THE IMPORTANCE OF DOMESTIC POLITICS IN EXPLAINING THE CHANGE IN TERRITORIAL POLITICS IN EU CANDIDATE STATES: TURKEY AS A CASE

Year 2014, Issue: 41, 0 - 0, 20.06.2015

Ali Onur Özçelik -

Abstract

This article seeks to understand the change in territorial politics in the European Union with a specific reference to a situation in one candidate state, Turkey. The main argument is that the domestic politics matters in order to examine the interplay between central institutions and local or regional administrations. The article claims that a territorial politics is not only mediated by certain national factors such as territorial and constitutional framework as well as historical legacy and political culture but also subnational factors, such as regional distinctiveness, the quality of intergovernmental relations, and pre-existing regional networks. It was argued that while the regional distinctiveness may play a negative role, the quality of intergovernmental relations and the pre-existing regional networks may stimulate the behaviour of local and regional administrations. Overall, the article suggests that in order for a better understanding of a change in territorial politics in candidate states, one should have a close observation on the domestic politics

Keywords

-

THE IMPORTANCE OF DOMESTIC POLITICS IN EXPLAINING THE CHANGE IN TERRITORIAL POLITICS IN EU CANDIDATE STATES: TURKEY AS A CASE

Abstract

Bu makale, Avrupa Birliği’ndeki mekansal politika değişimini, bir aday ülke olan Türkiye özelinde anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Merkez kurumlarla yerel ya da bölgesel kurumların etkileşimi analiz edilirken iç politikanın öneminin vurgulanması makalenin temel tartışmasıdır. Makale, mekansal politikanın yalnızca mekansal ve anayasal çatı ya da tarihsel miras ve politika kültürü gibi bazı ulusal faktörlerin etkisi ile değil aynı zamanda bölgesel farklılık, merkez-yerel ilişkilerinin kalitesi ve önceden var olan bölgesel ağlar gibi ulus-altı faktörlerin etkisiyle de şekillendiğini iddia etmektedir. Bahsi geçen süreçlerde, bölgesel farklılık negatif bir rol oynarken, merkez-yerel ilişkilerinin kalitesi ve önceden var olan bölgesel ağlar ile yerel ve bölgesel kurumların davranışlarının pozitif etki yaptığı tartışılmıştır. Bütün itibari ile değerlendirilidiğinde, bir aday ülkede mekansal politika değişimlerinin iyi bir şekilde anlaşıması için, iç politikaya yönelik yakın bir analizin yapılması tavsiye edilmiştir

Keywords

İç Politika Yaklaşımı, Mekansal Politika, Çok Boyutlu Yönetişim, Avrupalılaşma, Türk İdare Geleneği

