Sağ kanat yetkeciliği (SKY) olgusu sosyal psikoloji alanının ve özellikle de gruplar arası ilişkiler araştırmalarının en ilgi çekici konularından biri olagelmiştir. Dünya’nın çeşitli yerlerinde ve Türkiye’de yapılan araştırmalar sağ kanat yetkeciliğinin pek çok sosyopolitik tutumla ilişkili bir değişken olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu olgu, genel olarak geleneksellik, otoriteye boyun eğme ve toplumsal otoritenin koyduğu kuralları esneten ya da onlara uymayan kişileri cezalandırma arzusu gibi özellikleriyle tanımlanmaktadır (Altemeyer, 1996, s. 8, 1998, s. 85-86). Bu çalışma sağ kanat yetkeciliğinin kavramsallaştırılmasına, ölçülmesine ve Türkiye’deki sağ kanat yetkeciliği ile ilgili araştırmalara ilişkin sistematik bir derleme niteliği taşımaktadır. Sağ kanat yetkeciliğinin Türkiye’deki ölçümleri, Altemeyer tarafından 1996 yılında geliştirilmiş ölçeğin farklı adaptasyonlarına dayanmaktadır. Ancak gerek sağ kanat yetkeciliğinin kavramsallaştırılmasına yönelik, gerekse kullanılan ölçeklere dair dünyadaki süregelen tartışmalarla beraber Türkiye’deki ölçümlerde karşılaşılan sorunlar nedeniyle ölçeğe dair soru işaretleri bulunmaktadır. Dünyadaki tartışmalar, SKY’nin kavramsallaştırılmasına, Altemeyer’in SKY ölçeğinin alt boyutlarıyla beraber tutarlılığına, farklı ölçeklerle tutarlılığına ve kültürel geçerliliğine yapılan eleştirilerden oluşmaktadır. Ek olarak, Türkiye’de kullanılan ölçeklerde tutarlılıkla ilgili problemlerin bulunmasının yanı sıra, SKY ölçeğinin Altemeyer’ın belirttiğinin aksine tekli faktör yapısına sahip olmamasının sorun yarattığı düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca, görece uzun olan bu ölçek için daha iyi hazırlanmış bir kısa formun gerekli olduğu sonuçlarına varılabilir. Tüm bunlardan yola çıkarılarak, mevcut problemlerin giderilmesi ve de Türkiye’deki SKY alanyazınının daha sağlam temellere oturabilmesi için önemli görülen önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
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Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 33, 41–113. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2601(01)80004-6
Duckitt, J. (2006). Differential effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 684–696. doi: 10.1177/0146167205284282
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Duckitt, J. ve Sibley, C. G. (2007). Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice. European Journal of Personality, 21(2), 113-130. doi: 10.1002/per.614
Duncan, L. E., Peterson, B. E. ve Winter, D. G. (1997). Authoritarianism and gender roles: Toward a psychological analysis of hegemonic relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(1), 41–49. doi: 10.1177/0146167297231005
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Düzgün, M. (2019). (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gender-congruent leadership style and prejudiced personality in relation with job/leader satisfaction and trust. Erişim adresi: https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12624064/index.pdf
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Feldman, S. ve Stenner, K. (1997). Perceived threat and authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 18(4), 741–770. doi: 10.1111/0162-895x.00077
Funke, F. (2005). The dimensionality of right-wing authoritarianism: Lessons from the dilemma between theory and measurement. Political Psychology, 26(2), 195–218. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00415.x
Güldü, Ö. (2011). Sağ kanat yetkeciliği ölçeği: Uyarlama çalışması (Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale: The Adaptation Study). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (Ankara University Journal of Social Sciences), 2(2), 27-51. Erişim adresi: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3285142
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RIGHT-WING AUTHORITARIANISM: CONCEPTUALIZATION, MEASUREMENT AND A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF FINDINGS IN TURKEY
Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is one of the most interesting topics in social psychology, especially in intergroup relations research. Studies conducted in various regions of the world and Turkey reveal that RWA is associated with various sociopolitical attitudes. This phenomenon is generally defined by traditionalism, submission to authority, and the desire to punish those who bend the rules set by social authority or do not comply (Altemeyer, 1996, p. 8, 1998, p. 85-86). This study presents a systematic review related to the conceptualization and measurement of RWA as well as the studies related to RWA in Turkey. Measurements of RWA in Turkey are based on different adaptations of the scale developed by Altemeyer in 1996. However, in addition to debates on the conceptualization of RWA and the scales used, there are question marks about the scale due to the measurement problems encountered in Turkey. The debates in the world consist of criticism related to the conceptualization of RWA, the consistency of Altemeyer's RWA scale with its sub-dimensions and with different scales, and its cultural validity. There are problems with consistency in the scales used in Turkey, and the RWA scale does not have a single factor structure, contrary to what Altemeyer suggested. In addition, it can be concluded that a better prepared short form is required for this relatively long scale. Based on all these, some critical suggestions have been made to eliminate the existing problems and put the RWA literature in Turkey on a more solid foundation.
