Çin’in Kalkınma Yaklaşımının Evrimini Anlamak: Hibrit Bir Kalkınma Model İnşası

Öz

Çin 1978 yılında geniş çaplı ekonomik reformlara başlamıştır. O zamandan beri Çin ekonomisi aralıksız ve yüksek oranda büyümektedir. Çin 40 yıl önce dünyanın en fakir ülkeleri arasında yer alırken, günümüzde yüksek orta gelirli ülkelerden biri haline gelmiştir. Çin’in bu kadar kısa sürede böyle büyük başarıyı nasıl elde ettiği dünya genelinde tartışma onusudur. Neoliberaller Çin’in neoliberal ekonomi politikalarını uygulaması sayesinde kalkındığını öne sürerken, Kalkınmacı Devlet iktisatçıları ise Çin’in komşu Asya ülkelerinin kalkınma modelini izlediğini ve bu sayede kalkındığını öne sürmektedirler. Diğer taraftan ise 2000’li yılların başlarına Post Washington Konsensüsü ortaya çıkmış ve bu Konsensüsün önde gelen temsilcileri Çin’in Post Washington Konsensüsün ekonomi politikalarını uyguladığını savunmaktadırlar. Bunların dışında Pekin Konsensüsü terimini oluşturan Ramo ise Çin’in diğer kalkınma modellerinden bağımsız olarak kendine has bir model izlediğini öne sürmektedir. Bu çalışma Çin’in reform başlangıcından beri hangi kalkınma modellerinin hangi ekonomi politikalarını izlediğini tespit etmeye ve bunları anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Bunun için öncelikle Washington Konsensüsü, Kalkınmacı Devlet ve Post Washington Konsensüslerinin temel argümanlarını, varsayımlarını ve önerdiği ekonomi politikalarını incelemektedir. Sonrasında ise Çin’in bunlardan hangi zaman diliminde hangilerini ne derecede uyguladığını ve hangilerini uygulamadığını örnekleri ile anlatmaktadır. Ayrıca Çin’in uyguladığı ekonomi politikaları ile bu kalkınma modellerinin önerdiği ekonomi politikaları arasındaki benzerlikler ve farkları da anlatmaktadır. Bu makalenin bulgularına göre Çin hiçbir Konsensüs veya kalkınma modelini tamamıyla uygulamamıştır. Farklı zaman dilimlerinde farklı kalkınma modellerinden kendine uygun gördüğü ekonomi politikalarını seçmiştir. Tüm bunların sonucunda ise Çin kendine has eklektik, inovatif, esnek ve pragmatik bir hibrit kalkınma modelini oluşturmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çin
• Kalkınma
• Washington Konsensüsü
• Pekin Konsensüsü
• Kalkınmacı Devlet

Understanding the Evolution of China’s Development Approach: Building a Hybrid Development Model

Abstract

In 1978 China started large-scale economic reforms and since then its economy has been growing without interruption at high rates. Before 40 years China was one of the poorest countries in the World, but today it is a high middle-income country. It is widely that how did China achieve such success in such a short time. While neoliberals argue that China developed thanks to neoliberal economic policies, representatives of the Developmental State argue that China followed the development model of the neighboring East Asian states and developed thanks to it. On the other hand, in the early 2000s Post Washington Consensus emerged and representatives of this consensus argue that China followed prescriptions of this development model. Apart from these, Ramo who coined the term Beijing Consensus argues that China didn’t follow any other development models, but created its own one. This article tries to figure out and understand which economic policies of which development models has China followed since the beginning of its economic reforms. To do this, the first basic assumptions and arguments of Washington Consensus, Post Washington Consensus, and Developmental State are introduced. Afterward, it is described with examples which of these assumptions and arguments were applied to what extend or not applied at all by China. This article also describes similarities and differences between the policies applied by China and those proposed by the aforementioned development models. The findings of this article show that China didn’t apply economic policies of any Consensus or development models fully. It applied different economic policies of different development models, which were suitable for its needs in different periods. As a result of this, China developed an eclectic, innovative, flexible and pragmatic hybrid model, which is unique to itself.

Keywords

• China
• Development Model
• Washington Consensus
• Beijing Consensus
• Developmental State

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