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Use of Sceptrum as a Power Indicator

Year 2020, Issue: 65, 285 - 298, 24.07.2020

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to examine the sceptrums as an indicator of the status through examples of finds in the Roman and Byzantine Periods. Among the basic materials that the finds are sculptures, reliefs, coins, semi-precious stones and diptych. The use of sceptres, which have a symbolic meaning, ranging from Prehistoric Ages to the end of the Roman and Byzantine Periods, can be followed with the help of existing inscriptions and examples. Firstly, the existence of sceptres in the historical process is mentioned. Then, it was evaluated in the iconographic way or angle with the help of examples in the Roman and Byzantine Period. After that, a typological approach was introduced in the light of Roman and Byzantine finds. As a result, the functions of the sceptres are interpreted in the light of ancient, modern sources and existing examples.

References

  • Alföldi, A. (1935). Die Ausgestaltung des monarchischen Zeremoniells am römischen Kaiserhofe. Römische Mitteilungen, 49, 1935, 1-118.
  • Alp, S. (1947). La désignation du Lituus en Hittite. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 1(2), 164-175.
  • ALP, S. (1948). Hitit Metinlerinde Gışkalmuş ‘Lituus’ ve HUB.BI ‘KUPE2. Belleten, 12(46), 301-324.
  • Ambos, C., Ingrid K. (2010). The Curved Staff in the Ancient Near East as a Predecessor of the Etruscan Lituus. Bouke van der Meer (Ed.), Material Aspects of Etruscan Religion. Proceedings of the International Colloquium Leiden, May 29 and 30, 2008 (pp. 127-153). Leuven: Peeters.
  • Barasch, M. (2001). The Idol in the Icon: Some Ambiguities. J. Assmann, A. I. Baumgarten (Eds.), Representation in Religion: Studies in Honor of Moshe Barasch (pp. 1-26). Leiden: Brill.
  • Bergmann, B. (2010). Der Kranz des Kaisers: Genese und Bedeutung einer römischen Insignie. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Bramanti, A. (2017). The Scepter in Early Mesopotamian Written Sources. Kaskal, 14, 121-152.
  • Brock, R. (2013). Greek Political Imagery from Homer to Aristotle. London: Roger Brock.
  • Carloni, M. (1785). Bassirilievi volsci in terra cotta dipinta a varj colori trovati nella citta’di Velletri. Roma: Nella Stamperia Salomoni.
  • Carpenter, T. (2010). Gods in Apulia. B. Jan, E. Andrew(Eds.), The Gods of Ancient Greece: Identities and Transformations (pp. 335-347). Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press.
  • Collon, D. (1983). Krummstab, Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie Sechster Band. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter.
  • Delbrueck, R. (1929). Die Consulardiptychen und verwandte Denkmäler. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
  • Eastmond, A. (2010). Consular Diptychs, Rhetoric and the Languages of Art in Sixth-Century Constantinople. Art History, 33(5), 742-765.
  • Follette, L. (2011/12). Parsing Piety: The Sacred Still Life in Roman Relief Sculpture. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 56/57, 15-35.
  • Gehn, U. (2012). Ehrenstatuen in der Spätantike: Chlamydati und Togati. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
  • Goette, H. R. (1990). Studien zu römischen Togadarstellungen. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
  • Harries, J. (1988). The Roman Imperial Quaestor from Constantine to Theodosius II. The Journal of Roman Studies, 78, 148-172.
  • Hayes, W. C. (1990). Egypt a Background fort he Study of the Egpptian Antiquities in the Metropolitian Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitian Museum of Art Publications.
  • Herodotos (2006). Tarih. (M. Ökmen, Çev.). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. Homeros (1928). The Iliad. (A. T. Murray, Çev.). London: William Heinemann Publications.
  • Homeros (1981). The Odyssey of Homer with the Hymns, Epigrams and Battle of the frogs and mice. London: G. Bell and Sons Publications.
  • Karatağ, M. (2013). Klasik Arkeoloji Sözlüğü. Ankara: Midas Kitap.
  • Kean, S. (2009). Bach to the Lituus. The American Scholar, 78(4), 12.
  • Kozak, L. (2014). Oaths and Characterization: Two Homeric Case Studies. Alan Sommerstein- Isabelle Torrance (Eds.), Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece (pp. 196-229). Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Mann, R. (2014). Material Culture and Ruler Ideology in South Asia. F. Benjamin, M. Richard (Eds.), Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object. New York: Routledge.
  • Mcglew, J. (1993). Tyranny and Political Culture in Ancient Greece. Ithaca and London: . Cornell University Press.
  • Meucci, R. (1989). Roman Military Instruments and the Lituus. The Galpin Society Journal, 42, 85-97.
  • Niemeyer, H. Georg. (1968). Studien zur statuarischen Darstellung der römische Kaiser. Berlin: Mann.
  • Plutarch (1919). Plutarch’s Lives VII: Demosthenes and Cicero, Alexander and Caesar. P. Bernadotte (Ed.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Rowan, C. (2019). From Caesar to Augustus (c. 49 BC-AD 14): Using Coins as Sources. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Özgan, R. (2013). Roma Portre Sanatı I. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
  • Saltuk, S. (1997). Arkeoloji Sözlüğü. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi.
  • Schäfer, T. (1989). Imperii insignia Sella curulis und Fasces 2. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
  • Siegelová J., Hidetoshi T. (2011). Metals and Metallurgy in Hittite Anatolia. H. Genz - D. P. Mielke (Eds.), Insights into Hittite History and Archaeology (pp. 275-300). Paris: Peeters Publications.
  • Smith, R. R. R. (1999). Late Antique Portraits in a Public Context: Honorific Statuary at Aphrodisias in Caria, A.D. 300-600. Journal of Roman Studies, 89, 155-189.
  • Smith, W. (1849). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Vol. 3. London: J. Murray Publications.
  • Smith, W. (1884). Greek and Roman Antiquities. New York: Harper and Brothers Publications.
  • Stewart, R. (1997). The Jug and Lituus on Roman Republican Coin Types: Ritual Symbols and Political Power. Phoenix, 51(2), 170-189.
  • Walker, J. H. (1908). The Inscription, Athribis. British School of Archaeology in Egypt, London: Hazell, Watson and Viney Publications.
  • Westmoreland, P. (2006). Ancient Greek Beliefs. California: Lee and Vance Publishing Company.
  • Wieacker, F. (1988). Römische Rechtsgeschichte: Quellenkunde, Rechtsbildungs, Jurisprudenz und Rechtsliteratur 3,1. München: C. H. Beck.
  • Wiegels, R. (2015). Krummstäbe: Rätselhafte Fundstückke aus Kalkriese. S, Burmeister, J. Rottmann (Eds.), Ich Germanicus: Feldherr Priester Superstar (pp. 49-52). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  • Wilkinson, T. (2005). Early Dynastic Egypt. New York: Routledge Publications. Woloch, M. (1969). A Note on the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. American Journal of Archaeology, 73(4), 469.
  • Xenophon, Cyropaedia the Education of Cyrus (E-book). http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2085/2085-h/2085-h.htm (E.T. 15.05.2020).