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Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other "authoritarian personality". Advances In Experimental Social Psychology, 30(131), 47–92. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60382-2
Asbrock, F., Sibley, C. G. ve Duckitt, J. (2010). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice: A longitudinal test. European Journal of Personality. doi: 10.1002/per.746
Avcı, N. (2014). The Investigation of Attitudes toward the Solution of Kurdish Question in Terms of Basic Human Values (Yüksek lisans tezi). Erişim adresi: http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12617621/index.pdf
Balaban, Ç. D. (2013). The roles of intergroup threat, social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism in predicting Turks’ prejudice toward Kurds. (Yüksek lisans tezi). Erişim adresi: http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12616457/index.pdf
Brown, R. (2004). The authoritarian personality and the organization of attitudes. J.T. Jost ve J. Sidanius (Ed.), Political Psychology: Key Readings (s. 39–68) içinde. New York: Psychology Press.
Costello, T. H., Bowes, S. M., Stevens, S. T., Waldman, I. D., Tasimi, A., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2021). Clarifying the structure and nature of left-wing authoritarianism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000341
Çağlar Akoğlu, S. (2014). Ekolojik İkilemler ve Hayvan hakları: Yetkecilik, Sosyal Baskınlık Yönelimi ve Değerler Açısından Bir İnceleme (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Erişim adresi: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=gyLHMouPes-CvnhRcjQsKTAVwWbqND28_nrf_-L1tXHwarZ1WJH5WVt8d2lHZi79
Duckitt, J. (1989). Authoritarianism and group identification: A new view of an old construct. Political Psychology, 10(1), 63-84. doi: 10.2307/3791588
Duckitt, J. (1993). Right-wing authoritarianism among white South African students: Its measurement and correlates. The Journal of Social Psychology, 133(4), 553–563. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1993.9712181
Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 33, 41–113. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2601(01)80004-6
Duckitt, J. (2006). Differential effects of right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation on outgroup attitudes and their mediation by threat from and competitiveness to outgroups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 684–696. doi: 10.1177/0146167205284282
Duckitt, J. ve Bizumic, B. (2013). Multidimensionality of right-wing authoritarian attitudes: Authoritarianism-conservatism-traditionalism. Political Psychology, 34(6), 841–862. doi: 10.1111/pops.12022
Duckitt, J., Bizumic, B., Krauss, S. W. ve Heled, E. (2010). A tripartite approach to right-wing authoritarianism: The authoritarianism-conservatism-traditionalism model. Political Psychology, 31(5), 685–715. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00781.x
Duckitt, J. ve Fisher, K. (2003). The impact of social threat on worldview and ideological attitudes. Political Psychology, 24(1), 199–222. doi: 10.1111/0162-895x.00322
Duckitt, J. ve Sibley, C. G. (2007). Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice. European Journal of Personality, 21(2), 113-130. doi: 10.1002/per.614
Duncan, L. E., Peterson, B. E. ve Winter, D. G. (1997). Authoritarianism and gender roles: Toward a psychological analysis of hegemonic relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(1), 41–49. doi: 10.1177/0146167297231005
Duriez, B. ve van Hiel, A. (2002). The march of modern fascism. A comparison of social dominance orientation and authoritarianism. Personality and Individual Differences, 32(7), 1199–1213. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00086-1
Düzgün, M. (2019). (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Gender-congruent leadership style and prejudiced personality in relation with job/leader satisfaction and trust. Erişim adresi: https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12624064/index.pdf
Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., Gylje, M. ve Zakrisson, I. (2004). What matters most to prejudice: Big five personality, social dominance orientation, or right‐wing authoritarianism? European Journal of Personality, 18(6), 463–482. doi: 10.1002/per.526
Erkurt, A. (2015). Kadına Yönelik Şiddet: Çelişik Duygulu Cinsiyetçilik, Yetkecilik ve Sosyal Baskınlık Yönelimi Açısından Bir İnceleme (Yüksek lisans tezi). Erişim Adresi: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay.jsp?id=jamQQ7c699KLQnRdysjMaA&no=Ho9s_T5yPL6VPd9dhCgGjQ
Feldman, S. (2003). Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 24(1), 41–74. doi: 10.1111/0162-895x.00316
Feldman, S. ve Stenner, K. (1997). Perceived threat and authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 18(4), 741–770. doi: 10.1111/0162-895x.00077
Funke, F. (2005). The dimensionality of right-wing authoritarianism: Lessons from the dilemma between theory and measurement. Political Psychology, 26(2), 195–218. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00415.x
Güldü, Ö. (2011). Sağ kanat yetkeciliği ölçeği: Uyarlama çalışması (Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale: The Adaptation Study). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi (Ankara University Journal of Social Sciences), 2(2), 27-51. Erişim adresi: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3285142
Gümüş, A. ve Gömleksiz, M. (1999). Din, milliyetçilik ve otoriteryenizm: Lise ve üniversite gençliği üstüne 1945'lerden günümüze toplumlararası karşılaştırmalı bir araştırma. Eğitim-Sen Yayınları Araştırma Dizisi, 3.
Göregenli, M. (2010). Farklı toplumsal gruplarda Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği’ne girişine yönelik tutumlar (Proje No. 107K082), TÜBİTAK. Erişim adresi: https://app.trdizin.gov.tr/ara?from=1960&to=2021&database=Proje&query=TRDDocument.project_number-AND-107K082&order=score-DESC
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