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ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN İŞ GÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ ÜCRET DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI

Year 2013, Issue: 35, - , 20.06.2015

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, uluslararası göçün ücret düzeyi üzerindeki etkilerini literatürde yer alan çalışmalar yardımıyla ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla, çalışmada öncelikle uluslararası göç ve ücret dengesine ilişkin teorik yaklaşımlar sunulmuştur. Daha sonra uluslararası göçün ücret düzeyi üzerindeki etkileri bu yönde yapılan ampirik çalışmalar yardımıyla incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalara göre, uluslararası göç, göç veren ülkelerde ücret düzeyinin yükselmesine neden olurken, göç alan ülkelerde milli geliri ve ülke refahını arttırmakta, çevre kirliliği ve yerli işgücü işsizliğinin genişlemesine sebep olmaktadır

References

  • Agiomirgianakis, G. M. (1998), “Monetary Policy Games and International Migration of Labor in Interdependent
  • Economies”, Journal of Macroeconomics, Sayı: 20, ss. 243-266. Anderson, Edward (2001), “Globalisation and wage inequalities”, European Review of Economic History, Sayı: 5, ss. 91
  • Aydemir, Abdurrahman and George J. Borjas (2007), “A Comparative Analysis of the Labor Market Impact of
  • International Migration: Canada, Mexico, and the US”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers, No: 12327, ss. 1-56.
  • Basu, Bharati (2004), “Efficiency wages, agglomeration, and a developing dual economy”, The Annuals of Regional Science (38), ss. 607-625.
  • Bean, Frank D., Thomas J. Espenshade, Michael J. White, Robert F. Dymowski (1990), Post-IRCA changes in the volume and composotion of undocumented migration to the United States: An assessment based on apprehensions data, The Urban Institute Press, Washington.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish N., Arvind Panagariya, T. N. Srinivasan (1998), Lectures on International Trade, 2. Baskı, MIT Pres, Londra.
  • Blanchflower, David G. and Chris Shadforth (2007), “Fear, Unemployment and Migration”, National Bureau of
  • Economic Research Working Paper Series, No: 13506, ss. 1-52.
  • Bordo, Michael D., Alan M. Taylor, Jeffrey G. Williamson (2003), “International Migration and the Integration of
  • Labor Markets”, Institute for the Study of Labor Discussion Papers, No: 559. Borjas, George J. (2003), “The Labor Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Sayı: 118, ss. 1335-1374.
  • Card, David (2005), “Is the new immigration really so bad?”, The Ekonomic Journal, Sayı: 15, ss. 300-323.
  • Carrington,William J., Enrica Detragiache, Tara Vishwanath (1996), “Migration with Endogenous Moving Costs,”
  • American Economic Review, Sayı: 86, ss. 909–930. Castells, Manuel (1989), The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring and the Urban
  • Regional Process, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Chandra, Amitabh. (2000). "Labor-Maket Dropouts and the Racial Wage Gap: 1940-1990." American Economic Review, Sayı: 90(2), ss. 333–338.
  • Chaudhuri, Sarbajit (2001), “International Migration and Unskilled Labour, Welfare and Skilled-Unskilled Wage
  • Inequality: A Simple Model”, EconWPA International Trade Series, No: 0511007.
  • Chaudhuri, Sarbajit and Dibyendu Banerjee (2008), “Fair Wage Hypothesis, International Factor Mobility and Skilled-Unskilled Wage Inequality in a Developing Economy”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive Working Paper, No:9303, ss. 1-18.
  • Chiquiar, Daniel v and Gordon H. Hanson (2002), “International Migration, Self-Selection, and the Distribution of
  • Wages: Evidence from Mexico and the United States”, Journal of Political Economy, Sayı: 113, ss. 239-281. Clemens, Michael, Claudio E. Montenegro, Lant Pritchett (2008), “The Place Premium: Wage Differences for
  • Identical Workers across the U.S. Border”, Center for Global Development Working Paper, No: 148, ss. 1-69. Fleisher, Belton M. (1963), “Some economic aspects of Puerto Rican migration to the United States”, Review of
  • Economic and Statistics, Sayı: 45, ss. 2245-2253.
  • Friedberg, Rachel M. and Jennifer Hunt (1995), “The Impact of Immigrants on Host Country Wages, Employment and Growth”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Sayı: 9(2), ss. 23-44.
  • Frisbie, W. Parker (1975), “Illegal migration from Mexico to the United States: A longitudinal analysis”,
  • International Migration Review, Sayı: 9, ss. 3-13. Gerschenkron, A. (1962), Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, Harvard University Pres, Massachusetts.
  • Hatton, Timothy J. and Jeffrey G. Williamson (1994), “Whte drove the mass migrations from Europe in the late nineteenth century?”, Population and Development Review, Sayı: 20(3), ss. 533-559.
  • Iregui, Ana Maria (1999), “Efficiency Gains From the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An