References

• Aksoy, Ş., and Polatoğlu, A. (2003) ‘The Turkish Administrative System: Concepts and Issues’. In K. Tummala (ed.),
• Comparative Bureauratic System, New york: Lexington Books, pp. 435-460. Bache, I., Andreou, G., Atanasova, G., and Tomsic, D. (2011) ‘Europeanization and Multi Level Governance in South East
• Europe: the Domestic Impact of EU Cohesion Policy and Pre-Accession Aid’, Journal of European Public Policy, 18 (1): 122- Bafoil, F. and Kaya, A. (2009) Regional Development and the European Union: A Comparative Analysis of Karabuk,
• Valenciennes and Katowice, Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi Yayinlari. Bailey, D. and De Propris, L. (2002) ‘European Structural Funds, Regional Capabilities and Enlargement: Towards Multi-Level
• Governance?’, Journal of European Integration, 24 (4):303-24. Baun, M and Marek, D. (eds.) (2008) EU Cohesion Policy after Enlargement, Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
• Bayraktar, U. S. (2007) ‘Turkish municipalities: Reconsidering Local Democracy Beyond Administrative Autonomy’, European
• Journal of Turkish Studies, (available at http://www.ejtsorg.revues.org/document1103.html, accessed on 4th January, 2013).
• Benz, A. and Eberlein, T. (1999) ‘the Europeanization of Regional Policies: Patterns of Multi-Level Governance’, Journal of
• European Public Policy, 6(2): 329-48. Brusis, M. (2002) ‘Between EU Requirements, Competitive Politics, and National Traditions: Re-creating Regions in the Accession Countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Governance, 15 (4):531-59.
• Brusis, M. (2010) ‘European Union Incentives and Regional Interest Representation in Central and East European Countries’, Acta Politica, 45 (1): 70-89.
• Bruzst, L. (2008) Multi-Level Governance—the Eastern Versions: Emerging Patterns of Regional Developmental Governance in the New Member States, Regional and Federal Studies, 18 (5): 607-627.
• Bulmer, S. (1983) ‘Domestic Politics and European Community Policy-Making’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 21 (4): 349-3
• Bulmer, S. (1993) ‘the New Governance of the European Union: A new Institutionalist Approach’, Journal of Public Policy, 13 (4): 351–380.
• Cowles, M., Caporaso, J. and Risse, T. (eds.) (2001) Transforming Europe: Europeanization and Domestic Change, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
• Çelenk, A.A. (2009) ‘Europeanization and Administrative Reform: The Case of Turkey’, Mediterranean Politics, 14 (1): 41-60.
• Dinçer, B., Özaslan, M., and Kavasoğlu, T. (2003) İllerin ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması
• (Study on the Socio-Economic Development Ranking of Provinces and Regions), Ankara: State Planning Organization. Dodd, C. H. (1969) Politics and Government in Turkey, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Dulupçu, M.A. (2005) ‘Regionalization for Turkey, an Illusion or a Cure?’, European Urban and Regional Studies 12 (2): 99
• Eliçin, Y. (2011) ‘the Europeanization of Turkey: Reform in Local Governments’, International Journal of Economic and Administrative Studies’, 4 (7): 103-126.
• Ertugal, E. (2005), ‘Europeanization of Regional Policy and Regional Governance: The Case of Turkey’, European Political Economy Review, 3 (1): 18-55.
• Ertugal, E. (2010) ‘Multi Level Governance and Europeanization in Turkey’, Journal of South East European and Black Sea Studies, 10 (1): 97-110.
• Finkel, A. (1990) ‘Municipal politics and the State in contemporary Turkey’, in Nükhet Sirman and Andrew Finkel (eds.),
• Turkish State, Turkish Society, London: Routledge Curzon, pp. 185-218. Gedikli, B. (2009) ‘The Role of Leadership in the Success of Participatory Planning Processes: Experience from Turkey’,
• European Urban and Journal of Regional Studies, 16 (2): 115-130. Goldsmith, M. J. and Page, E. C. (2010) Changing Government Relations in Europe: From Localism to Intergovernmentalism, 2nd Edition, London: Routledge.
• Göymen, K. (2007) ‘Dynamics of Changes in Turkish Local Governance: Demise of the Bureacratic Ruling Tradition’, Society and Economy, 28 (3): 245-266.
• Göymen, K. (2010) Türkiye'de Yerel Yönetişim ve Yerel Kalkınma (Local Governance and Local Development in Turkey),
• Istanbul: Boyut Yayın Grubu. Grabbe, H. (2001) ‘How Does Europeanization Affect CEE Governance? Conditionality, Diffusion and Diversity’, Journal of
• European Public Policy, 8 (4): 1013-31.
• Grabbe, H. (2003) ‘Europeanization Goes East: Power and Uncertainty in the EU Accession Process’, in K. Feathersone & C.M.
• Radaelli (eds.) the Politics of Europeanization, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 303-327. Gualini, E. (2004) Multi-Level Governance and Institutional Change: The Europeanization of Regional Policy in Italy, Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Güney, A and Çelenk, A.A. (2010) ‘Europeanization and the Dilemma of Decentralization: Centre-Local Relations in Turkey,’
• Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 12 (3): 241-257. Heper, M. (1985) State Tradition in Turkey, Northgate: the Eothen Press.
• Heper, M. (ed.) (1989) ‘Introduction’, in Local Government in Turkey: Governing Greater Istanbul, London: Routledge, pp. 1
• Heper, M. and Keyman, E.F. (1998) ‘Double-Faced State: Political Patronage and the Consolidation of Democracy in Turkey’,
• Middle Eastern Studies, 34 (4): 259-277. Herrschel, T. and Newman, P. (2002) Governance of Europe’s City Regions: Planning, Policy and Politics, London: Routledge.
• Hooghe, L. (1996) 'Building a Europe with the Regions: The Changing Role of the European Commission', in L. Hooghe,
