Bal Arılarının Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri ve Ekosistem Hizmetleri Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, , 2397 - 2408, 29.12.2023

Melek Yılmaz Kaya , Yaşar Selman Gültekin , Pınar Gültekin

https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1383016

Abstract

Arıcılık, çevresel, sosyal ve ekonomik açılardan sürdürülebilirliğe katkıda bulunan önemli faaliyetlerden biridir. Arılar, insanlığa çok yönlü katkılarda bulunur, bunların %90'ı tozlaşma hizmetlerine ve %10'u da arı ürünlerine (bal, propolis, balmumu, vb.) atfedilir. Bu hizmetlerin korunması, ekolojik ve ekonomik sürdürülebilirliği sağlamak, insan yaşamının sağlıklı bir geleceğini garanti altına almak için kilit bir rol oynar. Birleşmiş Milletler bünyesindeki Biyoçeşitlilik ve Ekosistem Hizmetleri Üzerine Hükümetler Arası Bilim-Politika Platformu'na (IPBES) göre, 80 milyon arı kovanı yılda tahmini 1,6 milyon ton bal üretimine katkıda bulunuyor. Arılar, arı ormanlarında tozlaşma yapmak için 600 metre ila 11,3 kilometre arasında mesafeler kat edebilirler. Bu alanlardan elde edilen arı ürünleri, orman toplulukları için gelir kaynakları sağlayarak sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya destek olur. Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü'ne (FAO) göre, küresel gıda üretiminin üçte biri arıların tozlaşma hizmetlerine dayanmaktadır. Tozlaşma hizmetleri, gıda güvenliğini sürdürmek ve tarımsal verimliliği artırmak için hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu hizmetler, biyoçeşitliliği destekleme, manzara çeşitlendirmesi, orman örtüsünün zenginleştirilmesi ve vahşi yaşam habitatlarının genişletilmesi, ayrıca erozyon kontrolü gibi, genellikle insanlar için fark edilemeyen etkiler yaratır. Arılar, gıda, ilaç, genetik kaynaklar ve ilgili materyaller sağlayarak insan refahına ve kültürel sürdürülebilirliğe katkıda bulunur. Arılar tarafından sağlanan ekosistem hizmetleri, Yoksullukla Mücadele (SDG1), Açlıkla Mücadele (SDG2), İyi Sağlık ve İyi Olma Hali (SDG3), Uygun ve Temiz Enerji (SDG7), İnsana Yakışır İş ve Ekonomik Büyüme (SDG8), Sorumlu Tüketim ve Üretim (SDG12), İklim Eylemi (SDG13) ve Kara Hayatı (SDG15) dahil Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri'ne önemli katkılarda bulunur. Bu çalışma, arıcılığın ve arı ürünlerinin ekosistem hizmetleri açısından sürdürülebilir kalkınma için önemini ve çevresel riskleri ele almaktadır.

Keywords

Arıcılık, iklim değişikliği, sürdürülebilir kalkınma, ekosistem hizmetleri, karada yaşam

Evaluation of Honey Bees within the Scope of Sustainable Development Goals and Ecosystem Services

Abstract

Beekeeping is one of the significant activities that contribute to sustainability in environmental, social, and economic aspects. Honeybees provide multifaceted contributions to humanity, with 90% attributed to pollination services and 10% to bee products (honey, propolis, wax, etc.). The preservation of these services plays a key role in achieving ecological and economic sustainability, ensuring a healthy future for human life. According to the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) under the United Nations, more than 80 million beehives contribute to an estimated annual honey production of 1.6 million tons. Honeybees can travel distances ranging from 600 meters to 11.3 kilometers to pollinate in bee forests. The bee products obtained from these areas provide income sources for forest communities, supporting sustainable development. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), one-third of global food production relies on pollination services by bees. Pollination services are critical for maintaining food security and increasing agricultural productivity. These services create a significant impact on biodiversity support, landscape diversification, enrichment of forest cover, and expansion of wildlife habitats, as well as erosion control—effects that are often imperceptible to humans. Bees contribute to human well-being and cultural sustainability by providing food, medicine, genetic resources, and related materials. The ecosystem services provided by bees make substantial contributions to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including No Poverty (SDG1), Zero Hunger (SDG2), Good Health and Well-being (SDG3), Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG7), Decent Work and Economic Growth (SDG8), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG12), Climate Action (SDG13), and Life on Land (SDG15). This study discusses the importance of beekeeping and bee products in terms of
ecosystem services for sustainable development and addresses environmental risks.

Keywords

Beekeeping, sustainable development, ecosystem services, climate change, life on land

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