Level of Education by Gender and the Role of Renewable Energy on Environmental Quality: Panel VAR Analysis for High Income Countries

Year 2021, Issue: 69, 64 - 86, 30.07.2021

Melike Atay Polat

https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.846058

Abstract

Within the framework of the sustainable development goal countries turn to practices that will improve environmental awareness in order to improve environmental quality. In this study the relationship between carbon emissions which worsened environmental quality by increasing environmental pollution and economic growth, renewable energy consumption, education level by gender, foreign direct investment was investigated by panel VAR method in high income countries. Findings from the analysis show that education and renewable energy play an important role in improving environmental quality. In additon according to the causality relationship findingd, it can be said that the education levels of men and women, renewable energy consumption, foreign direct investment and GDP are effective on the environmental pollution indicator of high income countries.

Keywords

environmental awareness, education, renewable energy, panel VAR analysis

Cinsiyete Göre Eğitim Düzeyi ve Yenilenebilir Enerjinin Çevre Kalitesi Üzerindeki Rolü: Yüksek Gelirli Ülkeler İçin Panel VAR Analizi

Abstract

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefi çerçevesinde ülkeler çevresel kaliteyi iyileştirmek amacıyla çevresel duyarlılığı geliştirecek uygulamalara yönelmektedirler. Bu çalışmada yüksek gelirli ülkelerde çevresel kirliliği artırarak çevresel kaliteyi kötüleştiren karbon emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, cinsiyete göre eğitim düzeyi, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları arasındaki ilişki panel VAR yöntemi ile araştırılmıştır. Analizlerden elde edilen bulgular çevresel kaliteyi iyileştirmede eğitimin ve yenilenebilir enerjinin önemli bir rolünün olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, nedensellik ilişkisi bulgularına göre yüksek gelirli ülkelerin çevresel kirlilik göstergesi üzerine erkeklerin ve kadınların eğitim düzeylerinin, yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımlarının ve GSYH’nın etkili olduğu söylenebilir.