  • Analysis Using a Multiregional CGE Model”, World Institute for Development Economic Research Working Paper Series, No: 27, ss. 1-42. Iregui, Ana Maria (2005), “Efficiency gains from the elimination of global restrictions on labour mobility”, in Borjas,
  • G. and J. Crisp (Eds.), Poverty, International Migration and Asylum, Palgrave, London. IOM (2011), World Migration Report 2011, IOM Publications.
  • Jennissen, Roel (2005), Macro-Economic Determinants of International Migration in Europe, Purdue University Press, USA.
  • Kar, Saibal and Hamid Beladi (2004), “Skill formation and international migration: welfare perspective of developing countries”, Japan and the World Economy, Sayı: 16, ss. 35–54.
  • Katz, E. and Oded Stark (1986), “Labor migration and risk aversion in less developed countries”, Journal of Labor Economics, Sayı: 4, ss. 131-149.
  • Kondoh, K. (2006), “Trans-boundary Pollution and International Migration,” Review of International Economics, Sayı: 14, ss. 248–260.
  • Kondoh, Kenji and Shigemi Yabuuchi (2011),“Unemployment, Environmental Policy, and Internatio- nal
  • Migration”, Institute of Economics, Chukyo University, Discussion Paper, No:1002, ss. 1-25.
  • Lauby, Jennifer and Oded Stark (1988), “Individual migration as a family strategy: Young women in the Philippines”, Population Studies, Sayı: 42, ss. 473-486.
  • Lewis, W. Arthur (1954), “ Economic development with unlimited supplies of labor”, The Manchester School of
  • Economic and Social Studies, Sayı: 22, ss. 139-191. Maldonado, Rita (1976), “Why Puerto Ricans migrated to the United States in 1947-73”, Monthly Labor Review, Sayı: 99(9), ss. 7-18.
  • Massey Douglas S. (1989), “International migration and economic development in comparative perspective”,
  • Population and Development Review, Sayı:14, ss. 383-414. Massey, Douglas S., Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino, J. Edward Taylor (1993),
  • “Theories of International Migration: A Review And Appraisal”, Population Council, Sayı: 19, ss. 431-466. Mishra, Prachi (2007), “Emigration and Wages in Source Countries: Evidence from Mexico”, Journal of
  • Development Economics, Sayı: 82(1), ss. 180-199. OECD (2011), International Migration Outlook 2011, OECD Publications.
  • Oladi, Reza and Hamid Beladi (2007), “ International Migration and Real Wages”, Economics Bulletin, Sayı: 6(30), ss. 1
  • Öberg, Sture (1995), “Theories on Interregional Migration: An Overview”, International Institute for Applied
  • Systems Analysis Working Paper, Sayı: 95(47), ss. 1-23. Papademetriou, D. G. and P. L. Martin (1991), The Unsettled Relationship: Labor Migration and Economic
  • Development, Greenwood Press, New York. Piore, Michael J. (1979), Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor in Industrial Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Portes, Alejandro and John Walton (1981), Labor, Class, and the International System, Academic Press, New York.
  • Portes, Alejandro and Robert L. Bach (1985), Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States,
  • University of California Press, Los Angeles. Portes, Alejandro and Alex Stepick. (1993), City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami, University of California Pres, Berkeley.
  • Ruist, Joakim and Arne Bigsten (2010), “Wage Effects of Labor Migration with International Capital Mobility”,
  • University of Gothenburg Working Paper in Economics, Sayı: 464, ss. 1-29. Shimada, Akira (2007), “International Migration of Labor, Efficiency Wages, and Monetary Policies”, Journal of
  • Economic Integration, Sayı: 22(1), ss. 50-68. Stark , Oded (1984), “Migration decision making: A review article”, Journal of Development Economics, Sayı: 14, ss. 251-259.
  • Stark, Oded and D. Levhari (1982), “On migration and risk in LDCs”, Economic Development and Culturel Change, Sayı: 31, ss. 191-196.
  • Stark, Oded and David E. Bloom (1985), “The new economics of labor migration”, American Economic Review, Sayı: 75, ss. 173-178.
  • Taylor, J. Edward, Joaquın Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Douglas S. Massey, Adela Pellegrino (1996),
  • “International migration and national development”, Population Index, Sayı: 62, ss. 181-212. Thum, Marcel (2004), “Controlling Migration in an Open Labor Market”, Public Choice, Sayı: 119, ss. 425-443.
  • Walker, Robert, Mark Ellis, Richard Barff (1993), "Linked migration systems: Immigration and internal labor flows in the United States," Economic Geography, Sayı: 69, ss. 234-248.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974), The Modern World System , Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European
  • World Economy in the Sixteenth Century, Academic Pres, New York. Weiner, Myron (1996), “Ethics, National Sovereignty and the Control of Immigration”, International Migration Review, Sayı: 30(1), ss. 171-197.
  • Yomogida, Morihiro and Laixun Zhao (2009), “Two-Way Outsourcing, International Migration, and Wage
  • Inequality”, Southern Economic Journal, Sayı: 77(1), ss. 161-180.

ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN İŞ GÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ ÜCRET DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI

Year 2013, Issue: 35, - , 20.06.2015

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the effects of international migration on wage levels, with the help of studies in the literature. For this purpose, theoretical approaches are presented about the balance of international migration and wages at first. Then the effects of international migration on the wage level are examined with the help of the empirical studies which in this direction. According to recent studies, international migration increases national income and welfare, expands pollution and unemployment of domestic labor force in the immigrant countries while causes increase of wage level in the emigrant countries

References

  • Agiomirgianakis, G. M. (1998), “Monetary Policy Games and International Migration of Labor in Interdependent
  • Economies”, Journal of Macroeconomics, Sayı: 20, ss. 243-266. Anderson, Edward (2001), “Globalisation and wage inequalities”, European Review of Economic History, Sayı: 5, ss. 91
  • Aydemir, Abdurrahman and George J. Borjas (2007), “A Comparative Analysis of the Labor Market Impact of
  • International Migration: Canada, Mexico, and the US”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Papers, No: 12327, ss. 1-56.
  • Basu, Bharati (2004), “Efficiency wages, agglomeration, and a developing dual economy”, The Annuals of Regional Science (38), ss. 607-625.
  • Bean, Frank D., Thomas J. Espenshade, Michael J. White, Robert F. Dymowski (1990), Post-IRCA changes in the volume and composotion of undocumented migration to the United States: An assessment based on apprehensions data, The Urban Institute Press, Washington.
  • Bhagwati, Jagdish N., Arvind Panagariya, T. N. Srinivasan (1998), Lectures on International Trade, 2. Baskı, MIT Pres, Londra.
  • Blanchflower, David G. and Chris Shadforth (2007), “Fear, Unemployment and Migration”, National Bureau of
  • Economic Research Working Paper Series, No: 13506, ss. 1-52.
  • Bordo, Michael D., Alan M. Taylor, Jeffrey G. Williamson (2003), “International Migration and the Integration of
  • Labor Markets”, Institute for the Study of Labor Discussion Papers, No: 559. Borjas, George J. (2003), “The Labor Demand Curve Is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Sayı: 118, ss. 1335-1374.
  • Card, David (2005), “Is the new immigration really so bad?”, The Ekonomic Journal, Sayı: 15, ss. 300-323.
  • Carrington,William J., Enrica Detragiache, Tara Vishwanath (1996), “Migration with Endogenous Moving Costs,”
  • American Economic Review, Sayı: 86, ss. 909–930. Castells, Manuel (1989), The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring and the Urban
  • Regional Process, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Chandra, Amitabh. (2000). "Labor-Maket Dropouts and the Racial Wage Gap: 1940-1990." American Economic Review, Sayı: 90(2), ss. 333–338.
  • Chaudhuri, Sarbajit (2001), “International Migration and Unskilled Labour, Welfare and Skilled-Unskilled Wage
  • Inequality: A Simple Model”, EconWPA International Trade Series, No: 0511007.
  • Chaudhuri, Sarbajit and Dibyendu Banerjee (2008), “Fair Wage Hypothesis, International Factor Mobility and Skilled-Unskilled Wage Inequality in a Developing Economy”, Munich Personal RePEc Archive Working Paper, No:9303, ss. 1-18.
  • Chiquiar, Daniel v and Gordon H. Hanson (2002), “International Migration, Self-Selection, and the Distribution of
  • Wages: Evidence from Mexico and the United States”, Journal of Political Economy, Sayı: 113, ss. 239-281. Clemens, Michael, Claudio E. Montenegro, Lant Pritchett (2008), “The Place Premium: Wage Differences for
  • Identical Workers across the U.S. Border”, Center for Global Development Working Paper, No: 148, ss. 1-69. Fleisher, Belton M. (1963), “Some economic aspects of Puerto Rican migration to the United States”, Review of
  • Economic and Statistics, Sayı: 45, ss. 2245-2253.
  • Friedberg, Rachel M. and Jennifer Hunt (1995), “The Impact of Immigrants on Host Country Wages, Employment and Growth”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Sayı: 9(2), ss. 23-44.
  • Frisbie, W. Parker (1975), “Illegal migration from Mexico to the United States: A longitudinal analysis”,
  • International Migration Review, Sayı: 9, ss. 3-13. Gerschenkron, A. (1962), Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, Harvard University Pres, Massachusetts.
  • Hatton, Timothy J. and Jeffrey G. Williamson (1994), “Whte drove the mass migrations from Europe in the late nineteenth century?”, Population and Development Review, Sayı: 20(3), ss. 533-559.
  • Iregui, Ana Maria (1999), “Efficiency Gains From the Elimination of Global Restrictions on Labour Mobility: An
  • Analysis Using a Multiregional CGE Model”, World Institute for Development Economic Research Working Paper Series, No: 27, ss. 1-42. Iregui, Ana Maria (2005), “Efficiency gains from the elimination of global restrictions on labour mobility”, in Borjas,
