KÜRESEL DOĞAN İŞLETMELERDE GİRİŞİMCİNİN BİREYSEL ÖZELLİKLERİNİN ERKEN ULUSLARARASILAŞMADAKİ ROLÜ

Abstract

Geleneksel uluslararasılaşma modellerinin yerlerini giderek ağ teorisi gibi daha yeni model ve teorilere bıraktığı son yirmi yıl içerisinde, kuruluşundan itibaren kısa sürede ciddi uluslararası faaliyete başlayabilen yeni bir işletme türü ortaya çıkmıştır. Uluslararasılaşma ve girişimcilik literatürlerinin kesişme noktasındaki bu Küresel Doğan İşletmeler (KDİ) hakkında daha çok bilgiye ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmada, KDİ’lerde yaygın olarak görülen temel girişimci özelliklerinin, kuruluş ve erken uluslararasılaşmadaki etkisi KDİ niteliğindeki iki farklı Türk işletmesinde Vak’a Analizi yöntemiyle incelenmektedir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, literatüre paralel biçimde, incelenen KDİ girişimcileri genç veya orta yaşta, küresel vizyona sahip, yabancı dil bilgisi iyi, risk alabilen ve ağ ilişkilerinden yararlanabilen kişilerdir. Bununla birlikte, söz konusu iki girişimci arasında, ağ ilişkilerinden yararlanma biçimi, teknik bilgi ve sektör deneyimi gibi açılardan farklılıklar bulunmaktadır

Keywords

• Uluslararasılaşma, Küresel Doğan İşletmeler, Girişimcilik, KOBİ

KÜRESEL DOĞAN İŞLETMELERDE GİRİŞİMCİNİN BİREYSEL ÖZELLİKLERİNİN ERKEN ULUSLARARASILAŞMADAKİ ROLÜ

Abstract

A new firm type called ‘Born Globals’ has emerged into the field of international business in the last two decades while the traditional internationalization theories (e.g. Uppsala and Innovation Models) have been gradually replaced by newer models and theories like the Network Theory. ‘Born Globals’ concisely refer to firms which are able to go overseas in a few years from inception. As their numbers and importance increase, more research in the field is called for. Accordingly, this study examines the role of entrepreneurs in the formation and early internationalization of born globals through a case study of two firms in Turkey. One of these firms is in a traditional industry (leather) while the other one operates in a high-tech industry (telecommunication). As paralel to the literature, the findings of the study show that the entrepreneurs of both companies are young, fluent in at least one foreign language, good at efficacious use of networks, and have a propensity to take risks. On the other hand, differences between the entrepreneurs exist in terms of the way they use networks, their technical knowledge, and industry experience

Keywords

• Internationalization, Born Global Firms, Entrepreneurship, SMEs

References

1. Andersen, O. (1993). “On The Internationalization Process Of Firms: A Critical Analysis”, Journal Of International
2. Business Studies, Second Quarter, 209-231. Andersson, S. ve Wictor, I. (2003). “Innovative Internationalisation In New Firms: Born Globals-The Swedish Case”,
3. Journal Of International Entrepreneurship, 1(1): 249-276. Andersson, S. ve Evangelista, F. (2006). “The Entrepreneur In The Born Global Firm In Australia And Sweden”,
4. Journal Of Small Business And Enterprise Development, 13(4): 642-659. Atlı, H. (2008). “Doğuştan Küresel İşletme Olgusu”, VII. Anadolu İşletmecilik Kongresi, Çorum, 8-10 Mayıs.
5. Bell, J. (1995). “A Comparative Study Of The Export Problems Of Small Computer Software Exporters İn Finland,
6. Ireland And Norway”, International Business Review, 6(6): 585-604. Bengtsson, L. (2004). “Explaning Born Globals: An Organizational Learning Perspective On The Internationalisation
7. Process”, International Journal Of Globalisation And Small Business, 1(1): 28-48. Bilkey, W.J. ve Tesar, G. (1977). “The Export Behaviour Of Smaller-Sized Wisconsin Manufacturing Firms”,
8. Journal Of International Business Studies, 8: 93-98. Cavuşgil, S.T. (1980). “On The Internationalization Process Of Firms”, European Research, 8 (6): 273-281.