Keywords

çevresel duyarlılık, eğitim, yenilenebilir enerji, Panel VAR analizi

References

• Agyekum, E. B. (2020). Energy poverty in energy rich ghana: a swot analytical approach for the development of Ghana’s renewable energy. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 40, 1-9.
• Akçay, S., ve Karasoy, A. (2018). Doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve karbondioksit emisyonu ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 73(2), 501-526.
• Atik, H., ve Atay Polat, M. (2017). Ekonomik kalkınma ve kadınların elde ettikleri kazanımlar: Türkiye’deki istatistiki bölge birimleri üzerine bir analiz. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
• Bagci, H. (2019). Petrol fiyatları, petrol tüketimi ve finansal gelişmişlik ilişkisi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 10(3 Special Issue), 597-616.
• Benli, M. (2020). Türkiye’de doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, karbon emisyonu ve iktisadi büyüme: Veriye dayalı bir analizi. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 6(1), 35-59.
• Bimonte, S., ve Stabile, A. (2017). EKC and the income elasticity hypothesis land for housing or land for future?. Ecological Indicators, 73, 800-808.
• Borick, C. P., ve Rabe, B. G. (2010). A reason to believe: examining the factors that determine individual views on global warming. Social Science Quarterly, 91(3), 778-800.
• Brulle, R. J., Carmichael, J., ve Jenkins, J. C. (2012). Shifting public opinion on climate change: an empirical assessment of factors influencing concern over climate change in the U.S., 2002-2010. Climate Change, 114, 169-188.
• Charfeddine, L., ve Kahia, M. (2019). Impact of renewable energy consumption and financial development on CO2 emissions and economic growth in the MENA region: A Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) Analysis. Renewable Energy, 139, 198-213.
• Chen, Y., Zhao, J., Lai, Z., Wang, Z., ve Xia, H. (2019). Exploring the effects of economic growth, and renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on China’s CO2 emissions: Evidence from a Regional Panel Analysis. Renewable Energy, 140, 341-353.
• David, O. O. (2019). Nexus between telecommunication infrastructures, economic growth and development in Africa: Panel Vector Autoregression (P-VAR) analysis. Telecommunications Policy, 43, 1-17.
• Daşçı, E., ve Cemaloğlu, N. (2018). Beşeri sermayeye yapılan harcamaların ekonomik büyümeye etkisi: panel VAR analizi. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 18(2), 1-16.
• Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: A survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.
• Energy Information Administration-EIA. (2017). International Energy Outlook 2017. Erişim adresi: https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/ieo/pdf/0484(2017).pdf.
• Emiru, T.S., ve Waktola, D.K. (2018). The environmental awareness of higher education students and the ımplications for the Paris Climate Agreement: Empirical evidences from Ethiopia and USA. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 27(3), 216-233.
• Faize, F. A., ve Akhtar, M. (2020). Addressing environmental knowledge and environmental attitude in undergraduate students through scientific argumentation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252, 1-8.
• Fisman, L. (2005). The effects of local learning on environmental awareness in children: An empirical investigation. The Journal of Environmental Education, 36(3), 39-50.
• Gabriel, L. F., ve Ribeiro, L.C.d.S. (2019). Economic growth and manufacturing: an analysis using panel VAR and intersectoral linkages. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 49, 43-61.
• Grossman, G., ve Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental ımpacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (Cambridge Working Paper No. 3194). Erişim adresi: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w3914/w3914.pdf.
• Hadzigeorgiou, Y., ve Skoumios, M. (2013). The development of environmental awareness through scholl science: problems and possibilities. International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, 8, 405-426.
• Holl, K. D., Daily, G. C., Daily, S. C., Ehrlich, P. R., ve Bassin, S. (1998). Knowledge of and attitudes toward population growth and the environment: university students in Costa Rica and the United States. Environmental Conservation, 26(1), 66-74.
• Huang, H. P., ve Yore, L. D. (2003). A comparative study of Canadian and Taiwanese grade 5 children’s environmental behaviours, attitudes, concerns, emotional dispositions and knowledge. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 1, 419-448.
• Hussain, I., ve Rehman, A. (2021). Exploring the dynamic interaction of CO2 emission on population growth, foreign investment, and renewable energy by employing ARDL bounds testing approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-11.
• Iyamu, H. O., Anda, M., ve Ho, G. (2020). A review of municipal solid waste management in the BRIC and High-Income Countries: A Thematic Framework for Low-Income Countries. Habitat International, 95, 1-15.
• Jaber, J. O., Awad, W., Rahmeh, T. A., Alawin, A. A., Al-Lubani, S., Dalu, S. A., ve diğerleri. (2017). Renewable energy education in faculties of engineering in Jordan: Relationship between demographics and level of knowledge of senior students. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 73, 452-459.