  • G. and J. Crisp (Eds.), Poverty, International Migration and Asylum, Palgrave, London. IOM (2011), World Migration Report 2011, IOM Publications.
  • Jennissen, Roel (2005), Macro-Economic Determinants of International Migration in Europe, Purdue University Press, USA.
  • Kar, Saibal and Hamid Beladi (2004), “Skill formation and international migration: welfare perspective of developing countries”, Japan and the World Economy, Sayı: 16, ss. 35–54.
  • Katz, E. and Oded Stark (1986), “Labor migration and risk aversion in less developed countries”, Journal of Labor Economics, Sayı: 4, ss. 131-149.
  • Kondoh, K. (2006), “Trans-boundary Pollution and International Migration,” Review of International Economics, Sayı: 14, ss. 248–260.
  • Kondoh, Kenji and Shigemi Yabuuchi (2011),“Unemployment, Environmental Policy, and Internatio- nal
  • Migration”, Institute of Economics, Chukyo University, Discussion Paper, No:1002, ss. 1-25.
  • Lauby, Jennifer and Oded Stark (1988), “Individual migration as a family strategy: Young women in the Philippines”, Population Studies, Sayı: 42, ss. 473-486.
  • Lewis, W. Arthur (1954), “ Economic development with unlimited supplies of labor”, The Manchester School of
  • Economic and Social Studies, Sayı: 22, ss. 139-191. Maldonado, Rita (1976), “Why Puerto Ricans migrated to the United States in 1947-73”, Monthly Labor Review, Sayı: 99(9), ss. 7-18.
  • Massey Douglas S. (1989), “International migration and economic development in comparative perspective”,
  • Population and Development Review, Sayı:14, ss. 383-414. Massey, Douglas S., Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino, J. Edward Taylor (1993),
  • “Theories of International Migration: A Review And Appraisal”, Population Council, Sayı: 19, ss. 431-466. Mishra, Prachi (2007), “Emigration and Wages in Source Countries: Evidence from Mexico”, Journal of
  • Development Economics, Sayı: 82(1), ss. 180-199. OECD (2011), International Migration Outlook 2011, OECD Publications.
  • Oladi, Reza and Hamid Beladi (2007), “ International Migration and Real Wages”, Economics Bulletin, Sayı: 6(30), ss. 1
  • Öberg, Sture (1995), “Theories on Interregional Migration: An Overview”, International Institute for Applied
  • Systems Analysis Working Paper, Sayı: 95(47), ss. 1-23. Papademetriou, D. G. and P. L. Martin (1991), The Unsettled Relationship: Labor Migration and Economic
  • Development, Greenwood Press, New York. Piore, Michael J. (1979), Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor in Industrial Societies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Portes, Alejandro and John Walton (1981), Labor, Class, and the International System, Academic Press, New York.
  • Portes, Alejandro and Robert L. Bach (1985), Latin Journey: Cuban and Mexican Immigrants in the United States,
  • University of California Press, Los Angeles. Portes, Alejandro and Alex Stepick. (1993), City on the Edge: The Transformation of Miami, University of California Pres, Berkeley.
  • Ruist, Joakim and Arne Bigsten (2010), “Wage Effects of Labor Migration with International Capital Mobility”,
  • University of Gothenburg Working Paper in Economics, Sayı: 464, ss. 1-29. Shimada, Akira (2007), “International Migration of Labor, Efficiency Wages, and Monetary Policies”, Journal of
  • Economic Integration, Sayı: 22(1), ss. 50-68. Stark , Oded (1984), “Migration decision making: A review article”, Journal of Development Economics, Sayı: 14, ss. 251-259.
  • Stark, Oded and D. Levhari (1982), “On migration and risk in LDCs”, Economic Development and Culturel Change, Sayı: 31, ss. 191-196.
  • Stark, Oded and David E. Bloom (1985), “The new economics of labor migration”, American Economic Review, Sayı: 75, ss. 173-178.
  • Taylor, J. Edward, Joaquın Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Douglas S. Massey, Adela Pellegrino (1996),
  • “International migration and national development”, Population Index, Sayı: 62, ss. 181-212. Thum, Marcel (2004), “Controlling Migration in an Open Labor Market”, Public Choice, Sayı: 119, ss. 425-443.
  • Walker, Robert, Mark Ellis, Richard Barff (1993), "Linked migration systems: Immigration and internal labor flows in the United States," Economic Geography, Sayı: 69, ss. 234-248.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974), The Modern World System , Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European
  • World Economy in the Sixteenth Century, Academic Pres, New York. Weiner, Myron (1996), “Ethics, National Sovereignty and the Control of Immigration”, International Migration Review, Sayı: 30(1), ss. 171-197.
  • Yomogida, Morihiro and Laixun Zhao (2009), “Two-Way Outsourcing, International Migration, and Wage
  • Inequality”, Southern Economic Journal, Sayı: 77(1), ss. 161-180.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Taner Güney This is me