9. Chetty, S.K. (1999). “Dimensions Of Internationalisation Of Manufacturing Firms In The Apparel Industry”,
10. European Journal Of Marketing, 33(1/2): 121-142. Czinkota, M.R., (1982). Export Development Strategies: Us Promotion Policy, Praeger, New York.
11. Çavuşgil, S.T., Knight, G. ve Üner, M.M. (2011). Türkiye’de Küresel Doğan İşletmeler, Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
12. Çiçek, R. ve Demirer, Ö. (2009). “Geleneksel Uluslararasılaşma Teorisine Karşı Çıkan Yeni Bir Uluslararasılaşma
13. Modeli: Global Doğan İşletmeler”, Akademik Bakış, 16: 69-80
14. Ecer, H. F. ve Canıtez, M. (2006). Uluslararası Pazarlama – Teori Ve Uygulamalar, 1.Baskı, Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
15. Fan, T. ve Phan, P. (2007). “International New Ventures - Revisiting The Influences Behind The 'Born-Global Firm”,
16. Journal Of International Business Studies, 38(7): 1113-1131.
17. Fillis, I. (2001). “Small Firm Internationalisation: An Investigative Survey And Future Research Directions”,
18. Management Decision, 39(9): 767-783. Freeman, S., Edwards, R. ve Schroder, B. (2006). “How Smaller Born- Global Firms Use Networks And Alliances
19. To Overcome Constraints To Rapid Internationalization”, Journal Of International Marketing, 14 (3): 33-63. Gabrielsson, M., Kirpalani, V. H. M., Dimitratos, P., Solberg, C. A. ve Zucchella, A. (2008). “Born Globals:
20. Propositions To Help Advance The Theory”, International Business Review, 17(4): 385-401. Gassmann, O. ve Keupp, M. M. (2007). “The Competitive Advantage Of Early And Rapidly Internationalising Smes
21. In The Biotechnology Industry: A Knowledgebased View”, Journal Of World Business, 42(3): 350-366. Gerschewski, S. (2011). Born Global Firms: An Integrated Analysis Of The Determinants And Measurement Of
22. International Performance (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Victoria Üniversitesi), Yeni Zelanda. Johanson, J. ve Mattsson, L. G. (1988). Internationalization In Industrial Systems - A Network Approach. In N.
23. Hood & J-E. Vahlne (Eds). New York: Croom Helm. Johanson, J. ve Vahlne J.E. (1977). “The Internationalization Process Of The Firm- A Model Of Knowledge
24. Development And Increasing Foreign Market Commitment”, Journal Of International Business Studies, 8: 23-32. Johanson, J. veVahlne, J.E. (1990). “The Mechanism Of Internationalization”, International Marketing Review, 7(4): 11
25. Johanson, J. ve Wiedersheim, Paul.F. (1975). “The Internationalization Of The Firm: Four Swedish Cases”, Journal
26. Of Management Studies, 12(3): 306-307. Kalyoncuoğlu, S. (2010). İşletmelerin Küresel Doğmasına Etki Eden Kurucu/Üst Düzey Yönetici Özellikleri Üzerine
27. Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, SBE), Ankara. Kalyoncuoğlu, S.ve Üner, M.M. (2010). “İşletmelerin Küresel Doğmasına Etki Eden Kurucu/Üst Düzey Yönetici
28. Özellikleri Üzerine Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma”, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(3): 1-42. Karlsen, S. M. F. (2007). The Born Global – Redefined On The Determinants Of Smes Pace Of Internationalization,
29. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Bı Norwegian School Of Management) Karra, N. ve Phlillips, N. (2004). “Entrepreneurship Goes Global”, Ivey Business Journal, November/December, S: 1
30. Karra, N., Phlillips, N. ve Tracey, P. (2008). “Building The Born Global Firm: Developing Entrepreneurial
31. Capabilities For International New Venture Success”, Long Range Planning, 42: 450-458. Knight, G.A. (1997). Emerging Paradigm For International Marketing: The Born Global Firm (Yayınlanmamış
32. Doktora Tezi, Michigan Eyalet Üniversitesi), ABD. Knight, G.A. ve Çavuşgil, S. T. (2004). “Innovation, Organizational Capabilities, And The Born-Global Firm”,
