Günlük Bellek Ölçeklerinin Geliştirilmesi: Bir Faktör Analizi Çalışması

Year 2014, Volume: 54 Issue: 1, 191 - 228, 01.01.2014

Nurhan Er

Abstract

Bu araştırma ülkemizde günlük bellek ölçme araçlarının geliştirmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda hem günlük belleğin farklı boyutlarını değerlendiren beş farklı günlük bellek ölçeği hem de kapsamlı değerlendirmelerde kullanılmak üzere “Çok Boyutlu Günlük Bellek Ölçeği” geliştirilmiştir. Araştırmada, yaş ve eğitime değişkenleri dikkate alınarak beş farklı yaş aralığında 14-19; 20-29; 30-44; 45-59; 60-85 ve 3 farklı eğitim düzeyinde ilköğretim, lise ve üniversite bulunan 1944 1319 Kadın, 623 Erkek kişiden veri toplanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular; ülkemizde kullanılabilecek beş farklı günlük bellek ölçeğinin yanı sıra, kapsamlı değerlendirmeler için geliştirilen Çok Boyutlu Günlük Bellek Ölçeği’nin farklı alt faktörleri olan geçerli ve güvenilir ölçme araçları olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Günlük bellek araştırmalarında ve klinik uygulamalarda kullanımı uygun olan ölçeklerin özelliklerine kısaca değinmek gerekirse: Günlük Bellek Ölçeği, genel günlük unutkanlıkları; Günlük Bellek Telafi Ölçeği, günlük yaşam içinde unutmamak üzere kullandığımız telafi yöntemlerini; Günlük Bellek İşlevselliği Ölçeği, kişilerin günlük belleklerinin ne kadar işlevsel olarak değerlendirdiklerini; Günlük Bellek Başarısızlıkları Ölçeği, günlük yaşamdaki bellek başarısızlıkları ile ne sıklıkta karşılaşıldığı ve son olarak İleri ve Geriye Doğru Günlük Bellek Ölçeği de, geleceğe ve geçmişe ilişkin hatırlanması gerekenlerin değerlendirildiği bir ölçek niteliğindedir. Çok Boyutlu Günlük Bellek Ölçeği ise, bütün bu boyutları içeren ancak ölçeklerin toplamından daha kısa ve kapsamlı bir ölçek niteliğindedir. Ölçeklerin faktör yapıları ile ilgili analizler, literatüre paralel olarak, farklı ve belleğin daha ayrıntılı değerlendirilmesine olanak tanıyan alt faktörler içerdiğine işaret etmektedir. Bulgular, benzer ölçekler ile yapılmış çalışmalarda elde edilen boyutlar çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Günlük Bellek, Çok Boyutlu Günlük Bellek Ölçeği, Faktör Yapıları

Improvement of The Tools for Everyday Memory Measure: A Factor Analysis Study

Abstract

This research was designated to improve the tools for everyday memory measure in our country. In this respect, both five different everyday memory scales that evaluate diverse dimensions of memory and a “Multidimensional Everyday Memory Questionnaire” to be used for ample evaluations were developed. Taking the age and education variables into consideration, the data for this research were gathered from 1944 people 1319 female, 623 male who fall into 5 different age ranges 14-19; 20-29; 30-44; 45-59; 60-85 and 3 different education levels primary school, high school and university . The results indicate that both five different memory scales to be utilized in our country and the Multidimensional Everyday Memory Questionnaire, developed for comprehensive evaluations with its diverse sub-factors, are relevant and reliable measurement tools. In brief, the characteristics of the scales that are exploitable in everyday memory research and clinical practices are as follows: the everyday memory scale evaluates general amnesia; the Everyday Memory Compensation Scale assesses the compensation methods for remembering in everyday life; the Memory Performance Scale investigates the extent to which the individuals functionally use their memories; the Everyday Memory Failure Scale examines the frequency of memory failure experienced in everyday life; and finally, the Forward and Backward Memory Scale is a scale for evaluating the things related to past and present to be remembered. On the other hand, the Multidimensional Everyday Memory Questionnaire includes all of these scales and it is characterized by being more concise than the total of the scales and more comprehensive. In line with the literature, the analyses on the factor structures of the scales demonstrate that it comprises diverse sub-factors that enable a detailed assessment of memory. The results are discussed in relation to the dimensions obtained by previous studies that utilized similar scales.

Keywords

Everyday Memory, Multidimensional Everyday Memory Questionnaire, Factor Structures