Güner Tuncer This is me

Ramazan Kılıç This is me

Publication Date June 20, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2013 Issue: 35

Cite

APA Güney, T., Tuncer, G., & Kılıç, R. (2015). ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN İŞ GÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ ÜCRET DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(35).
AMA Güney T, Tuncer G, Kılıç R. ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN İŞ GÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ ÜCRET DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. June 2015;(35).
Chicago Güney, Taner, Güner Tuncer, and Ramazan Kılıç. “ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN İŞ GÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ ÜCRET DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 35 (June 2015).
EndNote Güney T, Tuncer G, Kılıç R (June 1, 2015) ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN İŞ GÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ ÜCRET DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 35
IEEE T. Güney, G. Tuncer, and R. Kılıç, “ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN İŞ GÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ ÜCRET DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 35, June 2015.
ISNAD Güney, Taner et al. “ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN İŞ GÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ ÜCRET DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 35 (June 2015).
JAMA Güney T, Tuncer G, Kılıç R. ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN İŞ GÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ ÜCRET DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2015.
MLA Güney, Taner et al. “ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN İŞ GÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ ÜCRET DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 35, 2015.
Vancouver Güney T, Tuncer G, Kılıç R. ULUSLARARASI GÖÇÜN İŞ GÜCÜ PİYASASINDAKİ ÜCRET DÜZEYİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ: BİR LİTERATÜR ARAŞTIRMASI. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2015(35).

Dergimiz EBSCOhost, ULAKBİM/Sosyal Bilimler Veri Tabanında, SOBİAD ve Türk Eğitim İndeksi'nde yer alan uluslararası hakemli bir dergidir.