33. Journal Of International Business Studies, 35: 124-141. Knight, G.A. ve Çavuşgil, S.T. (1996). “The Born Global Firm: A Challenge To Traditional Internationalization
34. Theory”, Advances İn International Marketing, 8: 11-26. Knight, J., Bell, J. ve Mcnaughton, R. (2002). Born Globals: Old Wine İn A New Bottles, http://smib.vuw.ac.nz:8081/WWW/ANZMAC2001/anzmac/AUTHORS/pdfs/Knight.pdf. (15.01.2008).
35. Konaklıoğlu, E. (2011). Küresel Doğan İşletmelerin Erken Uluslararasılaşmasını Tetikleyen Kurucu ve/veya Yönetici
36. Özellikleri, (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi,SBE) Ankara. Ekelund,C. ve Fjelkner, V. (2004). “Born Globals: A New Phenomenon in The Field Of Internationalisation”, http://eprints.bibl.hkr.se/archive/00000014/01/BornGlobals.pdf, (10.11.2007).
37. Madsen, T. ve Servaıs, P. (1997). “The Internationalization Of Born Globals: An Evolutionary Process?”,
38. International Business Review, 6(6): 561–583. Malmgren, E. ve Shacham, D. (2008). A Study Of The Entrepreneur’s Perception Of The Born Global Phenomenon (Yayınlanmamış portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:238292. (05.02.2012).
39. Mckinsey And Co. (1993). Emerging Exporters: Australia’s High Value-Added Manufacturing Exporters.
40. Melbourne: Mckinsey And Co., Australian Manufacturing Council. Moen, Ö. (2002). “A New Generation Of Small Europen Exporters”, International Marketing Review, 19(2):156- 1
41. Moen, Ö. ve Servais, P. (2002). “Born Global Or Gradual Global? Examining The Export Behavior Of Small And Medium-Sized Enterprises”, Journal Of International Marketing, 10(3): 49-72. İsveç, http://hh.diva
42. Mort, G.S. ve Weerawardena, J. (2006). “Networking Capability And International Entrepreneurship: How Networks
43. Function In Australian Born Global Firms”, International Marketing Review, 23 (5): 549-572. Nummela, N., Saarenketo, S. ve Puumalainen, K. (2004). “Global Mindset – A Prerequisite For Successful
44. Internationalisation?”, Canadian Journal Of Administrative Sciences, 21(1): 51-64. Oviatt, B.M. ve Mcdoudall, P.P. (1994). “Toward A Theory Of International New Ventures”, Journal Of International
45. Business Studies, 25(1): 45-64. Oviatt, B.M. ve Mcdoudall, P.P. (1995). “Global Start-Ups: Entrepreneurs On A Worldwide Stage”, The Academy
46. Of Management Executive, 9(2): 30-43. Persinger, E.S., Çivi, E, Vostina ve S.W. (2007). “The Born Global Entrepreneur In Emerging Economies”,
47. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 6(3): 73-82. Phelan, S.E., Dalgıç, T., Li, D. ve Sethi, O. (2006). “The Development Of Entrepreneurial Networks: A Necessary
48. Condition For International New Ventures?”, http://Faculty.Unlv.Edu/Phelan/Research/Inv2.Pdf, (05.02.2012).
49. Rasmussen, E.S. ve Madsen, T.K. (2002). “The Born Global Concept”, http://Www.Sam.Sdu.Dk/~Era/Eıba%20rasmussen%202002%20.Pdf , (10.10.2007).
50. Reid, S.D. (1981). “The Decision - Maker And Export Entry And Expansion”, Journal Of International Business Studies, 12(2): 101-112.
51. Rogers, E.M. (1962). Diffusion Of Innovations, New York, The Free Press Of Glencoe.
52. Stoian, M.C. (2007). Managerial Determinants And Their Influence Upon The Export Behaviour Of The Firm Case- Studies
53. İspanya, http://Webs2002.Uab.Es/Dep-Economia-Mpresa/Jornadas/Papers/2006/Mariacristina%20stoian.Pdf, (002012).
54. Ulaş, D. (2009). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Dışa Açılma Stratejileri, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım, 1.Baskı, Ankara.
55. Wictor, I. Ve Andersson, S. (2012). “The Importance Of Leadership And Vision In Born Globals”, Business And Management Research, 1(1): 13-25. (Yayınlanmamış Of Catalan Exporting Smes Lisans Tezi, Barselona Üniversitesi),