• Cohesion Policy and European Integration: Building Multi-Level Governance, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hughes, J., Sasse, G., and Gordon, C. (2004). Europeanization and Regionalization in the EU’s Enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe: the Myth of Conditionality. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• İnalcık, H. (1963) ‘Turkey’, in R. E. Ward and D. A. Rustow (eds.) Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey, New Jersey:
• Princeton University Press, pp. 42-63. Jeffrey, C. (1997) The Regional Dimension of the European Union: Towards a Third Level in Europe?, London: Frank Cass.
• Jeffrey, C. (2000) ‘Sub-National Mobilization and European Integration: Does it Make Any Difference?’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 38 (1): 1-23.
• John, P. (1996) ‘Europeanization in a Centralising State: Multi-level Governance in the UK’, Regional and Federal Studies 6(2): 131-144
• Kayasu, S. (2006) ‘Institutional Implications of Regional Development Agencies in Turkey: An Evaluation of the Integrative
• Forces of Legal and Institutional Frameworks’, 42nd ISoCaRP Congress. Keleş, R. (2011) Yerinden Yönetim ve Siyaset (Decentralization and Politics) (7th ed.) Istanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
• Keyman, F. E., and Lorosdağı, B. K. (2010) Kentler: Anadolu'nun Dönüşümü, Türkiye'nin Geleceği (Cities: The Transformation of Anatolia and The Future of Turkey), Istanbul: Doğan Kitap.
• Koçak, S. Y. (2006) ‘European Integration and Its Impact on Domestic Systems: Inferences for Turkey’, D.E.Ü.İ.İ.B.F Dergisi, 20 (1): 123-136.
• Kolars, J. (1973) ‘The Integration of the Vilager into the National Life of Turkey’, in K. H. Karpat (ed.) Social Change and Politics in Turkey: A Structural-Historical Analysisn Leiden: E.J.Brill, pp. 182-202.
• Köker, L. (1995) ‘Local Politics and Democracy in Turkey: An Appraisal’, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 540: 51-62.
• Kymlicka, W. and Opalski, M. (2002) Can Liberal Pluralism be Exported? Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Lagendijk, A., Kayasu, S. and Yaşar, S. (2009) ‘The Role of Regional Development Agencies in Turkey: From Implementing EU
• Directives to Supporting Regional Business Communities?, European Urban Regional Studies, 16 (4): 383-396. Mardin, Ş. (1973) ‘Centre-Periphery Relations: A Key to Turkish Politics?’, Daedalus, 102 (1): 169-190.
• Massicard, E. (2009) ‘Regionalization in Turkey, France, Poland and the EU’ in F. Bafoil and A. Kaya (2009) Regional
• Development and the European Union: A Comparative Analysis of Karabuk, Valenciennes and Katowice, Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Universitesi Yayinlari, pp. 17-33. Moore, C. (2011) Regional Representation in the EU: Between Diplomacy and Interest Mediation Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
• O’Dwyer, C. (2006) ‘Reforming Regional Governance in East Central Europe: Europeanization or Domestic Politics as Usual?’,
• East European Politics and Societies, 20 (2): 219-253. Okçu, M., Gül, H., and Dulupçu, M.A. (2006) ‘Turkey Towards the EU: In-Between State Centrism and Multi-Level
• Governance’, Conference Paper Presented at 6th European Urban and Regional Studies Conference, Denmark, 21-24 September, 200 Özbudun, E. (1981) ‘Turkey: the Politics of Political Clientelism’, in S.N. Eisenstadt and R. Lemarchand (eds.) Political
• Clientelism, Patronage and Development, London: Sage, pp. 249-268. Özcan, G. B. (2000) ‘Local Economic Development, Decentralization and Consensus Building in Turkey’, Progress in Planning, 54: 199-278.
• Özcan, G. B., and Turunç, H. (2008) ‘the Politics of Administrative Decentralization in Turkey Since 1980’, in J. Killian and N.
• Eklund (eds.), Handbook of Administrative Reforms: An International Perspective, Boca Raton: Aurbeach Publications, pp. 177- 1
• Paraskevopoulos, C. J. and Leonardi, R. (2004) ‘Introduction: Adaptational Pressure and Social Learning in European Regional
• Policy—Cohesion (Greece, Ireland and Portugal) vs. CEE (Hungary, Poland) Countries’, Regional and Federal Studies, 14(3): 315-3
• Pierson, P. (1996) ‘the Path to European Integration: A Historical Institutionalist Analysis’ Comparative Political Studies 29(2): 123-1
• Polatoğlu, A (1978) ‘the Turkish Province as an Administrative Division of Central Government’, Amme Idaresi Dergisi, 18: 53
• Polatoğlu, A. (2000) Introduction to Public Administration, New York: Longman Publishing.
• Putnam, R. (1993) Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Şengül, T. (2003) ‘Yerel Devlet Sorunu ve Yerel Devletin Donusumunde Yerel Egilimler (the Question of Local State and New Trends in the Transformation of the Local State)’, Praksis, 9:183-220.
• Şengül, T. (2009) Kentsel Çelişki ve Siyaset: Kapitalist Kentleşme Süreçlerinin Eleştirisi (Urban Paradox and Politics: A Critique of Capitalist Urbanization Process) 2nd edition, Ankara: Imge Kitabevi.
• Tekeli, I. (1983) ‘Democracy in Local Administrations and the Development of Municipalities in Turkey’, Amme İdaresi Dergisi.
• Uğur, M. (1999) European Union and Turkey: An Anchor Credibility Dilemma, Aldershot:Ashgate.
• Ulusoy, K. (2009) ‘The Changing Challenge of Europeanization to Politics and Governance in Turkey’, International Political Science Review, 30 (4): 363-384.
• Uygun, O. (2012) Suggestions on the New Constitution for Local and Regional Government, TESEV Good Governance
• Programme, Istanbul: TESEV Publications.