Bir Güç Göstergesi Olarak Sceptrum Kullanımı

Year 2020, Issue: 65, 285 - 298, 24.07.2020

Abstract

Çalışmada statünün bir göstergesi olarak sceptrumların Roma ve Bizans Dönemi buluntu örnekleri üzerinden incelenerek ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Buluntuları oluşturan temel materyaller arasında heykeller, kabartmalar, sikkeler, değerli taşlar ve tablolar yer almaktadır. Sembolik birer anlam taşıyan asaların Tarih Öncesi Çağlardan Roma ve Bizans Dönemi sonlarına kadar uzanan kullanımı var olan yazıtlar ve somut örnekler yardımıyla takip edilebilmektedir. Öncelikle asaların tarihsel süreç içerisindeki varlığına değinilmiş olup Roma ve Bizans Dönemindeki kullanımı çeşitleri örnekler yardımıyla ikonografik bağlamda değerlendirilmiştir. Akabinde Roma ve Bizans Dönemi buluntu örnekleri ışığında tipolojik bir yaklaşım getirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak ise antik, modern kaynaklar ve somut örnekler ışığında asaların işlevleri yorumlanmıştır.

References

  • Alföldi, A. (1935). Die Ausgestaltung des monarchischen Zeremoniells am römischen Kaiserhofe. Römische Mitteilungen, 49, 1935, 1-118.
  • Alp, S. (1947). La désignation du Lituus en Hittite. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 1(2), 164-175.
  • ALP, S. (1948). Hitit Metinlerinde Gışkalmuş ‘Lituus’ ve HUB.BI ‘KUPE2. Belleten, 12(46), 301-324.
  • Ambos, C., Ingrid K. (2010). The Curved Staff in the Ancient Near East as a Predecessor of the Etruscan Lituus. Bouke van der Meer (Ed.), Material Aspects of Etruscan Religion. Proceedings of the International Colloquium Leiden, May 29 and 30, 2008 (pp. 127-153). Leuven: Peeters.
  • Barasch, M. (2001). The Idol in the Icon: Some Ambiguities. J. Assmann, A. I. Baumgarten (Eds.), Representation in Religion: Studies in Honor of Moshe Barasch (pp. 1-26). Leiden: Brill.
  • Bergmann, B. (2010). Der Kranz des Kaisers: Genese und Bedeutung einer römischen Insignie. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Bramanti, A. (2017). The Scepter in Early Mesopotamian Written Sources. Kaskal, 14, 121-152.
  • Brock, R. (2013). Greek Political Imagery from Homer to Aristotle. London: Roger Brock.
  • Carloni, M. (1785). Bassirilievi volsci in terra cotta dipinta a varj colori trovati nella citta’di Velletri. Roma: Nella Stamperia Salomoni.
  • Carpenter, T. (2010). Gods in Apulia. B. Jan, E. Andrew(Eds.), The Gods of Ancient Greece: Identities and Transformations (pp. 335-347). Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press.
  • Collon, D. (1983). Krummstab, Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie Sechster Band. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter.
  • Delbrueck, R. (1929). Die Consulardiptychen und verwandte Denkmäler. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
  • Eastmond, A. (2010). Consular Diptychs, Rhetoric and the Languages of Art in Sixth-Century Constantinople. Art History, 33(5), 742-765.
  • Follette, L. (2011/12). Parsing Piety: The Sacred Still Life in Roman Relief Sculpture. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome, 56/57, 15-35.
  • Gehn, U. (2012). Ehrenstatuen in der Spätantike: Chlamydati und Togati. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
  • Goette, H. R. (1990). Studien zu römischen Togadarstellungen. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern.
  • Harries, J. (1988). The Roman Imperial Quaestor from Constantine to Theodosius II. The Journal of Roman Studies, 78, 148-172.
  • Hayes, W. C. (1990). Egypt a Background fort he Study of the Egpptian Antiquities in the Metropolitian Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitian Museum of Art Publications.