References

• BADDELEY, Alan. “The Cognitive Psychology of Everyday Life.” British Journal of Psychology 72. (1981): 257-69.
• BROADBENt, Donald Eric, Cooper, Peter F., FitzGerald, Paul, & Parkes, Katherine R. “The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and Its Correlates.” British Journal of Clinical Psychology 21. (1982): 1-16.
• BROWN, Fred H., Dodrill, Carl B., Clark, Timothy, & Zych, Kenneth. “An Investigation of the Relationship Between Self-Report on Memory Functioning and Memory Test Performance.” Journal of Clinical Psychology 47. 6 (1991): 772-77.
• CRAWFORD, John R., Henry, Julie D., Ward, Aileen L., & Blake, John. “The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ): Latent Structure, Normative Data and Discrepancy Analysis for Proxy-Ratings.” British Journal of Clinical Psychology 45. (2006): 83-104.
• CORNISH, Ian M. “Factor Structure of the Everyday Memory Questionnaire.” British Journal of Psychology 91. (2000): 427-38.
• CROOK, Thomas H., & Youngjohn, James R. “Development of Treatments for Memory Disorders: The Necessary Meeting of Basic and Everyday Memory Research.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 7. (1993): 619-30.
• DRYSDALE, Karen, Shores, Arthur, & Levick, Wayne. “Use of Everyday Memory Questionnaire With Children.” Child Neuropsychology 10. 2 (2004): 67-75.
• FRIAS, Cindy M., & Dixon, Richard A. “Confirmatory Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Memory Compensation Questionnaire.” Psychological Assessment 17. 2 (2005): 168-78.
• GARRETT, Douglas D., Grady, Cheryl L., & Hasher, Lynn. “Everyday Memory Compensation: The Impact of Cognitive Reserve, Subjective Memory, and Stres.” Psychology and Aging 25. 1 (2010): 74-83.
• GATHERCOLE, Susan E., & Collins, Alan F.) “Everyday Memory Research and Its Applications.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 6. (1992): 461-5.
• GILEWSKI, Michael J., Zelinski, Elizabeth M., Schaie, K. Warner. “The Memory Functioning Questionnaire for Assessment of Memory Complaints in Adulthood and Old Age.” Psychology and Aging 5. 4 (1990): 482-90.
• KLIEGEL, Matthias, & Jager, Theodor. “Can the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) Predict Actual Prospective Memory Performance?” Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social 25. 3 (2006): 182-91.
• KNIGHT, Robert G., McMahon, Jennifer, Green, Timothy J., & Skeaff, C. Murray. “Some Normative and Psychometric Data for the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire from Sample of Healthy Older Persons.” New Zealand Journal of Psychology 33. 3 (2004): 163-70.
• LARSON, Gerald E., Alderton, David L., Neideffer, Matthew, & Underhill, Eliot. “Further Evidence on Dimensionality and Correlates of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire.” British Journal of Psychology 88. (1997): 29-38.
• MAKATURA, Timothy J., Lam, Chow, Leahy, Brian J., Castillo, Monica T., & Kalpakjian, Claire Z. Standardized Memory Tests and the Appraisal of Everyday Memory.” Brain Injury 13. 5 (1999): 355-67.
• MCDOUGALL, Graham J., Becker, Heather, Pituch, Keenan, Acee, Taylor W., Vaughan Phillip W., & Delville Carol L. “The SeniorWISE Study: Improving Everyday Memory in Older Adults.” Archives of Psychiatric Nursing (in press). (2010).
• MCMILLAN, Tom M. ”Investigation of Everyday Memory in Normal Subjects Using the Subjective Memory Questionnare (SMQ).” Cortex 20. 3 (1984) : 333-47.
• OYEBODE, Jan Rachel, Motala, Jamilah R., Hardey, Rachel M., & Oliver, Chris. “Coping with Challenges to Memory in People with Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: Observation of Behaviour in Response to Analogues of Everyday Situations.” Aging & Mental Health 13. 1 (2009): 46-53.
• PARK, Denise C. & Meade, Michelle L. Everyday Memory: Encyclopedia of Aging. Ed. Richard Schulz, Linda Noelker, Kenneth Rockwood, & Richard Sprott. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2006.
• PARR, Wendy V., & Siegert, Richard. “Adults’ Conceptions of Everyday Memory Failures in Others: Factors that Mediate the Effects of Target Age.” Psychology and Aging 8. 4 (1993): 599-605.
• POLLİNA, Leslee K., Greene, Amanda L., Tunick, Ruth H., & Puckett, James M. “Dimensions of Everyday Memory in Young Adulthood.” British Journal of Psychology 83. (1992): 305-21.
• ROYLE, Jane, & Lincoln, Nadina B. “The Everyday Memory Questionnaire- revised: Development of a 13-Item Scale.” Disability and Rehabilitation 30. 2 (2008): 114-21.
• RÖNNLUND, Michael, Mantyla, Timo, & Nilsson, Lars Göran. “The Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ): Factorial Structure, Relations to Global Subjective Memory Ratings, and Swedish Norms.” Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 49. (2008): 11-18.
• SUNDERLAND, Alan, Harris, John E., Baddeley, Alan D. “Do Laboratory Tests Predict Everyday Memory? A Neuropsychological Study.” Journal of Verbal Learning Behaviour 22. (1983): 341-57.
• TOMER, Adrian, Larrabee, Glenn J., & Crook, Thomas H. “Structure of Everyday Memory in Adult With Age-Associated Memory Impairment.” Psychology and Aging 9. 4 (1994): 606-15.
• WALLACE, J. Craig, Kass, Steven J., & Stanny, Claudia J. “Predicting Performance in “Go” Situations: A New Use of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire.” North American Journal of Psychology 3. 3 (2001): 481-90.
• ------------------------. “The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire Revisited: Dimnsions and Correlates.” The Journal of General Psychology 129. 3 (2002): 238-56.
• YOUNGJOHN, James R., & Crook III, Thomas H. “Stability of Everyday Memory in Age-Associated Memory Impariment: A Longitudinal Study.” Neuropsychology 7. 3 (1993): 406-16.
• ZELINSKI, Elizabeth M., & Gilewski, Michael John. “A 10-item Rasch Modeled Memory Self-Efficacy Scale.” Aging and Mental Health 8. 4 (2004): 293-306.