• Jebli, M. B., Farhani, S., ve Guesmi, K. (2020). Renewable energy, CO2 emissions and value added: Empirical evidence from countries with different ıncome levels. Structural Change and Economic Dynamic, 53, 402-410. Lampinen, A. (2018). Dealing with Victor’s History in renewable energy education for transportation applications. Solar Energy, 173, 272-276.
• Lee, J. W. (2013). The Contribution of foreign direct ınvestment to clean energy use, carbon emissions and economic growth. Energy Policy, 55, 483-489.
• Lin, B., ve Wang, Y. (2019). Inconsistency of economic growth and electricity consumption in china: A panel VAR approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 229, 144-156.
• Lucas, H., Pinnington, S., ve Cabeza, L. F. (2018). Education and training gaps in the renewable energy sector. Solar Energy, 173, 449-455.
• Khalid, A., ve Muhammad, J. (2013). Energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in Saudi Arabia: An aggregate and disaggregate analysis. Energ Policy, 62, 1525–1532.
• Mert, M., Bölük, G., ve Çağlar, A. E. (2019). Interrelationships among foreign direct investments, renewable energy, and CO2 emissions for different European country groups: a panel ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(1), 21495-21510.
• Middleton, P. (2018). Sustainable living education: techniques to help advance the renewable energy transformation. Solar Energy, 174, 1016-1018.
• Pan, X., Uddin, Md. K., Ai, B., Pan, X., ve Saima, U. (2019). Influential factors of carbon emissions intensity in OECD countries: Evidence from symbolic regression. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220, 1194-1201.
• Pao, H. T., ve Tsai, C. M. (2011). Multivariate Granger causality between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and GDP (Gross Domestic Product): evidence from a panel of BRIC (Brazil, Russian Federation, India, and China) countries. Energy, 36, 685-693.
• Park, S., ve Lee, Y. (2011). Regional model of EKC for air pollution: Evidence from the Republic of Korea. Energy Policy, 39(10), 5840-5849.
• Pata, U. K. ve Caglar, A. E. (2020). Investigating the EKC hypothesis with renewable enerrgy consumption, human capital, globalization and trade openness for China: Evidence from Augmented ARDL approach with a structural break. Energy, 1-37.
• Ren, S., Yuan, B., Ma, X., ve Chen, X. (2014). International trade, FDI (foreign direct investment) and embodies CO2 emissions: A case study of Chinas industrial sectors. China Economic Review, 28, 123-134.
• Ouyang, Y., ve Li, P. (2018). On the nexus of financial development, economic growth and energy consumption in China: New perspective from a GMM panel VAR approach. Energy Economics, 71, 238-252.
• Özden, M. (2008). Environmental awareness and attitudes of student teachers: An empirical research. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 17(1), 40-55.
• Öztürk, Z., ve Öz, D. (2016). The relationship between energy consumption, income, foreign direct investment, and CO2 emissions: The case of Turkey. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 269-288.
• Sarkodie, S. A., Adams, S., ve Leirvik, T. (2020). Foreign direct investment and renewable energy in climate change mitigation: Does governance matter?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 1-11.
• Sánchez-Llorens, S., Agullò-Torres, A., Campo-Gomis, F. J. D., ve Martinez-Poveda, A. (2019). Environmental consciousness differences between primary and secondary school students. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 712-723.
• Shafiei, S., ve Salim, R. A. (2014). Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD countries: A comparative analysis. Energy Policy, 66, 547-556.
• Shafik, N., ve Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: Time series and cross country evidence. The World Bank, Washington, DC.
• Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. World Development, 32(8), 419-1439.
• Sinha, A., ve Shahbaz, M. (2018). Estimation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 emission: Role of renewable energy generation in India. Renewable Energy, 119, 703-711.
• Ulucak, R., ve Danish, Ozcan, B. (2020). Relationship between energy consumption and environmental sustainability in OECD countries: The role of natural resources rents. Resources Policy, 69, 1-10.
• Wang, J., Yunyan, H., Ya, L., Xiang, H., Xiafei, W., ve Yuanmei, J. (2004). An analysis of environmental awareness and environmental education for primary school and high school students in Kunming. Chinese Education & Society, 37(4), 24-31.
• WDI. (2019). World development indicators. Erişim Adresi: https://databank.worldbank.org/.
• Wong, K. K. (2003). The environmental awareness of university students in Beijing, China. Journal of Contemporary China, 12(36), 519-536.
• Zafar, M. W., Shahbaz, M., Sinha, A., Sengupta, T., ve Qin, Q. (2020). How renewable energy consumption contribute to environmental quality? The role of education in OECD countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268, 1-12.
• Ziadat, A. H. (2010). Major factors contributing to environmental awareness among people in third world Countr/Jordan. Environmental Development Sustainable, 12, 135-145.
• Zecha, S. (2010). Environmental knowledge, attitudes and actions of Bavarian (Southern Germany) and Asturian (Northern Spain) Adolescents. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 19(3), 227-240.
• Zhu, H., Duan, L., Guo, Y., ve Yu, K. (2016). The effects of FDI, economic growth and energy consumption on carbon emissions in ASEAN-5: Evidence from panel quantile regression. Economic Modelling, 58, 237-248.