  • Herodotos (2006). Tarih. (M. Ökmen, Çev.). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. Homeros (1928). The Iliad. (A. T. Murray, Çev.). London: William Heinemann Publications.
  • Homeros (1981). The Odyssey of Homer with the Hymns, Epigrams and Battle of the frogs and mice. London: G. Bell and Sons Publications.
  • Karatağ, M. (2013). Klasik Arkeoloji Sözlüğü. Ankara: Midas Kitap.
  • Kean, S. (2009). Bach to the Lituus. The American Scholar, 78(4), 12.
  • Kozak, L. (2014). Oaths and Characterization: Two Homeric Case Studies. Alan Sommerstein- Isabelle Torrance (Eds.), Oaths and Swearing in Ancient Greece (pp. 196-229). Berlin: De Gruyter.
  • Mann, R. (2014). Material Culture and Ruler Ideology in South Asia. F. Benjamin, M. Richard (Eds.), Material Culture and Asian Religions: Text, Image, Object. New York: Routledge.
  • Mcglew, J. (1993). Tyranny and Political Culture in Ancient Greece. Ithaca and London: . Cornell University Press.
  • Meucci, R. (1989). Roman Military Instruments and the Lituus. The Galpin Society Journal, 42, 85-97.
  • Niemeyer, H. Georg. (1968). Studien zur statuarischen Darstellung der römische Kaiser. Berlin: Mann.
  • Plutarch (1919). Plutarch’s Lives VII: Demosthenes and Cicero, Alexander and Caesar. P. Bernadotte (Ed.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Rowan, C. (2019). From Caesar to Augustus (c. 49 BC-AD 14): Using Coins as Sources. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Özgan, R. (2013). Roma Portre Sanatı I. İstanbul: Ege Yayınları.
  • Saltuk, S. (1997). Arkeoloji Sözlüğü. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi.
  • Schäfer, T. (1989). Imperii insignia Sella curulis und Fasces 2. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
  • Siegelová J., Hidetoshi T. (2011). Metals and Metallurgy in Hittite Anatolia. H. Genz - D. P. Mielke (Eds.), Insights into Hittite History and Archaeology (pp. 275-300). Paris: Peeters Publications.
  • Smith, R. R. R. (1999). Late Antique Portraits in a Public Context: Honorific Statuary at Aphrodisias in Caria, A.D. 300-600. Journal of Roman Studies, 89, 155-189.
  • Smith, W. (1849). A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology Vol. 3. London: J. Murray Publications.
  • Smith, W. (1884). Greek and Roman Antiquities. New York: Harper and Brothers Publications.
  • Stewart, R. (1997). The Jug and Lituus on Roman Republican Coin Types: Ritual Symbols and Political Power. Phoenix, 51(2), 170-189.
  • Walker, J. H. (1908). The Inscription, Athribis. British School of Archaeology in Egypt, London: Hazell, Watson and Viney Publications.
  • Westmoreland, P. (2006). Ancient Greek Beliefs. California: Lee and Vance Publishing Company.
  • Wieacker, F. (1988). Römische Rechtsgeschichte: Quellenkunde, Rechtsbildungs, Jurisprudenz und Rechtsliteratur 3,1. München: C. H. Beck.
  • Wiegels, R. (2015). Krummstäbe: Rätselhafte Fundstückke aus Kalkriese. S, Burmeister, J. Rottmann (Eds.), Ich Germanicus: Feldherr Priester Superstar (pp. 49-52). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  • Wilkinson, T. (2005). Early Dynastic Egypt. New York: Routledge Publications. Woloch, M. (1969). A Note on the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius. American Journal of Archaeology, 73(4), 469.
  • Xenophon, Cyropaedia the Education of Cyrus (E-book). http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2085/2085-h/2085-h.htm (E.T. 15.05.2020).
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Durmuş Ersun 0000-0001-9559-8313

