N. (2008). Institutional Leadership: Past, Present and Future. R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, R. Suddaby and K. Sahlin-Andersson (Ed.). The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism (p. 719-737). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
71. Weick, K. E. (1995). Sensemaking in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
72. Zirpoli, T. J. & Wieck, C. (1989). Economic and Political Factors Affecting Deinstitutionalization: One State’s Analysis. The Journal of Special Education, 23(2). 201- 211.