Aslı Çetin 0000-0003-3062-0529

Publication Date July 24, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 65

Cite

APA Ersun, D., & Çetin, A. (2020). Bir Güç Göstergesi Olarak Sceptrum Kullanımı. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(65), 285-298.
AMA Ersun D, Çetin A. Bir Güç Göstergesi Olarak Sceptrum Kullanımı. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. July 2020;(65):285-298.
Chicago Ersun, Durmuş, and Aslı Çetin. “Bir Güç Göstergesi Olarak Sceptrum Kullanımı”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 65 (July 2020): 285-98.
EndNote Ersun D, Çetin A (July 1, 2020) Bir Güç Göstergesi Olarak Sceptrum Kullanımı. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 65 285–298.
IEEE D. Ersun and A. Çetin, “Bir Güç Göstergesi Olarak Sceptrum Kullanımı”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 65, pp. 285–298, July 2020.
ISNAD Ersun, Durmuş - Çetin, Aslı. “Bir Güç Göstergesi Olarak Sceptrum Kullanımı”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 65 (July 2020), 285-298.
JAMA Ersun D, Çetin A. Bir Güç Göstergesi Olarak Sceptrum Kullanımı. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2020;:285–298.
MLA Ersun, Durmuş and Aslı Çetin. “Bir Güç Göstergesi Olarak Sceptrum Kullanımı”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 65, 2020, pp. 285-98.
Vancouver Ersun D, Çetin A. Bir Güç Göstergesi Olarak Sceptrum Kullanımı. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2020(65):285-98.

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